16 ghasyrdyng sony men 17 ghasyrdyng basyndaghy islamnyng qazaq jerine taraluy

Kóptegen mamandar 15-16 ghasyrlarda qazaqtar arasynda tәnir senimi men basqalay pútqa tabynushylyq әli de keng taralghan, al islam dini keng taralmaghan dep sanaydy.

Búl jalpy alghanda dúrys, biraq islam dinining eng aldymen handar men súltandar arasynda keng taralyp, ony taratushylar da solar ekenin aita ketken jón. Islam dinin qabyldau qazaq handarynyng ózderine yqpaldy dinbasylar men sopylyq korporasiyasy siyaqty berik әleumettik tirek izdestirui dәlel bola almaydy. Qazaqtardy islam dinine kirgizu qazaq shonjarlarynyng Týrkistan men Mәuerannahr qalalarynyng diny jәne ziyaly ókilderimen odaghyn idiologiyalyq negizde nyghaytugha jәrdemdesti.

Rozbehan Isfahany aitady: Búryndyq han búiryq berse, 400 myng әsker jinalady, olardyng әrqayysy qarsylasynyng onyna tura keledi. Qazaqtardyng ýlken bóligi Atymtaydy óz ishindegi eng kedeyi dep sanaydy. Olardyng kelip-ketushileri «haram» sózin mýldem bilmeytindigi anyqtaldy (Tarih adamzat aqyl-oyynyng qazynasy. 3 tom. 356 bet).

16 ghasyrdyng 20-shy jyldarynan keyingi 20 jylda qazaq handyghy ishki qyrqystan әlsirese de, Haqnazar hannyng túsynda qayta kýsheydi. Dese de Búhar handyghynyng yqpalyna týsti, Tәuekel súltan Abdolla hangha qyzmet kórsetedi, sonyng yqpalymen qazaq dalasyna taghy da bir ret islam dini taraydy. Búl turaly Múhammed Sadyq Qashqaridyng enbeginde atap kórsetilgen:

«Haziret Ishan Qoja Ysqaq Uәly (Alla oghan rahymdy da riza bolsyn) Abd әl-Kәrim hannyng (1560-1591 jyldary Qashqariyany biylegen) shaqyruymen Qashqargha keledi. Abd әl-Kәrim han iltipatpen qarsy alyp, Qoja Ysqaq Uәliydi Qashqargha otyrghyzdy. Hannan baqyt qúsy úshyp, ol jaghdayda han haziret ishandy maqúl kórmedi, iltipatsyz boldy, qyryq kýndey kezdespedi, baghasyz, kәri tory atty jiberdi. Haziret Ishan ony kórip, týsi búzylyp mynany aitty: «Biz sol ýshin dep kelsek, Ol bizge qylmys qyla ma? Álbette bizdi búl jerden ketirmek», - dedi. Ýsh kýnnen keyin hannan Haziret Ishandy óz ólkesinen shyghuyn súraghan hat keldi.

«Haziret ishan jarandarymen qyrghyz-qazaq eline kelip, ol jerlerde sonshama keremetter kórsetti: Dúghalarmen ólikterge jan bitirip, aurulargha shipa berip, shólderden búlaq ashyp, púttardan kalima-yy sharif dauysyn keltirip, siyrekte ghajayyp ister jasap, on púthanany qiratyp, 180 myng kәpirdi imangha keltiru mýmkindigin alady, tura jolgha salady» (Múhammed Sadyq Qashqari. Tazkira-yy azizan. Qazaqstan tarihy turaly týrki derektemeleri 4 tom. 70 bet. Qoja Ysqaq Uәliyding qyrghyz-qazaq jerlerinde islam taratuy ).

Búnda kórsetilgen 180 myng halyq sol kezdegi qazaq handyghyndaghy kóshpendilerding 20%-y desek artyq emes, al búnyng denin qazaqtargha ústaytyn. Óitkeni 18 ghasyrdyng ortasyna deyin qyrghyzdar 50-60 mynnan aspaghan, al odan búryn tipti az degen sóz. Múhammed Haydar Dulaty óz enbeginde qyrghyzdardy kәpir dep kórsetedi, al qyrghyzdardyng 19 ghasyrdaghy dinsizdigi turaly Shoqan da jaqsy derekter aitqan.

Tәuekel han Ferghana men Tashkentti alghan kezde «Musahhir labilad» ta bylay delinedi: «Jýsip Qoja Sayid Atayy dinsiz adamdardan túratyn qaraqshylardan, Ándijannan shyghyp, Múhammed Qúly súltandy tútqyngha aldy» (Qazaqstan tarihy. 2 tom 418 bet. Almaty. Atamúra. 2010). Búdan Tәuekelding armiyasynda islamgha senbeytin qalmaqtardyng bolghanyn kóruge bolady. Dese de olardy monghol tilinde sóileytinder dep tar maghynada týsinuge de bolmaydy.

Samarqangha jakyn Dahbid qystaghynda ataqty qojalar bolyp, Afaq solardan saylanghan. Afaqtyng neshinshi babasy Mahtum Aghzam dep tanylghan kisi, yaghny ghylymda teren, taqualyqta sheksiz kisi degen maghynada «mahtum» delinedi. Afaqtyn arghy atasy Said Ahmad Qasani. Qasan Qoqan men Hodjent aralyghynda bir ýlken kystaq, qalashyq. Said Ahmad Dahbidke kelip, on tal shybyq otyrghyzyp, ol kóktep, sonan «on tal» — Dahbid atalghan. Atasy Jalaliddiyn, onyng atasy Said Muhammad Qasanda jerlengen. Búlardyng atasy Said Qamaliddin Madina qalasynyki. Mahtum Aghzamnyng úly uang Muhammad Ámiyn, onyng úly Yshaq Uәliy.

Ishaq Uәly Abdulla han zamanynda Búharada Qasym shayh degenmen sóz talqysyna týsip, Qasymnyng shaghymy sebepti Búharadan ketip, Jarkentke baryp dәruish sipatynda ómir sýrgen (Tauarih hamsa. 38 bet).

Qazaqstan tarihynyng 2-shi tomynda Qoja Ysqaq Uәly qazaq, qyrghyz, týrkimender kóship jýretin Manghystau, Qyzylqúm, Edil, Jem, Jәiiq ónirlerin aralaghan, missionerlik istep, islam dinin taratqan deydi.

Osy dәuirde Jetisumen Qyrghyzstan jeri qazaq ordasyna qarady, al mogholstandyq kóshpendilerge 1353 jyly Túghlyq temirding jarlyghymen islam dini taralghanyn bilemiz. Dese de mogholdardyng kópshiligining islamdy qabyldauy Múhammed hannyng túsynda (1408-1415) bolady. Biraq Ámir temir mogholdardy (kóbi úly jýzding qazaqtary) dinsizder dep, olargha ghazauat ashady. 1506 jylghy Múhammed Shәibany hannan jenilgennen keyingi tartystar nәtiyjesinde 1533 jyly mogholdar el-jerimen Qazaq handyghyna qosylady. Osy tústa Búhar saudagerleri qazaq dalasynyng soltýstigi men Sibir handyghyna islam dinin tarata bastady».

Ádebiyette qazaq handary men Orta Aziyalyq dinbasylardyng idiologiyalyq mýddelerining ortaqtyghy negizinde, qazaq handarymen súltandary islam dinin kóshpeli qazaqtar arasyna taratuda belsendi ról atqardy degen pikir aitady. «Zika әl-Klubta» sufylyq pikirler tabys kózderin úlghaytugha mýddeli boldy, óz dogmattaryn kóshpeli qazaqtar arasyna belsendi әreket jýrgizip, olardy óz mýritteri qataryna tartty. Olardyng qazaqtar arasyndaghy nasihatynyng tabysty bolghanyn, mysaly nahyshbandiylik sheyh Lutfolla Chustidyng (1572-1572 jyly óltirilgen) shәkirtteri arasynda qazaqtarmen qyrghyzdargha sufizmdi uaghyzdaushy qazaq Múhammedting bolu faktisi kórsetedi. «Rauzat әr-rizvan» avtory bylay deydi: «Bir joly kóptegen әmirler asa qasiyetti Qoja Múhammed islamgha Shynghyshan yasasyn tilge tiyek etip, Ózbek handy jaqtap ótinish jasady. Biraq ol әmirlerge bylay dep jauap qaytardy: «Dәruishter eshqashan Shynghys han zanyna boysúnbaydy, tek Allanyng erkine ghana baghynady» (Qazaqstan tarihy. 2 tom 418-419 better. Almaty. Atamúra. 2010).

Demek Tәuekel hannyng 1580-1590 jyldarda qazaq arasyna islamdy taratuy - qazaqtardy tolyq músylman etu arqyly Orta Aziyany da baghyndyryp, birtútas zang men idiologiyagha baghynghan memleket qúru bolghan kórinedi, biraq búnysy iske aspady.

Lefshinnyng aituynsha :

«1558-1559 jyldary Búharada bolghan Djenkinson: «Tashkent biyleushisi qazaqtarmen soghys jýrgizdi, olar óte kóp, qatygez, eshqanday qalalary joq, Múhammed dinin ústanatyn halyq», - dep jazady (Tarihy adamzat aqyl-oyynyng qazynasy,4 tom 208 bet).

Osy dauirdegi qazaqtyng ataqty jyrauy Jiyembet, onyng mynaday jyrlary bizge jetken:

Ámiring qatty Er Esim,

Býlik salyp búiyrdyn,

Basyn ber dep batyrdyn,

Qanyn iship qanbaqqa,

Janyn otqa salmaqqa,

Atadan jalghyz men emes,

Han ie ising jón emes,

Jolbarystay Jolymbet,

Qúrbandyqqa qol emes.

Jol tosyp alyp ketipti,

Qalmaqtan almaq syiyndy,

Qaharyndy basqaly,

Mening elim jiyldy,

Bastap kelgen ózge emes,

Jiyembet syndy biyin-di.

Malyn salyp aldyna,

Ár saladan qúiyldy,

On eki ata Bayúly,

Bir tәnirge syiyndy.

(Múhtar Maghauiyn. Aldaspan. Atamúra baspasy. 2006 j. 81 bet).

Jiyembetting jyrynanda sol dәuirde qazaq arasyna islam taralsa da, tәnirdi jaratushy ie retinde moyyndaudyng әli de sol qalpynda jalghasyp otyrghanyn kóremiz. Búlar ghana emes, Qazaq handyghy túsyndaghy batyrlar jyry men tarihy jyrlarda da tәnir jii aitylady. Demek qazaq arasyna islamdy qansha taratsa da, kóshpendi halyq ony dúrys qabyldamady nemese óte ýstirt qabyldady. Islam sharttaryn oryndamady, búghan sebep: Otyryqshy halyqqa beyim islam dinining kóshpendi ómirge ýilese almauynan boldy. Ýnemi kóship jýretin elde meshit, medrese, ony ústaytyn molla, ishan joq boldy. Tek Týrkistan manyndaghy sarttardyng meshit, medresesi mýldem azdyq etti. Sondyqtan dalada islamnyng instituty tamyr tartyp, qalyptasa almady da, qazaqtyng auyz jýzindegi islam tek: Tәnir men Allany bir deytin, ólim, jerleu ghúryptaryna islam elementteri aralasqan negizi shamanizm bolghan din boldy. Tәnirlik shamanizm ghúryptarynyng deni әuelgisinshe saqtala berdi.

Qazaq úghymynda jana jyldyng kelui - kóktemgi kýn men týnning tenelui bolghan 21-22 nauryzda kóbirek toylanghan. Anyzdargha qaraghanda, nauryz qazaqtardyng úrpaqsyz qart babasy, júrt ony eske alyp, qúrbandyq shalyp otyrghan. Qazaqtar nauryzda ata-babalar ruhyna syiynghan, olargha arnap qúrban shalyp, qaytys bolghan ata-babalarynyng molalarynyng basyna shyraq jaqqan.

Qazaqtardyng taghy bir ghúrpy - quanshylyq bolghan jaghdayda qúrban shalyp, tasattyq beru. Janbyr shaqyrudyng týp tamyry Ghúnnan bergi jalghasqan yada taspen, yaghny «janbyr tasymen» tike qatysty (Qazaqstan tarihy , 2 tom. 249 bet. Almaty. Atamúra. 2010).

Erzat Kәribay

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