Jalpy el preziydenti Qasym-Jomart Toqaevtyng «Ádiletti Qazaqstan – adal azamat» aidarymen Týrkistanda bolghan Últtyq qúryltaydaghy bayandamasynda mynaday: «…Tarihy tanymdy keneytuge zor ýles qosatyn bir manyzdy sala – arheologiya. Almatydaghy arheologiya instituty – elimizding biregey tarihy múrasyn jýieli zertteumen ainalysatyn basty ghylymy mekeme….» degen jaghymdy janalyqtary bar.

Demek, el men jerding tarihy, arheologiya mәselesi de eshqashan nazardan tys qalghan emes. Nege deseniz elimizding kemel keleshegi ótken tarihpen tikeley qatysty ekendigi bәrine de týsinikti jaghday. Endi osynau, memleket basshysynyng auzymen aitylghan sózderding bir parasy bizding Jetisu oblysynda jýzege asyrylyp jatyr dep auyz toltyryp aita alamyz.

Oghan dәlel bizding Jetisudyng Jarkent ónirindegi Ile ózenining ótkelderi túsynda ejelgi sauda keruenderining basty joldarynan Ile boyyndaghy ejelgi qalalar men eldi mekender óte qashyq emes aralyqtarda ornalasqandyghy. Solardyng biri ózining atauy aityp túrghanday, qazirgi Ýsharal auylymen irgeles, soltýstik-shyghysyndaghy kóne Ilebalyq qalashyghynyng orny.

«…Qalanyng qayda ornalasqany dәl anyqtalmaghan, alayda keyingi uaqytta Ile ózenining ong jaghalauynda jýrgizilgen zertteuler atalmysh qalany Jarkentke jaqyn jerdegi Kóktal auyly manyndaghy ortaghasyrlyq qalashyqpen bir ekenin anyqtaugha negiz beredi. Qala HI-HIV ghasyrlarda ómir sýrgen» K. Baypakov, Qazaqstannyng ejelgi qalalary-Almaty: «Aruna Ltd», 2003, 309 bet.

Ózen boyyn jaghalay suly-nuly jerde ornalasqandyqtan jalpy aumaghy 500 ga jerdi alyp jatqan ortaghasyrlyq qala qazba júmysy kezinde ejelgi Ilebalyq qalasynyng orny ekendigi aiqyndaldy.

Biylghy jyldyng 10 shildesinen beri ónirimizdegi ejelgi tarihy oryndardyng biri-Úly Jibek joly boyyndaghy osy bir kóne qalashyqtyng qirandysy ornyna arheologiyalyq qazba júmystary jýrgizilude. Qazba júmystaryna jetekshilik jasaushy Stiyven Gilibert. Ol Amerika Qúrama Shtatynyng azamaty, tughan jeri Tehas shtaty.

Suret: jaraina.kz

Arheolog Stiyven Gilibertpen tanystyghymyz eski tanystarday bir-birimizdi jyly jýzben qarsy alghan, ashyq-jarqyn kónil-kýimen bastaldy. Ol 1993 jyldan beri Qazaqstanda túratyndyghyn jәne bizding qazaq tilin jaqsy mengergendigi turaly quana habardar etti. «Týsi iygiden týnilme» dep bababalrymyz aitqanday, әngime barysynda kishipeyil, bilimdi, ziyaly jan ekendigin de anghardym.

Alghashqy Qazaqstangha kelgen jyldary Aral tenizi manayyndaghy tabighattyng ekologiyalyq mәselesi men onyng jergilikti túrghyndardyng adam aghzasyna ziyandylyghynyng saldarymen kýresu isteri boyynsha, (onyng ishinde jýkti әielderge) qayyrymdylyq sharalaryn jasaumen ainalysqan. Keyinderi tarihtyng arheologiya salasyna auysqan. Qazba júmysyn jýrgizushi mekeme LIPSKOMB uniwersiteti (yaghni, Lipskom uniyvesiyteti) negizgi qyzmeti arheologiya jәne ekspertiza júmystary, Qazaqstandyq ghalym, doktor D.Voyakinnmen birge.

Stiyvenning aituy boyynsha jalpy osy Ilebalyq qalasynyng ornyn qazu júmystary 2016 jyldan beri bastau alady eken. Jyl sayyn shamamen 1 ay merzimge qazba júmystaryn jýrgizetin kórinedi. Endi sol 2016 jyldan bergi uaqyttarda tabylghan zattay derekterding birnesheuine toqtalyp ótsek.

Dәl qazirgi kezdegi qazba júmysy jýrgizilip jatqan negizgi aumaq orta ghasyrlyq Ilebalyq qalasynyng shyghys jaghyndaghy Hristiandar (Nestoriandar) jerlengen qorym. Sәl kidiris jasap «Nestoriandar degen kimder..? «– degen súraqqa qysqasha ghana aqparat bere ketelik: «…431 jyly Efeste ótken býkilәlemdik jiynda Konstantinopoli partiarhy Nestoriy andamay qalyp, «Qúdaydyng anas joq» dep aitqany ýshin, shirkeuden alastalady». Jәne olargha monfizitter men pravoslavtyq halkedonitter birauyzdan qarsy bolady. Búl ózara jauyghu úzaq jyldargha sozylyp, «489 jyly imperator Zenon nestoriandardy aiyptaudy qúptap, nestoriandar óz ilimin oqytyp jatqan Edess mektebin jauyp tastady. Búl mektep Persiyagha Nizib shaharyna kóship keledi, al 499 jyly Ktezifonda nestorian patriarhy ashylyp, ol VI ghasyrda kemeline kelip tolysty».

Ármen qaray jalghastyrsaq: «…Nestoriandar Persiyadan qanattanyp, Shyghys Aziyagha keninen tarady. VI ghasyrda hristiandar óz dinin kóshpeli týrikter arasynda sәtimen uaghyzdaydy». L. Gumiylev, Qiyal patshalyghyn izdeu, Almaty «Balausa» 1992. 48 – bet.

Ondaghy jalpy jerlengen adamdardyng sany joramalmen aitqanda 450-ge juyq. Búl jerden tabylghan adam sýiegining qanqalary birden Almatydaghy arheologiyalyq saraptama mekemesine jiberiledi. Osy uaqytqa deyin 103 beyit ashylyp zerttelgen. Beyitter basyna qoyylghan 40-qa juyq qayraqtastarda Hristian dinining belgisi teng búryshty kresting (tórtkýl) sureti salynghan da, 6-da kóne jazu bolghan. Ondaghy 4-i týrki tilinde, 2-i kóne siriya tilinde (Tayau Shyghys) jazylghan sóz tirkesteri eken, arasynda arabsha da jazular kezdesedi.

Endi búghan bizding óz tarapymyzdan qosarymyz: ertedegi kóne tarihy jazbalardan oqyghanymyzday Qazaqstannyng ontýstigi men Jetisuda týrki runikasymen qatar soghdy jazuy qoldanylghan. Siriya jәne úighyr jazularynyng da bolghandyghyn eski mәlimtterden bilemiz. Biraq, zamanymyzdyng sol kezenderinde búl jazulardy qoghamnyng azdaghan ghana sauatty toby men diny adamdar ghana paydalana bilgendigin eskergenimiz de jón. Áriyne, kóne siriya jazuynyng bizding Ilebalyqtan tabyluy bizder ýshin, tarih ghylymy ýshin de ýlken janalyq!…

Suret: jaraina.kz

Degenmen, júmys barysyndaghy Stiyvenning ózindik oitýiini boyynsha – búndaghy taghy bir erekshelik osy jerde ghúmyr keshken Hristiandar (nestoriandyq baghyttaghylar) qúdaygha qúlshylyq rәsiminde «eski siriya tilin paydalanghan boluy kerek»- degen pikiri. Al, búl til óz kezeginde Ivrit tiline jaqyn bolyp keledi.

Taghy aita keter deregimiz: Shaghatay iyeligindegi Mogholstan memleketining ortalyghy bolghan Almalyq (shekaradan shyghysqa qaray 25 shaqyrymdaghy QHR aumaghyndaghy eski qala júrty) qalasynda HIV gh. 30-jyldary katolikterding episkopy men shirkeui bolghan. Yaghni, sol dәuirlerde búl qala katolik dinin nasihattushy europalyq missionerlerding júmys jasaytyn beldi ortalyqtarynyng biri boldy.

Al, bizding maqalagha arqau etip otyrghan Ilebalyghymyz osy Mogholstan memleketining basty qalasy Almalyqqa tayau ornalasqan iri sauda ortalyghynyng biri. Jәne sol bir shapqynshylyq zamandarda birshama uaqyt atalmysh memleketting astanasy qyzmetin atqarghandyghy turaly da tarihy derekterde jazylghan. Osy mәlimetterdi salystyra otyryp búl qalada da Almalyqtaghyday hristian missionerleri ózderining diny qyzmetin joghary dәrejede atqarghan synayly.

Mәselen, atalghan qayraqtastardaghy adam attaryna kelsek: Shyryn (Áyel adam) Barbara Kýsh, Tiles, Tegiz, Isa (Eshe), taghy bir qayraqtastan FRABRONIA (frabroniya) jazulary tabylghan. Frabroniya degenimiz – b.z. III ghasyrynda Persiyada (qazirgi Iran) ghúmyr keshken (muchenisa), yaghni, din jolynda azaptalushy nemese haq jolyndaghy azap danqynyng alqasyn taghynushy taqua jan iyesining esimi.

Demek, sol ghasyrlardaghy osy Ilebalyqta ómir sýrgen atalmysh Hristian qauymynyng ókilderi ózderining ishki dәstýri boyynsha jas úrpaqtargha ataqty dindarlar men serkovi iyelerining esimderin berip otyrghandyghyn bayqaymyz. Taghy bir nazar audararlyq jaghday olardyng bәri de jergilikti týrkiler. Sebebi, qayraqtastardaghy әlipby әripteri kóne Siriyaniki bolghanymen, jazylghan adam attary men sóz tirkesterining mәn-maghynasy týrki tilinde. Jәne oghan qosar taghy bir salmaqty deregimiz – osyghan deyingi jasalghan saraptamalar qorytyndysy boyynsha qazyp alynghan adamdar sýiegining 60-70 payyzy Aziyattar ekendigi anyqtalghan. Europalyq nәsilding ókili әli tabyla qoymaghan, belgisizdeu bolyp túr…

Zertteushi Stiyvenning pikirinshe, jalpy Orta Aziyagha jýrgizilgen arheologiyalyq qazba júmystarynyng tapqan zattay derekteri boyynsha jasalghan saraptamada – Hristian dini b.z. IV ghasyrynda-aq qazirgi Týrkimenstannyng Merv qalasyna jetken deydi. Jәne b.z. IV – VII ghasyrlary aralyghynda osy bizding Jetisuda taralyp ýlgergendigin de tilge tiyek etti. Biraq ta Samanidter men Qarahanidter dәuirinde islam dini barynsha kýsheyip, birte-birte Hristian dinin yghystyryp, toqyraugha úshyratqan. Odan keyingi Shynghys han dәuirinde barlyq dinderge shekteu bolmay, erkindik berilgen son, endi qaytadan Hristian dinining ekinshi órleu kezeni bastalghan –dep, sózin bir týiindep aldy.

IYә, ras! Kelispeske amalymyz joq. Mysaly, oghan dәlel retinde tipti Shynghys han úrpaqtary handarynyng keybirining әielderi, balalary hristian dininde bolghandyghyn (mysaly, Batu hannyng úly Sartaq noyan Hristiandyqty qolauy, Mónke hannyng әielderi men saray manyndaghylardyng kópshiligi nestoriandyqty ashyq nasihattaghany t.b.) eske alsaq jetip jatyr.

Suret: jaraina.kz

Jalpy osy kóne Ilebalyq qalasynyng ornyna qazylghan qazba júmystary kezinde H-HIV ghasyrlar aralyghyna jatatyn (Qarahan — Mogholstan dәuirine jatatyn) 400-dey tengeler men әielderge arnalghan 5 saqina, onyng 2-i taza kýmisten 2-i qymbat korall tastarynan jasalghandyghy anyqtaldy. Sol dәuirlerdegi Ile alqabyndaghy qalalary men eldi mekenderinde jasalghan asyl búiymdar men qymbat zattar da óz kezeginde sonau orta ghasyrdaghy mәdeni-ekonomikalyq ortalyqtargha jóneltilip otyrghan. Euraziyanyng әigili tenge saraylarynda soghylghan sonshama tengeler kómbesining tabyluy – sonau alys zamandarda halyqaralyq saudanyng qyzu jýrip, jan-jaqty keng kólemde damyghandyghynyng birden-bir búltartpas aighaghy dep bilemiz.

Múndaghy qymbat korall tastary joramal boyynsha Ýndistannan әkelingen siyaqty. Búl degeniniz, bizder ýshin – әlemdik dinderding taraluy men saudanyng halyqaralyq dengeyde joghary qarqynmen jýrgendigining taghy bir túshymdy dәleli. Mәselen, Ilening arghy betindegi Talhirdyng (qazirgi Talghar qalasy) H-HIII ghasyrlarda Iran, Qytay, Orta Aziya jәne Ýndistan, Japoniyamen halyqaralyq baylanystar jasaghanyn arheologiyalyq zertteu júmystary aiqyndap bergen edi.

Sebebi, Talhirdan shyghatyn keruen jolynyng ekinshi tarmaghy shyghysqy baghyt alyp, Shelekti basyp ótip, sharyn shatqaly arqyly Ilening ong jaghlauymen jýrip otyryp, qazirgi – Jarkent, Qorghas arqyly Qytaygha ótedi.

Endi búl jerde sol asyl búiymdar men qymbat tauarlar artqan sauda keruenderi orta ghasyrdyng әigili qalasy Ilebalyqqa soqpay ketuleri mýmkin emes-au. Sonymen qatar, kóne shejirelerde jazylghanday — músylman kópesteri Sibirge deyin baryp jatsa, al nestoriandar óz kezeginde Orta Aziyanyng Qytaymen jasaytyn sauda-sattyq isi men qarym-qatynastaghy mol payda keltiretin barlyq әreketterin óz uystarynan shygharghan emes. Demek, aldaghy zertteu nәtiyjelerinen de bizder búdan da ýlken-ýlken ashylular men tarihy janalyqtar kýtemiz degen oiymyz da bar.

Al, tabylghan «saqinalarda» úshqúlaqty gýlder ornamenti әdemi beynelengen. Gýlder ornamentindegi osynday týrde beynelenu óneri ótken b.z. III-ghasyryna tәn qúbylys. Sebebi, búl órnek sol uaqyt kezenindegi Hristian qauymdastyqtarynyng hramdaryndaghy edender men qabyrghalarda, týrli-týsti mozaykalarda, jerleu oryndarynda jәne әshekey búiymdaryna jatatyn — saqina, bilezikterde kópten kezdesedi. Yaghni, búl ýshqúlaqty gýlmen bezendiru naqyshy sol zamanghy Hristian dinining birden-bir diny ereksheligin aiqyndaytyn naqty belgileri bolyp tabylady.

Endigi kezekte osynau qazba júmystary kezinde tabylghan ýlken oljamyzdyng biri, bay jәne biylikiyelerining qatarynda bolghan aqsýiek әielding qabirining tabyluy (2021 j.). Sýiek syrtynda aghash tabyttyng bolghan, bolmaghandyghyn aldaghy uaqytta ayaqtalugha jaqyn saraptama nәtiyjesi kórsetedi. Basy batysqa, ayaghy shyghysqa qaratyp qoyylghan әiel mәiitining basynda bokka (sәukelege úqsas) bas kiyimi bolghan. Metall silindr tәrizdi bas kiyimining biyiktigi 50-sm, matanyng týsi qyzyl. Basqy betinde aq týsti monshaqtardan jәne óte úsaq әinek týiirshekterimen kómkerilgen әdemi órnegi bar. Ol órnekting ne maghyna beretindigi әzirge belgisiz…

Suret: jaraina.kz

Jәne qabir basynan tabylghan qayraqtasta tenbúryshty krest (tórtkýl) beynelengen, biraq jazuy joq. Al, ol zamandardaghy qyzyl týsti bas kiyim, ol adamnyng statusynyng óte joghary bolghandyghyn bildiretin belgi edi. Ángime barysynda, «…Bizding oiymyzsha osy tabylghan aqsýiek, bay әiel Altyn Ordadaghy Hristiandarymen baylanysy bolghan-au» degen ózining oi-úshyghyn Stiyven myrza sóz arasynda bildire ketti.

Kóne jazbalardaghy derekter boyynsha búnday jogharghy tap ókiline jatatyn aqsýiekterding kóptegen kýtushileri bolghan. Áyel qabirining ainalasy tolghan ýlken adamdar men jas balalardyng mәiiti. Olar búl әielding jaqyn tuystary boluy kerek. Osy aqsýiek әielding qabiri jatqan dengeydegi jer qabatynan tabylghan tengelerde 1287jyly ejelgi Tarazda soghylghandyghy turaly jazuy bar.

Yaghni, osy ónirdegi Hristiandardyng gýldenip damyghan kezeni XIII ghasyr dep boljaugha bolady. Sebebi, islamnyng keng etek jayyp taraluy men Hristian dinining joyylyp, toqyrauy b.z. 1330 jyldary bastalghany turaly mәlimetter kóne tarihy shejirelerde bar. Jәne de búl kezde Altyn Orda handarynyng kóbi islam dinine den qoyghan shaghy edi. Sonymen qatar, 1339-40 jyl jyldary bastau alghan Áliy-Súltannyng hristiandargha qarsy bastaghan qandy qudalauynan keyin katolikterding diny nasihat qyzmeti amalsyz toqtaghangha úqsaydy….

Atalmysh Ilebalyqtaghy arheologtardyng taghy bir quana habarlap aitqan qomaqty oljalary — hristian dindarlary minәjat etken b.z. HIII ghasyrynyng II jartysyna jatatyn kólemi 8h23 bolatyn ghimarattyng tabyluy. Yaghni, shyghystan bastysqa qaray kóldenendep salynghan nestorian shirkeuining qabyrgha eni 1m, biyiktigi zertteushilerding jobalauy boyynsha, shamamen 8-10 m bolghan kórinedi. Qabyrghalaryn qalauda kólemi 23h5sm jәne 8h4 sm bolatyn shiyki kirpishter qoldanumen qatar key jerlerin soqpamen soqqan. Qabyrgha boyyna 8 túghyrtasqa juan aghashtardan tireuler qoyghan orny da aiqyndaldy. Jәne osy ghibadathanada qoldanylghan sol zamanghy ýsh dana, tórt túghyrly shaghyn ghana qoldanugha óte ynghayly shyraghdandar da tabylghan.

Atalmysh ghimarattyng shyghys jaq irgesinen kóldeneng salynghan taghy bir bólmeli ortasha meken jәiding súlbasy bayqalyp túr. Biraq, ol ghimarat turaly naqty nemese joramal sózder aitu erterek, sebebi, qazu júmystary әli bastalmady. Qazba júmysy barysynda tabylghan zattargha baylanysty ne qyzmet atqarghany, neden salynghany taghy basqa derekter anyq aiqyndalatyn bolady.

Suret: jaraina.kz

Sonday-aq, әngime barysynda osy jerden tabylghan 15 dana ekzemplyar mәiitterding DNK-n Almatydaghy zerthanalyq saraptamagha jiberilgendigin bildik. Demek, aghymdaghy jyldyng ayaghynda nәtiyjeleri shyghyp, olardyng atatekterining kimder ekendigi, jas mólsheri, neden qaytys bolghandyghy taghy basqa da beymәlim jaqtary anyqtalatyn bolady.

Býgingi alghan tarihy mәlimetterimmen, kónening kózi bolyp bizge jetken zattay derekterdi oisha saralap, ótken ghasyrlargha qiyalmen kónil jýgirtip, «Tughan jerding ótken dәuirlerdegi tarihy tausylmas qazyna, qúpiyasyn qoynyna býkken shetsiz-sheksiz tylsym dýnie eken ghoy..?!.» degen, auyr oidy arqalap ýige qayttym….

Qaly Ibraiymjanov,

Qazaqstan Jurnalister odaghynyng mýshesi.

Jarkent qalasy

Abai.kz