Danqty Anyraqay shayqasynyng 280 jyldyghy qarsanynda bir top ghalymnyng «Anyraqay ýshbúryshy: úly shayqastyng tarihiy-geografiyalyq kenistigi  jәne hronikasy» (IY.V.Erofeeva, B.J.Aubekerov, A.E.Rogojinskiy y dr. «Anyrakayskiy treugoliniyk: istoriko-geograficheskiy areal y hronika velikogo srajeniya». Almaty, 2008) atty ghylymiy-zertteu enbegi jaryqqa shyqty. Kirispeden, eki bólimnen jәne kóptegen óte mazmúndy qosymsha materialdardan túratyn osynau irgeli júmys ghasyrdan astam uaqytqa sozylghan qazaq-oyrat soghystaryn, onyng 1723-1730 jyldarghy kezenin, әsirese, qaraly «Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama» qasiretinen song qazaq ýshin Otan soghysyna ainalghan azattyq joryqtarynyng eng shyrqau shyny bop tabylatyn Anyraqay shayqasyn týbegeyli qarastyrghan.

Qúramyna tarihshy, geolog-geomorfolog, etnograf, arheograf, paleoklimatolog, shyghystanushy, palinolog, geograf ghalymdar engen zertteushiler toby 2005-2007 jyldary Shu-Ile aimaghynyng ortanghy bóliginde birneshe ret ekspedisiyada bolypty.  Olardyng dalalyq zertteuleri men izdenisterining nәtiyjelerin óndeuge salalyq ghylymy instituttardyng birnesheuining qyzmetkerleri qatysqan eken. Avtorlar osy jyldary ataqty shayqas ótken Anyraqay ónirine ózderi keshendi týrde  jýrgizgen arnayy zertteulerining nәtiyjelerin sabyrly, syndarly, ghylymy tilmen bayandap, keybir qalyptasqan pikirlerge syn kózben qaraugha mәjbýr etetin qorytyndylar jasaydy.

Danqty Anyraqay shayqasynyng 280 jyldyghy qarsanynda bir top ghalymnyng «Anyraqay ýshbúryshy: úly shayqastyng tarihiy-geografiyalyq kenistigi  jәne hronikasy» (IY.V.Erofeeva, B.J.Aubekerov, A.E.Rogojinskiy y dr. «Anyrakayskiy treugoliniyk: istoriko-geograficheskiy areal y hronika velikogo srajeniya». Almaty, 2008) atty ghylymiy-zertteu enbegi jaryqqa shyqty. Kirispeden, eki bólimnen jәne kóptegen óte mazmúndy qosymsha materialdardan túratyn osynau irgeli júmys ghasyrdan astam uaqytqa sozylghan qazaq-oyrat soghystaryn, onyng 1723-1730 jyldarghy kezenin, әsirese, qaraly «Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama» qasiretinen song qazaq ýshin Otan soghysyna ainalghan azattyq joryqtarynyng eng shyrqau shyny bop tabylatyn Anyraqay shayqasyn týbegeyli qarastyrghan.

Qúramyna tarihshy, geolog-geomorfolog, etnograf, arheograf, paleoklimatolog, shyghystanushy, palinolog, geograf ghalymdar engen zertteushiler toby 2005-2007 jyldary Shu-Ile aimaghynyng ortanghy bóliginde birneshe ret ekspedisiyada bolypty.  Olardyng dalalyq zertteuleri men izdenisterining nәtiyjelerin óndeuge salalyq ghylymy instituttardyng birnesheuining qyzmetkerleri qatysqan eken. Avtorlar osy jyldary ataqty shayqas ótken Anyraqay ónirine ózderi keshendi týrde  jýrgizgen arnayy zertteulerining nәtiyjelerin sabyrly, syndarly, ghylymy tilmen bayandap, keybir qalyptasqan pikirlerge syn kózben qaraugha mәjbýr etetin qorytyndylar jasaydy.

Olar ekspedisiyalar kezinde tarihy oqigha aimaghyn jer betinen, úshaqtan suretke týsirip, negizgi tabighy jәne әleumettik-ekonomikalyq obektilerin geografiyalyq jәne geometriyalyq túrghyda kórsetetin ghylymy syzbalar jasaghan. Sonday-aq, jer bederi men su kózderining qazirgi syrt keskinine ghylymy zertteuler men esepteuler jýrgizip, olardyng jýzdegen jyldargha sozylghan uaqyt boyy tabighat salghan ózgeristerden búrynghy keypin elestetuge әreket etken. Jer men meken-jaydyng tarihy ataularyn, әr kezgi geografiyalyq kartalardy, ólkeni mekendegen taypalardyng túrmystyq jәne mәdeny erekshelikterin, olardyng tirshiligi men qyzmetining bizding zamanymyzgha jetken materialdyq qaldyqtaryn, búrynghy Anyraqay auyly túrghyndarynyng ekspedisiya mýshelerine bergen aqparattaryn qarastyrghan.  Solardyng bәrin ólkening әskeriy-sayasy tarihymen tyghyz baylanysta zerttey otyryp, búdan ýsh ghasyr ilgergi tabighaty men jorymaly beynesin jәne tarihy shayqastyng bas-ayaghy men ótu retin ghylymy әdispen qalpyna keltiruge tyrysqan.

Qysqasy, ghalymdar zertteuge alynghan aimaqtyng topografiyasyn, geomorfologiyasyn, landshafyn, paleoklimatyn, arheologiyasyn, tarihy toponimikasyn, kartografiyasy men etnografiyasyn, sol tústa oryn alghan sayasat pen jaugershilikter shejiresin jan-jaqty taldap, zerttey kele, alynghan derekterding pәnaralyq sintezi negizinde, Anyraqay shayqasynyng naqty bolghan jerin, dәl uaqytyn jәne sondaghy oqighalardyng qanday retpen ótkenin,  qazaq әskery jasaqtarynyng Anyraqay tauy audanynda jongharlargha qarsy ústanghan shabuyldau strategiyasy men taktikasynyng ózindik erekshelikterin anyqtaghan.

Kitapta bezendiru materialdary retinde ghylymy zertteulerding tanymdylyghy mol kórneki nәtiyjeleri - syzbalar, kartalar (әsirese otan tarihyna qyzygha qaraushylargha meylinshe týsinikti erekshe de jana júmys - avtorlardyng songhy derekteri boyynsha qúrastyrylghan «Ontýstik jәne Ontýstik-Shyghys Qazaqstannyng aumaghyndaghy jonghar qarauyl beketterining ornalasu kartasy (HVII gh.-XVIII gh. ortasy)», jer bederleri men tabylghan aighaqtardyng fotosuretterimen qatar 18-ghasyrdaghy qazaq jәne oirat taypalarynyng qonystanuyn, Resey men Jonghariya arasyndaghy dauly jerlerdi  kórsetken kartalar, jonghar qontayshysy Qaldan-Serenning «Qalmaq kartasy», sonyng negizinde 1738 jyly Renat (jongharlardyng zenbirek qún, otty qaru-jaraq jasau zauyttaryn salghan shvedtik soghys tútqyny) jasaghan «Jonghar Qalmaqiyasyna qaraytyn qotandardyng kartasy», 1758 jylghy «Orynbor jәne Sibir guberniyalary shekaralyq oryndarynyng jaghyrafiyalyq kartasy», taghy basqa da kóne kartalardyng reproduksiyalary berilgen.

Irgeles ghylymdar ókilderin tarta otyryp  ýilesimdi sipatta jasalghan zertteuler nәtiyjesinde dýniyege kelgen búl enbekte otan tarihyn biluge qúmartushylar tanymynyng kókjiyegin keneyte týsetin tyng janalyqtar kóp, solardyng ishindegi biregeyi  Anyraqay shayqasyna qatysty ashylghan.

Otan soghysynyng sheshushi shayqasy bolghan  tarihy maydan dalasy, foliklorlyq derek kózderine qaraghanda,  Anyraqay jotalary men Alakól jazyghy aralyghynda, yaghniy,  Anyraqay alqabynyng soltýstik-shyghys bóliginde jatyr. «Demek, Anyraqay shayqasynyng tabighy shekarasy ontýstik-batysta - su aiyratyn sala men Anyraqay jotalarynyng soltýstik-shyghys shoqylaryn, batysynda - Qopaly ózeni men Qarakemerding tarmaqtaryn, soltýstik-shyghysta - Beskól alqabyn, al shyghysta - Sarybúlaq ózenining angharyn» alyp jatqan aumaghy 210 sharshy shaqyrymdyq  audan. Sol oryn  «qazaqtardyng basqynshy-jongharlargha jalpyhalyqtyq qarsylyghynyng qorytyndy kezeninde basty әskery qimyldar teatry boldy» («Anyraqay ýshbúryshy...», 70-b).

Zertteuler barysynda Anyraqay shayqasy bolghan dalanyng aiqyn ýshbúrysh týrin elestetetini anyqtalghan. Ýshbúryshtyng tabanynda Anyraqay qyrqalarynyng soltýstik-shyghys baurayy, al qos qanatynda - ortasyna bekinisti qamal (qazirgi Qalmaqtóbe) salynghan biyik jarqabaqty Qopaly jәne Sarybúlaq ózenderi jatyr. «Osy ýsh taraptaghy tabighy shekaralarmen «Anyraqay ýshbúryshyn» mekendeushiler óz zamanynda syrtqy jaulardan senimdi týrde qorghalyp túrghan, tek soltýstik-shyghys jaghy ghana, Qopaly, Qarakemer jәne Sarybúlaq alqaptarynyng eng tómen әri jazyq bólikteri ghana qarsylastyng qaruly jasaqtary kire alatynday birshama ashyq bolyp qalghan edi» (73-b.). Osy tau etegi aimaghyndaghy jazyq jolaqpen Shu-Ile aimaghynyng ontýstik bóliginen Qazaq dalasynyng batys aimaghy men soltýstik-batysyna qaray, bekinisting shyghysynan 8-10 shaqyrymday  jerden (50-b.) Ýlken Qalmaq  joly ótetin. Tarihy qalyptasqan osynau kósh jәne keruen joly Edil-Jayyq aralyghy men jonghar urgasyn (ordasyn) baylanystyryp jatatyn. Mine sol jolda Anyraqay  audany eleuli toraptyq telim tәrizdi ról atqaryp túrdy. Sonysymen qazaq ýshin de, qalmaq  ýshin de ýlken әskeriy-strategiyalyq manyzgha ie bolghan-dy.

Jalpy, Shu-Ile taularynyng audany men Shu jәne Talas ózenderining arasy 17-ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynan 18-ghasyrdyng alghashqy jartysyndaghy Jonghar handyghynyng shekaralyq aimaghy  bolghan eken de, sol rette oirat taypalarynyng kóshterining negizgi bóligin qazaqtar ornalasqan aumaqtardan aiyryp-qorghap túrsa kerek. Zertteushiler osy geografiyalyq kenistikte jongharlardyng 19 nemese odan da kóbirek әskeriy-qorghanys beketteri ornalasqanyn anyqtady. Olardaghy 5 mynday jauyngeri bar qaruly jasaqtardyng «bas komandiyri» etip Jonghar hany Qaldan-Seren kýieu balasy Laszan-Serendi 1728 jyldyng ortasynda taghayyndaghan-dy (74-b.). Sol basqarghan oirat basqynshylaryna qarsy Anyraqayda birikken qazaq әskeri Otan soghysynyng sheshushi shayqasyna shyqty.

Zertteuler kórsetkendey, myqty bekinisi bar «Anyraqay ýshbúryshy» audany jonghardyng Soltýstik-Batys Jetisugha ornatqan әskeriy-sayasy baqylauynyng eng ontýstigindegi quatty alghyshepki beketi (forposty) bolatyn. Jonghardyn  1653-1667 jyldar aralyghynda salynyp, bertinde qazaqtar arasynda  Qalmaqtóbe atalyp ketken sol kýsheytilgen iri  bekinisi (45-b) Anyraqay tauynyng soltýstigindegi jazyqta, Sarybúlaq pen Qopaly ózenderining aralyghynda, osy eki ózenning biyik jarqabaqty arnalarynan birdey qashyqtyqta - qos qanatyndaghy ózenderden arasy 18 shaqyrymnan bolatyn jerde ornalasqan (119-b.). Ghylymgha búryn belgisiz bolyp kelgen Jetisudaghy osy Qalmaqtóbe kesheni ondaghy qorghanys qamaly men óz әskerining úrys jýrgizuin jenildetudi, al dúshpan ýshin qiyndatudy kózdeytin barlyq fortifikasiyalyq qúrylysymen jәne oghan jәrdemin tiygizetin nysandarymen túnghysh ret 2005-2007 jyldary Irina Erofeevanyng basshylyghymen ashylyp, ishinara zertteldi.

Birqatar zertteulerin qoryta kele, avtorlar Anyraqay shayqasyn osy kezge deyin basymyraq moyyndalghan 1729 jyly emes, odan bir jyl keyin, 1730 jyldyng kókteminde boldy dep esepteydi.

1729 jyly Qytay Jonghar handyghymen soghysatynyn jariya etip, jyl sonynda shekaragha әskerin shoghyrlandyrugha kirisken. Óstip qytay-jonghar qatynasy shiyelenisip, arada qaqtyghys tuuyna baylanysty, jonghar qontayshysy Qaldan-Seren 1730 jyldyng basynda Anyraqay audanyn meken etken halqy ishinen  soghysugha qabiletti adamdarynyng kóbin asyghys týrde ontýstik maydangha shaqyrugha mәjbýr boldy (23-24-bb). Beketterde sany shaghyn qarauyl jasaqtaryn ghana qaldyrdy. «Osynshama qolayly ahualdy paydalanyp qalugha úmtylghan Ábilqayyr han ayaldamastan, 1730 jylghy sәuirding basynda qazaq әskery kýshterin Shu-Talas ózenderi aralyghynan Ontýstik-Batys Balqash many audanyna qozghady» (78-b.). Sóitip, jonghar әskeriy-sayasy jýiesining Anyraqay forpostyna qazaqtardyng birikken qoly sol kezgi әskery ilim-bilimning  ozyq tәsilin qoldana otyryp shabuyl jasady.

Qazaq jasaqtary Anyraqay ýshbúryshyna soltýstiktegi basty danghyl bolyp tabylatyn Ýlken qalmaq jolymen emes, qarama-qarsy eki baghyttan (Balqashtyng ontýstik-batys jaghasy men Shu alqabynan) keldi. Shabuyldyng negizgi maqsaty  Anyraqaydyng soltýstik-shyghys búryshyndaghy Qalmaqtóbe bekinisine shoghyrlanghan 5-6 myndyq jonghar әskerin qorshap alyp, joyyp jiberu bolatyn.

Bas qolbasshy Ábilqayyr han sheshushi shabuylda qoldanghan әdisinde halyqtyng kópghasyrlyq dәstýri bar «dala soghysy» orayyndaghy әskery oigha, onyng «andy jan-jaghynan qaumalap aulau» tәsiline sýiengen-tin. Jauyngerlik soghys qimyldaryn әigili qazaq qolbasylary men batyrlary qatysqan ýsh atty jasaq jýzege asyrdy. Olardyng ekeui  Sarybúlaq pen Qopalydaghy jaugha ótkel bolary yqtimal jazyq tústardy torydy әri Qalmaqtóbe bekinisin shabuyldady. Shaqpaqty, bilteli myltyqtarmen atqylay otyryp,  әueli dúshpannyng bekinisin  basyp aldy, sosyn bekinisting manyna toptasqan jәne bekinisti tastap shyqqan oirattardy tyqsyra quyp, taugha qashugha mәjbýr etti. Qashqan jaudy Anyraqaydyng ortalyq shatqaldaryna bekingen sadaqshylar qarsy aldy (80-81-bb.)...

«Anyraqay shayqasy segiz jylgha juyq uaqytqa sozylghan qazaq-oyrat soghysyndaghy sheshushi úrys boldy, ol qazaq halqyn ózining bayyrghy kýshti qarsylasyn birjolata jenuge alyp keldi, sóitip, ýsh jýzding sarbazdarynan qúralghan halyq jasaghy basqynshy-jongharlardy búryn jaulap alghan aumaqtarynan quyp shyqqan qiyndyghy mol kýrdeli qaharmandyq dastandy is jýzinde ayaqtady. Ol qazaq halqynyng jauyngerlik ruhyn nyghaytty, halyqtyng etnostyq tútastyq sezimin jәne óz eline degen sýiispenshiligin... arttyrugha septesti» (83-b.).

Birikken qazaq әskerining bas qolbasshysy Ábilqayyr han 1730 jylghy sәuirding sonynda jonghar qontayshysy Qaldan-Serenmen beybit kelisimshart jasady (24-, 77-, 81-bb.). Sol akt arqyly «Aqtaban shúbyryndy» qasiretinen beri órshy ýsken qantógisti azattyq kýresining shyrqau shynyna ainalghan Anyraqay shayqasyn qorytyndylap, Otan soghysyna jenisti nýkte qoydy. Artynsha Ábilqayyr soltýstik-batys shekaragha qaytadan  qauip tóndirip túrghan orys memleketine qarasty kazaktar qauymymen,  qalmaq jәne bashqúrtpen qatynasty retteuge attandy...

***

Anyraqay ýshbúryshynda soghys qimyldaryn jýrgizu ýshin qarsylas atty әskerlerge qajet týrli shart pen aimaqtaghy tirshilik sipatyn eskere kelip, kýrdeli zertteuler men esepteuler jasau nәtiyjesinde, zertteushi-ghalymdar ataqty shayqasqa 2,5-3,3 myng qazaq sarbazy qatysty jәne ózinen sany basym oiratqa qarsy úrysty eki-ýsh-aq kýnde jenispen ayaqtady dep qorytqan (80-81-bb.). Yaghny olar osy uaqytqa deyin bekem qalyptasyp ketken derekterdi - sheshushi shayqasqa eki jaqtan da kemi otyz-qyryq mynnan jauynger qatysqandyghyn jәne úrystyng bir jarym aiday uaqytqa sozylghandyghyn salqynqandy payymdaularymen joqqa shygharady.

Eger 1730 jylghy Anyraqay jenisi jayyndaghy qaharmandyq auyzeki әngimelerding qaghaz betine alghash týsirilui 20-ghasyrdyng bastapqy jyldarynda ghana oryn alghanyn eskersek, qazaq memleketining tarihynda mәni asa zor úly shayqas shyndyghy auyzdan auyzgha berilip kelgen 175 jyl ishinde zandy maqtanyshpen eleuli әsireleuge úshyrauy әbden yqtimaldyghyn úghamyz. Degenmen, osy orayda, «Anyraqay ýshbúryshy...» avtorlarymen kelispeytin jana zertteushiler shyghuy da ghajap emestigin moyyndaymyz.

Qalay bolghanda da, qazaq anyzdarynan basqa, ghylymy izdenisterding toqyrauyna jol bermeytin jazbasha derekter de bar ghoy. Mәselen, belgili qytaytanushy Klara Hafizova tәrjimalap 1994 jyly jariyalaghan qytay qújattaryna engen «Sin úly dinastiyasynyng hronikasy» ishindegi qazaqqa qatysty joldardy qalay týsindiruge bolar edi?  Búlar jylnamagha imperator Yunchjen basqarghan merzimning 9-jylynda, audarmashy ony bizding kýntizbege layyqtap kórsetken uaqyt boyynsha - 1731 jyly jazylghan. Degenmen bayandamanyng mazmúnyna jәne osynau Sin dәuirining 1722-1735 jyldary patshalyq qúrghan tórtinshi imperatory taqqa otyrghan jyldy qosa esepke alyp qaraghanda, sonau joldar patsha sarayynyng shejiresine Anyraqay oqighasy bolghan 1730 jylghy 6-ayda, yaghny shildede jazylghan tәrizdi. Sonymen, qolgha tiygen «Anyraqay ýshbúryshy...» avtorlarynyng ghylymy enbegin tolyqtyrghysy әlde týzetkisi keletin jana zertteushilerding janasha zerttep, týsindiruin kýtip túrghan 1730 jylghy qytay mәlimetterining biri mynanday:

«Qaldan-Serenning inisi Lobuszyan-Shunu qazaq hany Ábilqayyrdyng qyzyn әieldikke aldy, qazir, shamasy, qazaq jerinde túrady. Ákesining taghyna múrager retinde otyru mәselesin sheshu ýshin 1-ayda (ay kýntizbesining búl aiy 7 aqpan men 7 nauryz aralyghyna say keledi) óz jaushylaryn  Qaldan-Serenge jiberdi. Búdan basqa, Qaldan-Seren onyng anasyn, sonday-aq birge tughan inisi men qaryndasyn óltirgendikten,  ol Qaldan-Serennen ósh aludy qatty tilep jýr. Oghan әskery shabuyl jasaghysy keledi.

2-ayda (8 nauryz ben 6 sәuirding arasy) qazaq hany 70 myndyq әskerdi óz búiryghymen inisi Búlqayyrgha basqartyp, joryqqa shyqty.  Shu-Talas jerinde túratyn myng shanyraqtyng bәrin olar basyp aldy. Odan basqa, qazaqtar Jonghariyanyng ózge qonystarynan 2-3 myng at aidap әketti».

Biz múny tilge tiyek bolghan «Anyraqay ýshbúryshy...» negizinde zertteulerding әli de  jýrgizilui yqtimaldyghyn, tipti jalghastyryluy qajet ekendigin úmytpau orayynda aityp otyrmyz. Al júmys avtorlary aldaryna qoyghan mindetterin tamasha oryndap shyqqan. Olar ghylymgha, barsha otan tarihyn qasterleytin úrpaqqa janalyghy men tәlimi mol irgeli enbek tartu etti.  Tútas qazaq aibynyn asyrghan Anyraqay shayqasynyng 280 jyldyghy qarsanynda nazargha úsynghan osynau qajyrly izdenis, jan-jaqty zertteu nәtiyjelerine  toly kitaby ýshin  olar zor qúrmetke, riyasyz kónilden mol alghys bildiruge әbden layyq.

Beybit QOYShYBAEV,

jazushy, tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty.

Suretterde:

1. «Anyraqay ýshbúryshy...» kitaby.

2. Qazaq sarbazy. 19-ghasyrdyng basy. Suretshi R. Sergeev.

3. Oirat jauyngeri. 18-ghasyrdyng ortasy. Suretshi Dj. Kastiliony (1688-1766,   1715 jyldan Pekinde túrghan katolik missioneri, qytay imperatorlary Kansi, Yunchjen, Syanilunnyng saray suretshisi).

4. Qalmaqtóbe bekinisi. Shyghystan qaraghandaghy kórinisi. Suretke  týsirgen A.Rogojinskiy. 2007 j.

5.  Qalmaqtóbe kesheni. Batystan qaraghandaghy kórinisi. Aerofoto. Týsirgen  R.Sala. 2005 j.

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