Osy kýnge deyingi bizdegi qalyptasqan pikir boyynsha din mәdeniyetting qúramdas bóligine jatady degen tújyrym bar. Múnday tújyrymnyng qalyptasuyna 17-18 ghasyrlarda Batys Evropa elderinde din men qogham arasyndaghy qayshylyqtyng tuyndauy tikeley yqpalyn tiygizdi. Alayda, búl tújyrymnyng dúrys emestigin uaqyt san mәrte dәleldep berdi. Din mәdeniyetting qúramdas bóligi bola almaydy. Óitkeni, din  adam balasynyng oiynan shygharylghan nәrse emes. Din adamzat qoghamynan tys ortada payda bolyp, sol jiberilgen qoghamnyng iygiligi ýshin qyzmet jasaytyn ilimder jýiesi. Adamzat qoghamynda jalpy mәdeniyet pe, salt-dәstýr me, әdet-ghúryp pa, memlekettik jýie me barlyghy diny ilim men diny tanym negizinde qalyptasady. Sol sebepti, din eshqashanda mәdeniyetting qúramdas bóligi bola almaydy. Kerisinshe, din mәdeniyetting qúramdas bólikterin qalyptastyratyn negizgi qozghaushy kýsh bolyp tabylady. Din men diny tanymnan tys qoghamnyng ruhaniy-mәdeny ómiri men qoghamdyq qatynas jýielerinde eshnәrse bolmaydy. Óitkeni, qoghamdaghy barlyq jýieler osy diny tanym negizinde qalyptasyp, sol diny tanym shenberinde qyzmet etedi. Búl dinning qoghamdaghy qyzmetining san-salaly ekendigin kórsetedi. Sondyqtan mәdeniyet әrkezde dinge tәueldi bolady. Dinnen tys eshqashan mәdeniyet bolmaydy.

Osy kýnge deyingi bizdegi qalyptasqan pikir boyynsha din mәdeniyetting qúramdas bóligine jatady degen tújyrym bar. Múnday tújyrymnyng qalyptasuyna 17-18 ghasyrlarda Batys Evropa elderinde din men qogham arasyndaghy qayshylyqtyng tuyndauy tikeley yqpalyn tiygizdi. Alayda, búl tújyrymnyng dúrys emestigin uaqyt san mәrte dәleldep berdi. Din mәdeniyetting qúramdas bóligi bola almaydy. Óitkeni, din  adam balasynyng oiynan shygharylghan nәrse emes. Din adamzat qoghamynan tys ortada payda bolyp, sol jiberilgen qoghamnyng iygiligi ýshin qyzmet jasaytyn ilimder jýiesi. Adamzat qoghamynda jalpy mәdeniyet pe, salt-dәstýr me, әdet-ghúryp pa, memlekettik jýie me barlyghy diny ilim men diny tanym negizinde qalyptasady. Sol sebepti, din eshqashanda mәdeniyetting qúramdas bóligi bola almaydy. Kerisinshe, din mәdeniyetting qúramdas bólikterin qalyptastyratyn negizgi qozghaushy kýsh bolyp tabylady. Din men diny tanymnan tys qoghamnyng ruhaniy-mәdeny ómiri men qoghamdyq qatynas jýielerinde eshnәrse bolmaydy. Óitkeni, qoghamdaghy barlyq jýieler osy diny tanym negizinde qalyptasyp, sol diny tanym shenberinde qyzmet etedi. Búl dinning qoghamdaghy qyzmetining san-salaly ekendigin kórsetedi. Sondyqtan mәdeniyet әrkezde dinge tәueldi bolady. Dinnen tys eshqashan mәdeniyet bolmaydy. Dinning qoghamdaghy rolining artuy – ol qoghamnyng núrlanuyna, gýldenuine, mәdeniyetining jana satygha kóteriluine әkelse, dinning qoghamdaghy rolinin  tómendeui, kerisinshe,  qoghamnyng azghyndauyna, toqyraugha úshyrap, ydyrauyna әkeletin qauipti faktorgha ainalady. Dinning qoghamdaghy rolining qanshalyqty joghary ekendigi turaly XX ghasyr basyndaghy  orys oishyly V. S. Soloviev bylay dep jazady: «Pry takom vnutrennem soediyneniy (a nesmeshenii) religioznoy iydey s narodnostiu vyigryvaet y ta y drugaya storona. Narodnosti perestaet byti prostym etnograficheskim y istoricheskim faktorom, poluchaet vysshiy smysl y osvyasheniye, a religioznaya iydeya obnarujivaetsya s bolishoy opredelennostiu, okrashivaetsya y voploshaetsya v narodnosti, priobretaet v ney jivui istoricheskui silu dlya svoego sushestvovaniya v miyre. Y chem znachiytelinee narodnaya sila, tem vyshe ona doljna podnimatisya  nad nasionalinom egoizmom, tem polnee ona doljna otdavatisya svoemu vselenskomu slujenii». V. S. Solovievting búl pikiri kez-kelgen halyqtyng dengeyi, ruhany quaty diny iydeyanyng halyqtyng oi-sanasynan qanshalyqty tereng oryn aluyna baylanysty ekendigin kórsetip otyr. Basqasha aitqanda,  halyqtyng әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýrinin, jalpy mәdeniyetining qay baghytta damitynyn aiqyndaytyn 09bylys – din, diny tanym. Egerde kez-kelgen halyq ózining dәstýrli dininen, diny tanym negizderinen ajyraytyn bolsa, onda ol halyq ózining ruhany mәdeny bolmysynan ajyraydy. Jana qabyldaghan dinnning talabyna qaray jana mәdeniyet pen dәstýr qalyptastyrugha mәjbýr bolady. Osy túrghydan kelgende Preziydent joldauyndaghy «Dәstýr halyqtyng genetikalyq kody» degen tújyrymyn – qazaq halqynyng bolashaghyna alandaushylyghy dep týsingen dúrys. Sondyqtan, din halyqtyng mindetti týrde salt-dәstýrimen sabaqtas boluy shart. Olay bolmaghan jaghdayda ol din halyqtyng ruhani, mәdeny bolmysy men salt-dәstýrine qauip tóndiretin faktorgha ainalady.

 Salt-dәstýr halyqtyng genetikalyq kody

Egerde qazaq halqynyng әdet-ghúrpy men salt dәstýri negizinde Qúdaylyq negiz bolsa, onda, olardyng barlyghynyng kiyelilik sipaty bar jýie. Jәne búl salt-dәstýr Islam dininen әldeqayda búryn payda bolghandyghyna kóz jetkizu qiyn emes. Bizding shamalauymyzsha qazaq halqynyng býginge deyin saqtalyp kele jatqan salt-dәstýrining negizinde Oghyz qaghannan qalghan Tәnirlik din jatyr.

 Mysaly, «Oghyz qaghan» anyzynyng Mardanbayúly Esqaly núsqasynda Oghyzdyng әkesi Qarahan Yafesting toghyzynshy úrpaghy. Búl handardyng barlyghy mәjusiylik dinin ústanghany turaly aitylady. Búl Oghyz qaghannyng Yafesten taraghan halyqtardy bir Tәnirge moyynúsynugha shaqyryp, halyqty iylәhy dinge bet búrghyzghan kiyeli túlgha bolghandyghynan habar beredi. Basqasha aitqanda, Oghyz qaghandy Týrki dalasynan shyqqan payghambar dep tanugha bolady. Rashid ad-din Shynghys hannyng da osy Oghyz qaghannan kele jatqan Tәnir dinine moyynúsynghanyn jazady. Olay bolsa, búl týrkilerding úzaq ghasyrlar boyyna Oghyzdan qalghan Tәnir dinine moyynúsynyp, sol dinde bolghandyghyn kórsetedi.

Sonymen birge, Oghyz qaghan alghash rulyq, taypalyq jýielerdi toptastyryp, memleketti basqarudyng týrkilik jýiesin alghash qalyptastyrghan túlgha. Búl Oghyz qaghannyng týrki tarihyndaghy orny qanshalyqty manyzdy bolghandyghyn kórsetedi.

766/767 jyly týrki halyqtary óz tarihyndaghy jana kezenge ayaq basty. Osy jyly  týrki halyqtary tarihyndaghy jana sipattaghy, negizgi iydeologiyasy islam dinining oppozisiyalyq baghyty qaysaniya-mubayyidiya aghymyn ústanghan Qarlúq, Syrdyng tómengi aghysynda Oghyz týrki-islam memleketteri dýniyege keldi.

 Týrik halyqtarynyng islam dinin qabyldauy týrikterding jana satygha kóteriluine yqpalyn tiygizdi. Týrikter arasynda ghylym men mәdeniyet jyldam qarqynmen damydy. Týrikterden  jýzdegen ghalymdar shyqty. Olar ghylymnyng barlyq salasynda iri janalyqtardy dýniyege keltirdi. Búl jalpy islam mәdeniyeti men ghylymyna qosylghan qomaqty ýles bolghanymen, múnyng esesine týrik halqynyng mәdeniyeti men dәstýri kýn sanap óshe bastady. Ásirese, ruhani, mәdeny salada búl prosess óte jyldam jýrdi. Ol kezdegi týsinik boyynsha islam dinin qabyldau arab bolu degendi bildiretin.    Týrki halyqtaryna islam dini parsy tili arqyly keldi. Óitkeni, hanafiylerding basshylyghymen kóptegen dini, metodologiyalyq manyzy bar kitaptardyng arab tilinen parsy tiline audaryluy islam dinining Ortalyq Aziya halyqtaryna parsy tili arqyly taraluyna yqpal etti. Búl óz kezeginde islam dinin qabyldaghan halyqtardyng parsylanuyna әkeldi. Islam dinin qabyldaghan týrki halyqtary ózderining dәstýrli mәdeniyeti men әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýrinen ajyrap, tolyq parsylanugha bet aldy. Oghan dәleldi úzaqtan izdemey-aq, týrki ghúlamalary tarapynana jazylghan kitaptar ishinde XI-ghasyr ortasyna deyin birde-bir ne dini, ne ghylymi, ne әdeby shygharmanyng jazylmauynan kóruge bolady. Tek, Jýsip Balasaghúnidyng «Qútty bilik» atty enbegi týrik tilinde jazylghan alghashqy shygharma boldy. Odan  keyin Mahmud Qashqariyding «Diuan lughat at-Týrik» enbegi men Ahmed Yýgnekidyng «Atybat al-Haqa’iyq» atty enbekteri dýniyege keldi. Búl shygharmalardy týrki halyqtarynyng qauipti shepke jaqyndaghanyn bildiretin sol dәuir ziyalylarynyn  janayqayy dese bolady.    Týrki halyqtary ózining tilin, dәstýrli mәdeniyetin, әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýrin joghaltyp qoyghan joq. Solarmen birge, kóneden kele jatqan týrik memlekettigining qalyptasqan jýiesin de ózgertuge mәjbýr boldy. Oghan týrik halyqtarynyng ishki qoghamdyq qatynastaryn retteytin jýiening arab qoghamynyng ishki qatynastaryn retteuge arnalghan sharighat ýkimderimen almastyryluy tikeley yqpal etti. Búl birtindep týrkilik әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýrding qoldanystan shygharyluyna әkeldi. Kóneden kele jatqan nekelik qatynas ózgertilip, ekzogamdyq qatynastar  endogamdyq qatynaspen almastyryldy. Rulas, qandas adamdar arasyndaghy nekelik qatynastar osy kezge deyin saqtalyp kelgen rulyq, taypalyq jýielerding ydyrauyna әkeldi. Memleketti basqarudyng parsylyq jýiesi qalyptasty. Týrikter ózderining dәstýrli mәdeniyetinen, әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýrinen, tilinen, memlekettik basqaru jýiesinen ajyrady.

Islam әlemin X-ghasyrdan bastap sharpyghan toqyrau, XII ghasyrda Islam әlemining bar ólkesine taraldy. Islamnyng ruhany quaty әlsirep, materialdyq baylyq ýshin, biylik ýshin talas shegine jetti. Islam әlemining Batysy krestshiler jorghyn bastan keshirse, Shyghysynda qarahandyq memleketter tolyghymen qaraqytaylardyng qolastyna týsti. Búghan sol Islamdaghy ruhany toqyrau tikeley sebep boldy. Biyleushiler syrtqy jaumen emes, taq ýshin ózderimen ózderi qyrqysty. Ol kezendi Qoja Ahmet Yasauy bylaysha sipattady:

Oraza, namaz, iman, islam qoldan keti,

Kýnnen kýn beter degen hadis jetti.

 Payghambar aitqandary kelip jetti,

Búl dýniyeni qaranghylyq basty dostar.

Ghalymdar bar ilimin malgha satty,

Kórip, bilip, ózderin otqa atty.

Ózi amal qylmay halyqqa ilim ýiretti.

Dýnie ýshin dinderin satty kórgin.

Ústaz, dinsiz qúldar boldy hakim,

Memendink dýkenin ashyp, boldy zalym,

Halyq ishinde qor boldy dәruish ghalym,

Kópshiligi halyqtyng kәpir boldy kórgin.

Dinsiz ústazdargha esh qauip joq.

Dýnie malyn jiyp esh toyary joq.

Úshyp, qonyp, ólimnen esh habary joq.

Ol jannyng dýnie dini boldy kórgin!

 Mine osy kezende islam әlemining ruhany sauyghuyna yqpal etken, Islamgha iman men ruhany qúndylyqtardy qaytaryp bergen túlgha Qoja Ahmet Yasauy boldy. Ol soplyq ilimdi tariqat dәrejesine kóterdi. Búryn sopylyq jeke túlghalardyn, nemese sol jeke túlghalar ainalasyna toptasqan adamdardyng ghana iygiligi bolsa, endi ol ilimdi Qoja Ahmet Yasauy jalpy halyqtyng iygiligine ainaldyrdy. Ol imandy bar ghibadattyng aldyna shyghardy. Imansyz dinning boluy mýmkin emestigin sonyna ergen halyqqa úghyndyra bildi. Ol islam dinining toqyrauy – dindegi imannyng әlsireuimen baylanysty ekendigin  kóre bildi. Imandy qalpyna keltiru ýshin Islamnyng ishki quatyn ashu qajettigin týsindi. Ol aitqan «daftary saniy» sol islamnyng ishki ruhany quaty-jýrek kózin ashu bolatyn. Ol jol – tariqat joly dep ataldy.

Qoja Ahmet Yasauy imandy qaytadan qalpyna keltiru jolyna bar ómirin arnady. Búl daghdarystan shyghu joly imannnyng qaytadan qalpyna keluine baylanysty ekenin basa aitady. Ol bylay deydi:

Hikmet birlәn әuual adam din bar ailady,

On segiz myng qamugh alam qayran erur.

 «Qalu bala» degen qúldar ýles aldy.

Sakut etken qúldar dini oiran bolur.

Haq taghala iman ata (syilady) qyldy bizga,

Auual Mústafa rasuly aidy bizga.

 Drud etsak quuat berar dinimizga,

Yoq ersa, qylghanlarym oiran erur.

Búl «Hikmet» joldarynyng mәni iman bolmayynsha, tolyq senim bolmayynsha, adam balasynyng qylghandarynyng oiran bolatyny, Imannyng barlyq ghibadattyng aldynda bolu kerektigi aiqyn kórsetip túr. Yasauy Islam sharighatyndaghy negizgi bes negiz – bes paryz ben osy bes paryzdan tuyndaytyn qyryq paryzdy qaldyryp, qoghamdyq qatynastardy retteu jolyn tolyghymen týrkining kóne dәstýrine berdi. Búl basqasha aitqanda, búdan jan men tәn qajettiligine qaray adam bolmysynyng ekige bólingenin kóruge bolady. Tariqat joly tәn qajetine baylanysty mәselelerdi qarastyrmaydy, adamnyng ruhynyng qajettigin óteytin amaldardy qarastyrady. Adamnyng jany, ruhy islamdyq negizge moyynúsyndyrylyp, músylmandyq dәstýrler qalyptastyryldy. Mysaly, qazirgi qazaq dәstýrindegi kisi qaytqanda jetisin beru, qyrqy, jýzi, jylyn beru, iyis shygharu, әruaqtardy eske alu, әuliyelerge baru – búlardyng bәri ruhtyng qajetin óteytin amaldar bolyp tabylady. Jәne búl dәstýrlerding barlyghy Yasauy hikmetterinde jetkilikti týrde týsindirilgen. Mysaly, jogharyda aitylyp ótken qaytqan kisini shygharyp salugha qatysty jol-joralghylardyng barlyghy ruhtyng qozghalysyna qatysty tuyndaghan dәstýr bolyp tabylady. Qoja Ahmet Yasauy adam ruhynyng jeti satysy turaly aitady. Ruh satylarynyng kisi qaytys bolghannan keyingi jerden kóterilu prosesi osy dәstýr arqyly atalyp otyrghan. Dәstýrding býgingi kýni kvanttyq fizika ghylymy tarapynan tolyghymen dәleldenui Yasauy babamyzdyng búl saladaghy bilimining qanshalyqty tereng bolghandyghyn kórsetse kerek. Kvanttyq fizika adam ruhynyng jeti qabattan túratynyn, onyng bir qabaty toghyz kýnde, ekinshi qabaty qyryq kýnde, ýshinshi qabaty toqsan kýnde, al bir jylda ruhtyng jerden tolyghymen kóteriletinin tolyghymen dәleldedi. Demek, búl qazaq dәstýrindegi sharighatta joq dep jýrgen amaldardyng negizi bar ekendigin jәne olar tariqat joly arqyly qalyptasqandyghyn kórsetedi.

Qoja Ahmet Yasauy tek dәstýrdi emes, býkil ruhaniy-mәdeny bolmysyna qatysty dýniyening týriktik sipat aluyna yqpal etti. Týrki qoghamynyng ruhany qajettiligi tolyghymen týrik tilinde óteletin boldy.  Ol din tilin týrik tilinde sóiletti. Ghylym, bilim, mәdeniyet, әdebiyet pen memleket tili tolyghymen týrik tilinde sóiledi. Yasauiyden keyingi týrik ruhany bolmysynyng týrkilik arnagha tolyghymen bet búrghanyn kóruge bolady. Osylay týrikterding Islamdaghy joly Yasauy joly shenberine syighyzyldy. Týrikter osy jol shenberinde ghana ózining týriktik ereksheligin saqtap qalu mýmkindigine ie boldy. Búl shenberden tys islam dininde qalu mýmkin bolghanymen týrik mәdeniyetinde qalu mýmkin emes edi. Yasauiyding búl bastamasy týrik júrtyna arnalghanymen, ózge halyqtargha ónege boldy. Ózge halyqtar da Yasauiyding izimen әr týrli tariqattardy dýniyege keltirip, ózderining ruhaniy-mәdeny tәuelsizdikterin qayta qalpyna keltiruge mýmkindik aldy. Búl qazir ghylymda islam dinining ómir sýru formasy dep atalyp jýr. Biz qazirgi kýni qazaq halqynyng dәstýrli dini degenimizde osy Yasauy joly dep bilemiz. Óitkeni, qazaq halqynyn  Yasauiyden songhy 850 jyl boyyna jinaqtalghan ruhany múrasy men mәdeniyeti, salt-dәstýri, әdet-ghúrpy osy Yasauy joly negizinde qalyptasty. Al, qazirgi kýni kelip, qazaqtyng ana salt-dәstýri, myna әdet-ghúrpy Qúranda  joq, islamgha jat dep ýkim shygharu – qazaqtyng dәstýrli diny tanymyna qayshy ekendigin kópshiligimiz týsine bermeymiz.

Demek, qazaq halyqynyng salt-dәstýri men әdet-ghúrpy qazaq halyqynyng dini men diny tanymymen tyghyz baylanysta bolyp, qazaq halqynyng dәstýrli diny tanymynyng negizi bolghan Qoja Ahmet Yasauy negizin salghan sopylyq joly negizinde qalyptasyp, kiyelilik sipatqa ie boldy. Onyng ýstine myng jyl boyy islamda dúrys dep qabyldanghan «Ahl al sunna ua-l jama‘nyn» qúramyndaghy hanafy mazhabynyng qúramdas bóligi bolyp tabylady. Áriyne, Yasauy jolynyng ózindik ereksheligi bar. Alayda, búl erekshelikter islamgha qayshy kelmeydi. Sopylyq tariqattar – Allagha baratyn joldar degen maghynany bildiredi. Árkim ol joldar ishinen ózining mýmkindigi men uaqytyna qaray tandaydy. Yasauy joly – týrkining ruhani, mәdeny erekshelikterin eskere otyryp jasalghan, onyng ruhany qajettilikterin tolyq qamtityn Allagha úlastyratyn jol. Qazirge deyingi qazaq halqynyng dәstýrli diny tanymy osy Yasauy joly negizinde qalyptasyp, әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýrinin, jalpy mәdeniyetinin  ózindik qaytalanbas erekshelikterin qalyptastyrugha negiz boldy. Basqasha aitqanda, Yasauy joly islam dinining týrkiler arasyndaghy ómir sýru formasy edi. Yasauy jolynda týrkilerding tek ruhani, mәdeny bolmysy emes, memlekettik jýiesi de osy jolmen birlikte qalyptasty. Mysaly, nekelik qatynastaghy jeti atagha deyin qyz alyspau mәselesi birinshiden, qan tazalyghyn saqtaugha mýmkindik berse, ekinshiden, týrkilik memlekettik jýiening negizin qúraytyn rulyq, taypalyq jýiening saqtaluynyng kepili edi.  Nekelik qatynasqa múnday qatang talap Yasauy jolynan ózge birde-bir tariqatta joq. Óitkeni, rulyq, taypalyq jýie  memlekettikting tiregi retinde tek týrki memlekettiginde ghana bar. Ol jýieni saqtau - týrki memlekettigining negizin saqtau. Búl týrki halyqtarynyng tek ruhani, mәdeny bolmysy emes, memlekettik jýiesi de Yasauy joly negizinde qalyptasqandyghyn bildiredi. Ortaghasyrlarda Yasauy jolynan sheginu Altyn Orda, Ózbek úlysy siyaqty memleketterding ydyrauyna әkelse, Qazaq handyghynyng kýireui de Yasauy jolynan sheginuge baylanysty boldy. Býgingi kýni qazaq halqynyng dәstýrli diny tanymynyng negizin qúraytyn Yasauy jolyna jasalyp jatqan shabuyl  ertengi kýni qazaq halqynyng tolyghymen tarih sahnasynan ketiruge yqpal eteri haq.

Býgingi kýni «әsire islamshyldar» Yasauiyge, Yasauy jolyna, osy joldyng ózindik diny jol-joralghylaryna: atap aitqanda, әuliyelerge ziarat etu, әruaqtargha arnap as baru, zikir ghibadaty siyaqtylargha shabuyldaumen shektelip otyrghan joq. Yasauy joly negizinde qalyptasqan býkil әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýrge qarsy shabuylyn ýdetip otyr. Halyqtyng әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýrleri halyqtyng diny tanymynyng materialdanghan kórinisi, simvoldary. Halyqtyng әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýrin ózgertu diny tanym negizderin, kiyeli sanalghan býkil simvoldaryn joyady. Búl halyqty diny tanymymen qosa, ruhani, mәdeny bolmysynan tolyq ajyratugha әkeledi. Basqasha aitqanda, qazaq halqyn tamyrymen qoparyp, tarih sahnasynan ketiredi. Sondyqtan, qazaq halqynyng dәstýrli dini men diny tanym negizderin, osy negizdermen sabaqtas qalyptasqan dәstýrin saqtap qalu býgingi kýnning ózekti mәselesi. Óitkeni, salt-dәstýr halyqtyng genetikalyq kody.

Jandarbek Zikiriya, t.gh.k.,

Qoja Ahmet Yasauy atyndaghy

Halyqaralyq qazaq-týrik uniyversiyteti

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