Býginde «Degdar» qoghamdyq kelisimdi qoldau qorynyng úiytqy boluymen últ ziyalylarymen Tәuelsiz elimiz ýshin asa manyzdy degen taqyryptar tónireginde talqylaular ótkizilip, olardyng oi-týiinderi, enbekteri BAQ arqyly kópshilikting nazaryna úsynylyp jatyr. Osy maqsatpen «Alash» ruhany damu institutynyng diyrektory Súltanhan Aqqúlúlyn әngimege tartqan edik.

– Súltanhan myrza, kezinde qazaq tarihyn Resey iydeologtary jazdy, qazir óz tarihymyzdy ózimiz qayta saralay bastaghan tústa, olardyng jazbalaryndaghy jalghan tújyrymdardyng kóbi әshkere bolyp qaldy. Solardyng biri – qazaq Resey imperiyasynyng qaramaghyna óz erkimen bodan bolyp kirdi degen týsinik. Siz Alash qayratkerlerinin, әsirese últ kóshbasshysy Álihan Bókeyhannyng enbekterin zertteu arqyly osynyng mәnisin ashyp berip ediniz. Sol jayynda әngimelep berseniz.

Býginde «Degdar» qoghamdyq kelisimdi qoldau qorynyng úiytqy boluymen últ ziyalylarymen Tәuelsiz elimiz ýshin asa manyzdy degen taqyryptar tónireginde talqylaular ótkizilip, olardyng oi-týiinderi, enbekteri BAQ arqyly kópshilikting nazaryna úsynylyp jatyr. Osy maqsatpen «Alash» ruhany damu institutynyng diyrektory Súltanhan Aqqúlúlyn әngimege tartqan edik.

– Súltanhan myrza, kezinde qazaq tarihyn Resey iydeologtary jazdy, qazir óz tarihymyzdy ózimiz qayta saralay bastaghan tústa, olardyng jazbalaryndaghy jalghan tújyrymdardyng kóbi әshkere bolyp qaldy. Solardyng biri – qazaq Resey imperiyasynyng qaramaghyna óz erkimen bodan bolyp kirdi degen týsinik. Siz Alash qayratkerlerinin, әsirese últ kóshbasshysy Álihan Bókeyhannyng enbekterin zertteu arqyly osynyng mәnisin ashyp berip ediniz. Sol jayynda әngimelep berseniz.

– Eng birinshi, mynany aita ketken jón: HIH jәne HH ghasyrlar múghdarynda Á.Bókeyhan últymyzdyng jazba tarihyn qalyptastyrugha basa nazar audarghan jalghyz qazaq boldy. Al, endi, bolghan oqighalardy ýlken parasattylyqpen saralap-saraptau, esh búrmasyz әdil syny kózqaraspen baghalau, múraghat jәne tarihy materialdarmen júmys istey bilu biliktiligi túrghysynan alghanda býgingi ghalymdarymyzdyng ol kisiden ýireneri kóp. Álekeng patshalyq imperiyanyng túsynda «Qazaq-Qyrghyz ólkesining tarihy taghdyry jәne onyng mәdeny jetistikteri» atty ocherk jazyp shygharghan jalghyz adam. Atalghan enbek «Rossiya. Polnoe geograficheskoe opisanie nashego otechestva» (1903g. SPb.) atty 18 tomdyq jinaqqa engen.

1900-1903 jyldar aralyghynda Á.Bókeyhan qazaq handarynyn, ru basylarynyn, batyr-biylerining reseylik imperiyanyng sheneunikterimen jazysqan hattaryn, ózara almasqan gramotalar men qújattaryn jariyalap túrghan.  1910 jyly «Qazirgi memleketterdegi últtyq qozghalystardyng formasy» atty jinaghynda qazaqtar turaly әigili ocherkin jariyalaghan. Ayta ketu kerek, búl keyinnen Batys ghalymdarynyng býgingi qazaqty zerttep-biluge arnalghan manyzdy әdistemelik oqu qúralynyng birine ainaldy.

Á.Bókeyhannyng shygharmalary – HIH jәne HH ghasyrlarda Qazaqstanda, Reseyde ghana emes, halyqaralyq sahnada jýrip jatqan tarihy oqighalargha qatysqan kәnigi sayasatkerdin, kuәgerding týpnúsqa kuәligi. Álekeng kadet partiyasynyn, masson lojasynyng qatarynda jýrgende Reseyding memlekettik qúrylysyn ózgertuge belsene aralasyp, onyng monarhiyalyq samoderjaviyadan demokratiyalyq federativtik memleketke ainaluyna kóp kýsh saldy. Óitkeni, ol zamandarda tek osynday jolmen ghana qazaq memlekettigin saqtap qalugha bolatyndyghyn jaqsy týsindi.

Onyng shygharmasyn qazaqtardyng últ-azattyq kýresining jylnamasy deuge de bolady. Orys otarlaushylary 1822 jәne 1824 jyldary Jarghy qabyldap, sonyng negizinde qazaq dalasyndaghy handyq biylikti joiyy, qazaqtyng atamekenin Reseyding menshigi dep jariyalauy, basqynshylyq basqaru jýiesin engizui Á.Bókeyhannyng enbekterinde tәptishtep kórsetilgen jәne osy oqighalargha tiyisinshe bagha berilip otyrghan. Alash kósemining ghylymiy-publisistikalyq múrasynan qazaqtyng últ-azattyq kýresining ghana emes, Reseydegi tónkeris oqighalarynyng tútastay kartinasyn әr aigha bólip qúrastyryp shyghugha bolady.

– Áleken: «Qazaqstandy Resey jaulap alghan joq, imperiyanyng qúramyna erikti azamattyq kelisim arqyly kirdi. Sondyqtanda ol orystyng otary emes!»,– dep kesip aitty jәne ózining bar ghúmyryn qazaq memlekettigining tәuelsizdigin qalpyna keltiru jolyna arnady. Sonda Alash kósemi búl tújyrymdy qanday negizderge sýienip aitty?

– Á.Bókeyhan Qazaqstannyng Reseyding qúramyna qosyluyn sol kezderdegi týpnúsqa qújattar men múraghat materialdary arqyly egjey-tegjeyli zerttey kelip, sonyng negizinde shyndyqtyng betin ashady. Ol - Qazaqstandy Resey jaulap alghan joq, qazaq imperiyanyng qúramyna óz erkimen azamattyq kelisim gramotasy («o prinyatiy ih v poddanstvo»-avt.) arqyly qosyldy. Sondyqtan da qazaq zang jýzinde orystyng bodany bolmay túryp, shyn mәninde bodan elge ainaldy deydi.

Tarihtan belgili, 1731 jyly 12 aqpanda Kishi Jýzding hany Ábilqayyr orystyng qatyn patshasy Anna Ioanovnagha Qazaqstannyng Reseyding qaramaghyna óz erkimen qosylu turaly ótinish-hat týsirgen. Keyin 10 qazanda osy hattyng negizinde zannamalyq akti bekitiledi. Onyng sharty tómendegidey: qazaqtar imperatrisa men onyng múragerlerine adaldyqty saqtaydy; handyqtyng syrtqy qatynastaryna shekteu qoyyluymen kelisedi; әskery qyzmetke alynady;  Reseyding qaramaghyndaghy elderge jәne sauda keruenderine shabuyl jasamaydy; qolgha týsken tútqyndardy qaytarady; salyq tóleydi; handar men súltandardyng balalaryn amanatqa beredi. Al, qabyldaushy memleket Resey «qaramaghyna qosylghan jana eldi syrtqy jaularynan qorghaydy» delingen. Eng manyzdysy, atalghan kelisimde Reseyding qazaqtyng jerin menshigine almaq týgili, onyng ishki sayasiy-qoghamdyq ómirine aralasuy da qarastyrylmaghan. Kelissóz erikti-kelisim sipatynda jasalghan. Búl memlekettik-qúqyqtyq túrghydan alghanda, kelisimning sharty boyynsha, Qazaqstan Reseyding protektoraty bolyp sanalghan. Yaghni, qazaq handarynyng syrtqy qarym-qatynasy shektelgenmen, memleket-protektorattyng ishki ózin-ózi basqaru jýiesi saqtalady.

HIX ghasyrdyng 20-jyldaryna deyin eki tarap bir-birimen Syrtqy ister ministrlikteri arqyly qarym-qatynas jasap túrghan. Oghan 1817 jylghy Bókey Ordasynyng hany men Syrtqy ister ministri graf Karl Neselirodtyng jazysqan hattary kuә.  Qoryta aitqanda, 1731-1824 jyldar aralyghynda Qazaqstannyng Reseymen memlekettik-qúqyqtyq qatynasy vassalidyq mazmúnda boldy. Búl jogharyda aityp ótkenimizdey, qazaq handarynyng orys imperiyasynyng aldynda ant berui jәne tútqyndardy almasuy túrghysynda sipattalady. Qazaq handarynyng vassalidyq mәrtebesi handyq instituttyn, handar kenesining , rubasylary men biyler qúryltayynyng joyyluynan keyin toqtatyldy. Sondyqtan, Álihan Bókeyhan 1822 jәne 1824 jyldardaghy Jarghynyn, 1867-1868 jyldardaghy sayasiy-әkimshilik reformanyn, sonday-aq 1886 jәne 1891 jyldardaghy Erejening negizinde qazaq dalasyndaghy handyq biylikting joyyluy, otarlyq-әkimshilik basqaru jýiesining engizilui – Reseyding Qazaqstannyng ishki isine qol súghuy, óktem imperiyanyng jogharyda atalghan kelisim shartty birjaqty, óreskel búzuy dep aiyptaydy. Álihan qazaq jerining Reseyding menshigi dep jariyalanuyn anneksiya dep ataghan. Anneksiya – halyqaralyq qúqyqta agressiyanyng bir týrine jatady jәne ol boyynsha býgingi kýni basqynshy memleket qúqyqtyq jauapkershilikke tartylady.

– Súlteke, Reseymen o basta erikti týrde, tipti dostyq mazmúnda jasalghan kelisim keyin qazaq memleketining bodandyq kýige týsuine qalay aparyp soqtyrdy?  Búl bir jaghynan, qazaq halqynyng jonghar shapqynshylyghynan qorghanu ýshin qúrylghan әskery odaq sipatynda da boldy emes pe?! Biraq, orys patshasy shartta kórsetilgendey «qaramaghyna qosylghan jana eldi syrtqy jaularynan qorghamaq» týgili, kersinshe jonghardyng qoltyghyna ózi su býrkip otyrghany turaly faktiler az emes. Osyghan qaraghanda, orys otarshylary ýshin qazaq halqynyng amandyghy emes, onyng jeri men baylyghy qajet bolghan siyaqty. Múny bizding tәjiriybeli han-súltandar, batyrlar, kemenger biy-baghylandar bilmedi me, sezbedi me?

– Álihan bir kezderdegi asa quatty Qazaq handyghynyng qalaysha alapat kýshinen, auyzbirshiliginen aiyrylyp, eshqanday qarsylyqsyz otar elge ainalghanyn zerttep, onyng obektivti jәne subektivti sebepterin izdestirgen. Alash kósemi qazaq handarynyn, biy-súltandarynyn, rubasylarynyng Resey imperiyasynyng uәkilderimen jazysqan hattaryn zerttep, ony merzimdik basylymdar men jinaqtarda jariyalap túrghan: «Iz perepisky hana Sredney Kirgizskoy ordy Bukeya y ego potomkov», «Iz bumag sultana Bolishoy Kirgizskoy ordy Suka Ablayhanova», «Iz perepisky Kirgizskih hanov, sultanov y pr. pr.», t.b.

Álekeng atalghan materialdar sýiene otyryp, qazaqtyng memlekettiliginen, sonday-aq jerinen aiyryluynyng sebepterin qazaqtyng Reseyge óz erkimen qosylu shartyn orys otarlaushylary tarapynan óreskel búzyluymen qatar, qazaqtyng óz ishindegi el biyleushilerining de orny tolmas zor qatelikterge boy úryndyrghanynan dep biledi. Tarihy oqighalardy syndarly oy sýzgisinen ótkizgen Alash ardageri qasiretti, qasiretti bolsa da ashy shyndyqtyng betin ashady. Ol qazaqtyng tәuelsizdiginen aiyryluyn han-biyleushilerding kinәsinen kóredi, tipti ólim ýreyin sepken jonghar shapqynshylyghy qarsy halyqtyng basyn biriktire almaghan dәrmensizdigin de synaydy. «El basqarghandardyng kópshiligi,– dep jazady Álihan Bókeyhan,– kýsh-quaty men uaqytyn ózara kiykiljinge, zorlyq-zombylyqqa jәne talas-tartysqa júmsady». Álihannyng «Qazaqtyng han balasynda ótelmegen haqy bar, tiri túrsam sol qaqyn әperemin» degen әigili sózi osy kezderi aitylsa kerek. Milliondaghan kóshpeli elding jauynger úl-qyzdarynyng eshqanday kýressiz qúldyqqa týskenine  Álihan qatty nazalanady. Oghan eng әueli el basqarushylardy kinәli sanady, handardyng túqymy retinde búghan óz basy da jauapker ekenin sezindi, sondyqtan últ azattyq kýresti ómirining barsha arman-múratyna ainaldyrdy.

– Qazaqty otarlau sayasaty Stolypinning qazaq dalasyna qarashekpenderdi qaptatqan agrarlyq reformasy kezinde qarqyndy jýrgizildi emes pe? Á.Bókeyhanúlynyng enbekterinde osy kesapattar qalay kórinis tapqan?

– Dúrys aitasyz, tipti jogharyda aitylghan kóptegen jarlyq-jarghylardan keyin de Resey Federasiyasynyng әkimshilik-aumaqtyq bólinisine kiretin kópshilik jer qazaqqa tiyesili bolyp qala bergen. Biraq, Premier-ministr P.Stolypinning qaskóy sayasatynan keyin Úly daladaghy jaghday kýrt ózgere bastady. Mәselen, HH ghasyrgha deyin Aqmola oblysynyng Omby uezining 80% aumaghy (býgingi Omby oblysy) qazaqqa tiyesili edi. Búl fakt - Qazaq dalalyq ólkesining ýsh oblysyna jasalghan F. Sherbin ekspedisiyasy boyynsha jazylghan HI tomdyqqa engizilgen. Búl derek 1896-1901 jyldary  ekspedisiya qúramynda bolghan Álekenning enbeginde kórsetilgen. («Álihan Bókeyhan. Shygharmalarynyng 10 tomdyq tolyq jinaghy - Polnoe sobranie sochiyneniy v 10 tomah» I-tomy).

Stolypinning «jer reformasynan» keyin imperiyalyq ýkimette, Memlekettik dumada qazaqtardy otarlauda «Amerika tәjiriybesin» qoldanu kerektiligi jii aityla bastaydy. Á.Bókeyhan «Qazaqtar» (týpnúsqada – «Kirgizy», 1910 g., SPb) ocherkinde ony bylay dep әshkereleydi: « ...Qazaq dalasyna qarashekpenderdi kóptep qonystandyru ýshin deputat Markovtyng asyghystyq әreketine tang qalmasqa amalyng qalmaydy: Memlekettik dumanyng qonystanushylar komissiyasynyng 2-otyrysynda ol «Qazaqtar – Shynghyshan men Ámir Temir ordasynyng úrpaqtary, sondyqtan olargha Amerikany jaulap alu kezinde qyzylterilerge (krasnokojiy) qanday әdis qoldandy, sony qoldanu kerek», dep jazady.

Otarshyl imperiya múnyng aldynda (3 mausym 1907 j) 6 millionnan astam qazaqty saylauda dauys beru qúqynan aiyrghanyn bolatyn. Al odan da búryn Orynbor (býginde RF qúramynda) men Qostanay, Aqtóbe, Aqmola oblystarynyn, Torghay ónirining aumaghyna qaratabandardy әkep ýiip-tókken edi. Múny Álekeng Sankt-Peterbordan shyghatyn «Sibirskie voprosy» jurnalynda 1908 jyly «Qyr balasy» degen laqap atpen «Bolashaq shóleyt» degen maqalasynda atap kórsetken. «Osydan 20 jyl búryn (1888 j) Torghay oblysynyng keng dalasynda tek qazaqtar ghana ómir sýretin... Jerdi qazaqtardan jalgha alghan orys qonystary tek soltýstikke qaray oqta-tekte ghana kezdesetin,– dey kelip avtor, – qazirgi kýni Qostanay ónirindegi qazaq pen orystyng sany tenesip qalghan, oghan qosa 100-den astam nemis uchastikterde ornalasqan» depti.

– Qazaqstan Reseyge óz erkimen qosylghaly beri ata-babanyng qany tamghan qasiyetti jerimizding birtalay bóligi Qytaydyn, Ózbekstannyn, әriyne eleuli aumaghy Reseyding enshisinde ketti. Ol az deseniz, keyin taghy kommunist bastyqtar Qazaqstannyng astyqty 5 oblysyn Reseyding qúramyna alyp qoymaq bolghany, Manghystau ólkesining bir bóligin Týrkimenstangha berip, Elordanyng irgesinde jatqan Ereymentau audanynyng ornynan nemis avtonomiyasyn qúrmaqshy bolghany – bәri qazaqtyng dalasyn bólshektep qúrtugha arnalghan jymysqy sayasattyng әserinen ekeni belgili. Álekenning enbekterinde qazaq jerlerining otarlanyp jatqanyn qalay aiyptalghan?

– Á.Bókeyhan Alashorda avtonomiyasyn jariyalardyng aldynda «Qazaq» gazetinde 1901-1917 jyldar aralyghynda qazaqtyng 9 oblys, 1 guberniya jәne Altay ónirindegi birneshe audandardyng Resey imperiyasynyng qúramyna ótip ketkenin ashyna jazady.  Ol búl ólkelerdi «babalar jeri» dep atap, onyng qalay bolghanda da qazaqtyng menshigi ekenin aityp ótken. Múnan әri 1918-1919 jyldary ol sol kezderi qúrylyp jatqan býkilreseylik Sibir avtonomiyasynyn, Komuchtyn, Ufim diyrektoriyasnyn, t.b uaqytsha ókimetterding aldynda óz halqynyng osy jerlerge degen zandy iyeligin tabandy qorghap keldi. Búl jerlerding qazaqtan kýshtep tartyp alynyp, qarashekpenderding paydalanuyna berilui, orys knyazidary men barondaryna satyluy, Qazaqstannyng óz erkimen Reseyge qosylu shartynyng óreskel búzyluy dep aiyptaydy.

Últ qayratkerining enbekterin yjdahatty zerttey otyryp jәne ony talqylanyp otyrghan taqyryptyq kezenderge jatatyn múraghat qújattarymen salystyryp qarastyrsanyz, býginde eshqanday kórshiles memleketterdin, onyng ishinde Reseyding qazaq jerine shekaralyq dau aita almaytynyna (bir kezderdegi qazaq jerlerin daulamay-aq qoyalyq) kóziniz jetedi. Sóz sonynda aitarym, Álihan Bókeyhannyng sayasy jәne ghylymiy-publisistikalyq enbekteri 11 tom jinaqqa jetip otyr. Osy mol múra býgingi tarihshylarymyzdyng Qazaqstannyng óz erkimen Reseyge qosylu kezenine kenestik iydeologiya túrghysynan emes, tyng kózqaraspen qarauyna mýmkindik beredi.

– Uaqytynyzdy bólip, tereng әri mazmúndy súhbat bergeninizge alghysymyz sheksiz.

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