Basy: Ospan shynynda qanday adam? 

1943 jyly shilde aiynan 1945 jyly qyrkýiek aiyna deyingi Ospan

Alghashqy oyanu

1943 jyly sәuir aiynyng basyna kelgende, Ospan tobyndaghylardyng sonshalyq tez kóbeyui olardyng múnan bylayghy jaugha soqqy beruine óte tiyimdi bolghanymen, qolynda pәlendey qory joq Ospannyng múnsha kóp adamdy azyq-týlikpen, at-kólikpen, qaru-jaraqpen, kiyim-keshekpen qamdauy qiyngha soqty. "Kózi qarayghan tam sýzer" degendey, olar tús-túsqa jortuyldap, beykýnә jandardyng mýddesine zalaldy tonaushylyq, úrlyq, ala-júla qashu siyaqty bandylyq әrekettermen ainalysugha mәjbýr bolady. Altay – Boghda arasyndaghy eldi ghana emes, Mongholiya Halyq Respublikasynyng qanattas jasaytyn halyqtaryn da qan qaqsatty.

Osynday jaghdayda, Mongholiya jaq 1943 jyly shilde aiynda Ospangha hat jazyp, Qamqashty (qazaq, Ospanmen jaqyn rulas adam) jiberip: "Senderding Shyng Shysaygha, Gomindang ýkimetine qarsy qúral kótergen jalpy betalystaryng dúrys, әitse de, әrkimge bir soqtyghyp búlan-talang isteulering jón emes. Áriyne, amalsyzdan osylay istep jýrgenderindi de týsinemiz. Búdan bylay múnday dóreki qylyqtardan qol ýzip, myltyqtyng auzyn kertartpa biylikti qúlatu jaghyna qaratyndar, biz senderdi qoldaymyz әri senderge әrqaysy jaqtan kómektesuge dayynbyz", - deydi. Tәuekel qayyghyna shygharyn shyghyp alghanymen, kónilderine medeu, әreketterine arqa tirek bolarlyq múnday qoldaushynyng shyqqanyna kókten izdegenin jerden tabylghanday qatty qauanghan Ospan tobyndaghylar búl úsynysty zizashylyqpen qabyldap, Mongholiya jaqqa dereu jauap hat jazdy. Ishkeriley týsinu ýshin Qabas, Sherdiman, Teskenbay qatarlylardy jiberdi. Olar birneshe kýn suhbat ótkizip, razy bolyp keldi. Mongholiya jaq búlargha birden mauzer, Ospangha arnauly bir avtomat, bir dýrbi sәlemdeme berip qaytardy.

1943 jyly qyrkýiek aiynyng basynda, Mongholiya Ospannyng talaby boyynsha Qalqabay, Ghabdyl, Qúrmanqan qatarly 6 adamnan qúralghan aqylshylar tobyn jiberedi. Olar Ospangha aqylshy bolady. Kóp ótpey, "halyqtyng Shyngha (Shyng Shysaygha) qarsy úiymy" qúrylyp, osy baylanyspen tay soyylyp, at shaptyryp, toy jasalady da, qazaq halqynyng әigili batyry Jәnibekting Shingil audanyndaghy úrpaghy Zaryqqannyng qolynda saqtauly jýrgen tuyn әkelip tigedi. Osyndan bastap Ospangha ilesken kóterilisshiler stihiyalyq kýshten dúrys baghytqa bet alghan, belgili tónkeristik beynesi bar qaruly kýshke ózgerdi. Ospan Mongholiya jaqtan alghash ret 200 besatar myltyq, 40 pulemet, 50 qorap oq kómek aldy. Osy kezde Altaydaghy Shyng ýkimetining zúlymdyghynan, әsirese "qúiyrshyqtardy" joi jóninen salynghan salyqtyng auyrtpalyghynan әbden zapy bolghan Kóktoghay halqynyng ýshten biri qyrkýiek aiynyng sonynda kóterilisshiler jaqqa bir-aq ótip ketti. Múnan zәre-qúty úshqan Shyng ýkimeti qoldy ayaqqa túrmay, Altaydaghy әskerlerin bylay qoyghanda, Ýrimjiden bir zenbirekshiler batalionyn, bir tanky batalionyn qamtyghan 4 myng 600 den artyq әsker jótkep kelip, qazan aiynyng 20 larynda Qarabúlghyn, Dýre qatarly jerlerdegi kóterilisshilerge eki polk әskery kýshpen qútyryna shabuyl jasady. Ospan bastaghan kóterilisshiler bos kelmey, qatty qarsylyq kórsetti. Jaudyng talay adamyn joyyp, birmúnsha qaruyn oljagha týsirdi. Desede, olar aqyrynda montizm armiyasynyng joyqyn basymdylyghyna tótep bere almay, Shingil audany kólemine qaray shegindi. Olargha Shingil audanynynyng Uatqan, Jylqaydar bastaghan jarym halqy qosyldy da, qalghanyn Shyng ýkimeti "qúiyrshyqtardan qorghaymyz" degen jeleumen Shingil qalashyghy manyna aidap әkelip aldy.

Qatardaghy top atamannan tónkeris basshysyna ainalu 

Tónkerisshiler jogharydaghyday qiyn-qystau jaghdayda túrghanda, Kenes odaghyna qashyp ótip ketken Dәlelqan Sýgirbaev 1941 jyly qazan aiynda Mongholiya Halyq Respublikasy arqyly Altaygha qayta oralyp, túp-tura Shingildegi Ospan bastaghan kóterilisshiler arasyna keldi. Ol Kenes ýkimetine úsynys beru arqyly, Temirqan, Áripbay qatarly 12 kisilik aqylshylar tobyn ilestire keldi. Kenes odaghynan, syrtqy Mongholiyadan kelgen búl toptaghylar otyrghan kiyiz ýilerining ónine qaray júrt ishinde "Aq ýiding adamdary" (kenestik aqylshylar), "Kók ýiding adamdary" (mongholiyalyq aqylshylar) dep atalady. Búlardan syrt, kenestik general Popov, mongholiyalyq general Dorjy Mongholiyanyng Mayqantas zastavyn túraq etip, Mongholiya shekarasy ishine jyljy jýrip aqylshylyq isteytin boldy.

Ospan "Aq ýiding adamdary" (kenestik aqylshylar), "Kók ýiding adamdary" (mongholiyalyq aqylshylar) aqylshylarmen birge.

Dәlelqan Sýgirbaev kóterilisshilerge qosylghan son, bәrinen búryn Ospangha shyn jýrek, ystyq yqylaspen ishki-syrtqy jaghdaydy, dәuir aghymyn, tónkeris mәnin jan-jaqtyly týsindirip, dúrys maqsat, únamdy әreket bolu jaqtaryna basa toqtalyp, kókeyge qonymdy kóp kenes aitty. Sonday-aq Ospan arqyly qasyndaghylargha da iydeya jaqtan birsypyra qyzmet istedi. Ospan onyng kenesi boyynsha isteytin senim bildirdi. Kópshilikting de ayaq alysy birlikke keldi. Sol negizde, 1944 jyly sәuir aiynyng ortalarynda, kóterilisshiler bastapqy qadamda retke salynyp, 4 otretke bólingen 800 adamdyq partizan qosynyn qalyptastyrady jәne uaqyttyq Bas shtab qúrady. Onyng bas qolbasshysy bolyp Ospan, orynbasary Dәlelqan bolyp, Altay halqynyng Shyng Shysaygha, Gomindang ýkimetine qarsy ýshinshi kóterilis – tónkeristik partizandyq әreket barlyqqa keldik.

Sәtti bastalys

(1) 800 adamdyq 4 partizan otreti úiymdasqan son, olardyng qaru-jaraqtaghy qajetin qamdau ýshin, 1944 jyly aqpan aiynda Mongholiyadan 50 auyr-jenil pulemet, 50 avtomat, 200 besatar myltyq, 50 qorap granat, 30 qorap әrtýrli oq әkelindi. Odan song nauryz aiynyng basynda búlar Shingil ózeni men Búlghyn ózenining qúighanyndaghy Aghashoba degen jerdegi Shyng әskerlerining 500 adamdyq bekinisine shabuyl jasap, ondaghy jau әskerlerining jarymyn joyyp, 150 dey qaru-jaraghyn oljalap, qalghandaryn Kýmisting qúighanyndaghy bekinisterine qashyp baryp jan saughalaugha mәjbýr etti.

(2) 1944 jyly nauryz aiynyng ortasynda, Shyng ýkimeti Shingil audanynyng óz qol astyndaghy jarym halqyn bir rota әskerding aidauymen Guchyng jaqqa kýshtep kóshirdi. Múnan habar tapqan Ospan, Dәlelqandar 100 adamdyq partizan otretin jiberip, halyqty orta jolda qútqaryp qaldy. Aydap bara jatqan jau әskerleri 40 neshe adamnan (audanynyng Tau familaly quyrshaq әkimi solardyng ishinde) airylyp, qalghandary aldy-artyna qaramay Dabysyndaghy bekinisine qaray bezip beredi. Jaudan arashalanghan 800 den kóbirek otbasy adamdary qaz-qalpynsha kelip partizandargha qosylady.

(3) 1944 jyly sәuir aiynyng ortasynda, Kóktoghay audanynyng qalghan jarym halqy da partizandar jaqqa ótip ketti.

Sóitip, partizandar Shingil, Kóktoghay audandarynyng 30 myngha juyq halqyn qoghamdyq negiz etken, mynnan astam (800-i resimy partizan) qúraldy adamy bar qúdyretti tónkeristik kýsh retinde ortagha shyqty.

1944 jyly, sәuir aiynyng ortasynda, býkil Shingil halqynan qol ýzgen, Aghashobadaghy berik alghy shep qamalynan airylghan Gomindang әskerleri men organ qyzmetkerleri taban tirep túrarlyq qauqary qalmaghandyghyna kózderi jetip, audan qalashyghyn býkildey órtep, beykýnә halyqtan on neshe alamdy óltirip, Kóktoghay qalashyghyna shegindi de, Shingil, Altay partizandarynyng eng tiyanaqty bazasyna, túnghysh azat audangha ainaldyrdy.

"Balyqty sudan aiyru" strategiyasy jәne onyng zor tabysy

1944 jyly mausym aiynyng ayaghynda, Ospan men Dәlelqan aqyl qosa kelip, partiyamyzdyq әreketti býkil aimaq kólemine keneytu bekimine keldi de, Sarsýmbe, Buryltoghay, Buyrshyn, Qaba, Jemeney audanyndaryna jeke-jeke 200-300 adamdyq 4 otret jiberdi. Partizan atretindegiler aldymen júrtshylyq arasyna dýnie auqymy, Gomindang ýkimetining zúlymdyghy, tónkeris jasaudyng qajettiligi men mýmkindigi qatarly mazmúndarda jazylghan ýkimet qaghazdaryn taratyp, keng kólemde ýgit jýrgizdi. Nәtiyjede, búl audanyndardaghy júrtshylyqtyng basym kópshiligi partizandar jaqqa ótti.

Áriyne, búl tústa Gomindang ýkimeti qol qusyryp qarap túrghan joq, qayta qyruar әskerlerin aidap salyp, partizandarmen qiyankeski sayysqa týsti. Múnday iytis-tartystar key audandar da bir aigha, bir jarym aigha deyin jalghasty. Eki jaq kóbinshe halyqqa talasty. Partizandar qajymas qajyrlylyq kórsetti. Aqyry olar shilde aiynyng basy men tamyz aiynyng ortasynda Buryltoghay audanynyng býkil halqy men Sarsýmbe audanynyng birbólim halqyn Altay Jon tauyn attatyp, Órmegeyti, Botamoyyn, Qombasy, Jaghashtay alulary arqyly ókpe túsynan Mongholiyagha ótkizip, onan song shekarany jaghalata kóshirgen beti Shingilge qayta ótkizip әketti. Qaba, Jemeney halqyn tús-tústan Kenes shekarasynan ary ótkizip qoyyp, ózderi Shingilge qaytyp keldi. Sonymen Kóktoghay, Shingil audandaryn negiz etken Altay partizandarynyng tómengi 5 audangha jasaghan joryghy jenisti bolyp, tónkeris jalyny tútas aimaqty sharpidy. Gomindang ýkimetining saghyn syndyryp, abroyyn airanday tókti, halyq júrtshylyghynyng kókeytesti armany realdyqqa ainaldy.

Tónkeris basshylary búghan masattanyp ketpey, qayta "temirdi qyzuynda soghyp", Gomindang kertartpashylarynyng qandy tegeurnindegi Sarsýmbe, Buyrshyn audandarynyng halqyn da ózderine tez qosyp alu, jaudy onan arman jetim qaldyru ýshin 1944 jyly qyrkýiek aiynyng basynda osy eki audangha 500 adamdyq ýlken partizan jiberedi. Olar 20 shaqty kýn ishinde Sarsýmbe audanynyng qalghan barlyq halqyn, Buyrshyn audanynyng jarym halqyn Altay tauyn bókterletip kóshirgen boyy Shingildegi kóterilisshiler tobyna әkelip qosty. Sonymen qatar, Erenqabyrgha jaqqa attandyrylghan taghy bir partizan otreti Jemsary, Shonjy, Mory audandarynda әreket jýrgizip, osy ýsh audannan 500 dey otbasy adamdary partizandar jaqqa ótip, Bәitik tauynyng Altay jaq betine shyghyp ornalasty. Búl jәit Fukan, Michuan, Sanjy, Qútybi, Manas audanyndarynda da qatty anys, ýlken dýrbeleng tudyryp, Shonjy men Shihu aralyghyndaghy tas jol qatynasy sal kýige týsip, Ýrimjidegi Gomindang ýkimetin qamdap túratyn týrlishe zat qaynary ýzilip, kertartpashylar sudan aiyrylghan balyqtay tynysy tarylyp, jany túmsyghynyng úshyna keldi. Al Altay partizandarynyng zoragerlikke, qanaugha qarsy kóterilis stihiyalyq әreketten tónkeristik qozghalysqa ainalyp, búrynghy aimaq kóleminen býkil shyghys Shynjang aumaghyna qúlashyn keng jaydy.

1944 jyldyng qyrkýiek aiy ayaqtarda, býkil aimaqtaghy 7 audannan tek Buyrshyn audanynyng jarym halqynan basqa barlyq jan sanynyng 90 payyzy Gomindang kertartpashylarynyng búghauynan qútylyp, tónkeristik zor túlgha qalyptastyrdy. Sonymen, 1944 jyly qazan aiynyng ortasynda Shingil audanynyng Búlghyn degen jerinde júrtshylyq jinalys ótkizip, 12 adamnan Altay uaqyttyq últtyq ýkimeti qúryldy da, Ospan osy ýkimetting basshysy, Dәlelqan orynbasary әri Altay partizandarynyng qolbasshysy bolyp belgilendi.

"Ile tarihy materialdary" jurnaly (№8, 1992 j.) 191-bet.

Ortalyq eki baza men tórt audan qalashyghynyng azat boluy jәne songhy jenis

Altay uaqyttyq últtyq ýkimeti (tómende "uaqyttyq ýkimet" dep atalady) qúrylghan son, aldynghy "balyqty sudan aiyru" strategiyasyn endi Gomindang sentrli bazalary men audan qalashyqtaryna shabuyl jasaugha dereu ózgertti. Búrynghy 4 partizan otreti 9 gha, adam sany 2 myng 200 ge kóbeytildi. Mongholiyadan taghy 350 besatar, 100 avtomat, 20 auyr pulemet, 30 jenil pulemet, 6 minamot, 2 tanki atar, 100 qorap granat, 500 qorap týrlishe oq keltirildi. Osydan songhy naqty әreket barysy tómendegidey boldy:

(1) 1944 jyl sonynda Gomindannyng Shingil audanyna qarasty Kýmisting qúighany degen jerindegi 500 adamdyq bazasyna shabuyl jasalyp, ainalasy 3-4 kýnde jaudyng 300 den kóp adamy joyylyp 300 dey qaru-jaryghy, jýzneshe qorap oghy, taghy basqa kóptegen zaty oljalanyp, búl baza býkildey kýiretildi.

(2) 1945 jyly aqpan aiynyng ortasynda Kóktoghay qalashyghyna shabuyl jasau dayyndyghy bastalyp, múnan kýn ilgeri habar tapqan Gomindang armiyasy (tolyq bir polk) men ýkimet organyndaghy kadrlar zәre-qúty úshady da, aqpan aiynynyng 24-kýni qalashyqty tastay qashyp, Sartoghaydaghy ortalyq bazasyna sheginedi. Múny keshigip úqqan partizandar sondarynan qua soqqylap, jaudyng 500 dey adamyn joyyp, 400 ge juyq qaru-jaryghyn oljagha týsiredi. Qalghandary Sartoghaydaghy ortalyq bazadan kómekke shyqqan sybaylastarynyng Bronevik mashna, tanki qatarly kýshti zamanauy qúraldardyng kómegimen qashyp qútylyp ketedi.

(3) Jemeneydegi tarmaq partizan otreti 1945 jyly aqpan aiynyng 20 larynnan bastap Jemeney qalashyghyna birneshe ret shabuyldaydy. Qalashyqta jaudyng bir polk әskeri túratyn. Talay kýndik, talay retki shabuyldan son, aqpan aiynyng 29-kýni tangha jaqyn Gomindang armiyasy men organ kadrlary Buyrshyngha qaray shegindi. Partizandar olardy Shalshyqaygha deyin qualay soqqylady. Súrapyl soghys pen qarly borannyng zardabynan 400 dey adamnan, 100 den kóp qaruynan aiyrylghan jau Buyrshyngha zorgha jetti.

(4) 1945 jyly nauryz aiynyng basynda, Altay partizandarynyng bas qolbasshylyq shtaby 600 adamdyq kýshti qosyn úiymdastyryp, Gomindannyng ór Altay (Shingil, Kóktoghay) kólemindegi eng songhy "kóziri" – Ýrimji - Altay leniyasyndaghy eng ýlken tirekti bazasy bolghan Sartoghay bekenisine shabuyl jasamaq boldy. Búl kezde múnda o jaq, bú jaqtan sheginip kelgender men qosa 3 mynnan artyq әskerden qúralghan 4 polkting nobayy bar edi. Olar 5 tanki, 3 bronevik mashinasynyng qorghauymen 30 neshe avtomashina azyq-týlik, oq-dәri, qazan-oshaq, kórpe-jastyqtaryn ala-mala Guchyngha qaray ayaqastynan taghy shegindi. Múnan habar tapqan qolbasshylyq shtab búrynghy 600 adamdyq qosynmen shabuyl jasau josparyn ózgertip, 200 kisilik shaghyn otret qana jiberedi. Gomindang armiyasy tús-tústan soqqylanyp, qatty qaljyrady. Qalyng qasat qarda aidap jýre almaghan tanki, broneviyk, avtomashinalaryn benzin qúiyp ózderi órtep jiberedi. Eng mýshkil bolghany – kóktemgi kýn shúghylasyna shaghylysqan appaq qarda kózderi qaryghyp, kórsoqyrlargha ainalyp, top-tobymen, bet-betimen torghayday tozdy. Jol boyyndaghy say-sala, jyra-jylghalar ashtyqtan, ýsinuden, zoryghudan ólgenderding óligimen toldy. Partizandar olardyng o jer, bú jerde qorys-qopa bolyp jatqan mynday qaru-jaraghyn jiyp alumen ghana әure bolyp, bir jetiden song artynyp-tartynyp qaytyp keldi. Keyingi derekterge qaraghanda, Gomindang armiyasy osy jolghy sheginiste keminde mynnan artyq adamnan aiylyp, qalghandary 20 kýnde Guchyngha әzer jetken.

(5) Sartoghaydan shegingen Gomindang armiyasynyng jolshybay týrli jaqtan onbay ziyan tartuy qanattas oryndardy qatty dýrliktirdi. Múnyng saldarynan jarym aigha jetpey-aq Buryltoghay qalashyghyndaghy Gomindang armiyasy men ýkimet qyzmetkeleri de bir týnde Sarsýmbege sheginip ketti.

Sóitip, 1944 jyly qazan aiynda Altay uaqyttyq últtyq ýkimeti qúlaghannan 1945 jyly sәuir aiynyng orta shenine deyingi jarym jylda, Gomindannyn  eki oryndaghy әskery bazasy alynyp, 3 audan qalashyghy azat etildi. Tamyz aiynyng 28-kýni Qaba qalashyghy da Jemeney - Qaba birlespe partizandarynyng qolyna ótti de, aimaq boyynsha Sarsýmbe, Buyrshyn qalashyqtary men Buyrshyn audanyn negiz etken júrtshylyqtyng 10 payyzy ghana uaqytsha Gomindang qolynda qaldy. Osy barysta partizandar ýlken otretining basshysy Manat Rýstemúlynyng 1945 jyly aqpan aiynda Núrghojaydyng sol jyly mausym aiynda satqyndyq istep, Gomindang jaqqa ótip ketui saldarynan partizandardyng Sarsýmbe qalashyghyn azat etuine kese-kóldenendik jasaghany bolmasa, jalpy alghanda, partizandar tabystan-tabysqa jetip, aimaq boyynsha songhy jeniske jetuge kýshti negiz qalady.

Jogharghyday tamasha jaghdaydyng jaryqqa shyghuynda Ospannyng tikeley nemese janamylay qosqan ýlesi zor. Búl tústa ol tónkeris isterining damuyna bógettik jasaushy emes, qayta qoldap-quattaugy, qan keshe jýrip jol ashushy boldy. Ol Shyng Shysay ýkimetining san retki "nasihatyna" da qúlaq aspay, jantýrshigerlik janyshtauynan da jasqanbay, jaugha qarsy kýresti tabandylyqpen dalghastyrdy. Ózi ýsh ret jaralandy. Jalghyz inisi, 5 balasy jau qolynda ayanyshty týrde jan ýzdi, birsypyra serikteri qan maydanda qaza boldy... Ospan osynday auyr qayghylargha qayyspady, qarsy kelgen әrqanday jaugha qaysarlyqpen tótep berdi.

(Jalghasy bar)

Patqan Dәlelqanúly Sýgirbaev

«Ile tarihy materialdary» jurnalynan (№8, 1992 j.) audaryp dayyndaghan Álimjan Áshimúly.

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