Qazaqstan aumaghynda osy ataumen kezigetin birneshe arheologiyalyq nysandar arasynda kópshilikke keninen tanymaldylyqqa iyeleri Shu-Ile aralyq taularynda ornalasqan «Tanbaly», Betpaqdala quang dalasyndaghy «Tanbalytas tasy» jәne Ile Qapshaghayyna tayau jaghalaudaghy «Tanbaly-Tas» jartas suretteri bolyp tabylady.

Ishki turizmdi nasihattap jarnamalaugha qatysty keybir aqparattarda atalghan tarihy oryndar ózara attas boluy sebepti de, olar jayly mәlimetterde týsinbeushilikterge jol berilip jatady. Osynday olqylyqtardy boldyrmas ýshin olardyng ózara basty aiyrmashylyghy, manyzdylyqtary jayly qysqasha toqtalyp ótsek.

Negizinde kóptegen rulyq tanbalar jiyntyghy syzylghan jartas suretin qúraytyn erekshe oryndar Tanbaly tastar atalghandyghymen, aita keterligi «tanbaly» toponiymi kóbine tastaghy suretterding qazaqy týsinikpen aitar bolsaq «taygha basqan tanbaday – aidan anyq, bep belgili» bolyp naq kórinip turu sebepti de, tanba-belgisi óte az nemese mýlde joqtyghyna qaramastan kóne petroglifter ornalasqan jerlergede qatysty qoldanylatyn tústary az emes. (Tanbaly. syn esim. Tanba salynghan, tanbasy bar degen maghyna beredi. Qazaq tilining týsindirme sózdigi. M. Búralqyúly Almaty 2008)

Ystyq kólding ontýstik jaghalauy Tamgha ózeni boyyndaghy «Tamgha-Tash» eskertkishi, tasqa qashalghan jazbasy bar tas atauy maghynasy jayly qyrghyzdar: «Tamgha» atauy Qyrghyzstan aumaghyndaghy eng kónelerining biri, al Tamgha-Tash sózderi baylanysy «tastaghy anyq belgi» degen úghym bildiretindigin aityp, bizding oiymyzdy tolyqtyra týsedi. (Internet jelisinen)

«Tamgha» termiynimen baylanysty atalynatyn arheologiyalyq eskertkishter ataularyndaghy «tanba» týbir sózi týpki maghynasyna sholu jasar bolsaq, tamyryn terennen alatyn kóne týrkilik «tamgha» sózi keyinirekte jergilikti dialektikagha baylanysty negizgi maghynasyn ózgertpegendigimen, aitylymy dybystyq ózgeriske úshyraghandyghy angharylady.

«...Týrki tilindegi kóne eskertkishter bizderge «tamgha» sózining eki týrli maghynasyn saqtap qaldyrdy: 1) maldyng jekelik belgisi, belgi. 2) memlekettik nemese jekelik mór jәne osy mórding ottiskisi.

Eniysey jazbalarynyng birinde, atap aitqanda kóne týrki eli qyrghyzdargha tiyesili Achinskide «tamghaly jylqylar tabyny» turaly aitylady, al Orhon jazbalarynan «tamghachy» - batys Oghyzdarynyng «mór saqtaushysy» maghynasynda jolyqtyramyz...» (A.N. Samoylovich, Isvestiya Akademiy Nauk SSSR. 1926, 73 b.)

Jogharyda atalghan tanbaly tastar arasynda ózindik erekshe tarihy qúndylyghymen daralanatyn, ózgelerinen shoqtyghy biyigi, manyzdylyghy әlemdik dengeyde moyyndalghan, aumaghynda 5000-gha juyq petroglifter shoghyrlanghan, atauy eshqanday qosymsha jalghausyz jekeley «Tanbaly» atymen tanymal arheologiyalyq eskertkishi ekendigi kópshilikke belgili.

Tanbaly petroglifterin 1957 jyly Ontýstik Qazaqstan arheologiyalyq ekspedisiyasy Jetisu otryadyn basqarghan Qazaqstannyng túnghysh kәsiby arheology A.G. Maksimova ashqan. 1970-1980 jyldary shatqal eskertkishterin geologtar A.G. Medoev jәne B.J. Áubekerov, arheologtar A.N. Mariyashev, A.S. Ermolaevalar zerttese, 1988 jyldan bastap tanbaly eskertkishterine zertteu júmystaryn A.E. Rogojinskiy jalghastyrghan.

Úzaq jyldarghy ghalym-arheologtar, geolog-vibiologtar birneshe buyn ókilderi jәne arhiytektorlar men restovratorlardyng Tanbaly arheologiyalyq eskertkishteri men tabighy landshaftysyn zertteu barysynda birlese manday terlerin tóge atqarghan enbekteri biregey petroglifterding kýtimge alynyp, saqtalynuyna mýmkindik tughyzdy. Osy zertteushilerding enbekteri arqasynda Tanbalynyng Qazaqstan ýshin bagha jetpes mәdeny qúndylyqqa ie manyzdylyghy anyqtalyp jәne eskertkishting býkildýniyejýzilik mәdeniyetke iygilikti múra ekendigi dәleldendi.

«Tanbaly» shatqaly arheologiyalyq landshafty aumaghy – qola dәuirinen (b.z.d. II mynjyldyqtyng ortasy) bastap, jana zamangha shekti (HIH-HH gh. basy) keng aralyqty qamtyghan týrli kezenderderdigi qonystar, kóne molalar, petroglifter jәne kulittik ghibadathanalardan túratyn jýzge juyq eskertkishter qúraydy.

Tanbalyda salynghan kóptegen qola dәuiri kezeni petroglifteri mazmúny boyynsha Ortalyq Aziya jartas ónerindegi alar orny erekshe! Eskertkishting joghary mәdeny qúndylyghy, búl jerde qola dәuirindegi adamdar alghash ret óz qúdaylarynyng kórkem beynelerin somdap, olargha antropomorftyq keyip bere aldy.

Tanbalynyng jahandyq manyzdylyghy, dәl osy jerde adamdar ashyq aspan astyndaghy Kýn ghibadathanasyn jasay otyryp, ózindik erekshe tabighy landshaftyny shygharmashylyq danalyqqa ýilestire bildi.

Tanbaly petroglifterining osy erekshelikteri biregey dep tanylyp, eskertkishti 2004 jyly YuNESKO - nyng Býkilәlemdik múralar qataryna qosugha negiz boldy. Eskertkishting – býkil adamzattyng iygiligi ýshin әlemdik dengeydegi asa qúndy, mәdeny jәne tabighy nysan retinde saqtaugha jatatyndyghyn, Býkilәlemdik mәdeny jәne tabighy múrany saqtau jónindegi konvensiya dәleldeydi.

Betpaqdala shóleyti soltýstik-batysy  Tamghaly túz ashy kóli ontýstik jaghasyna tayau, Sarysu ózeni tómengi aghysy boyyndaghy kóptegen týrli rulyq tanbalar shoghyry qashalghan «Tanbalytas tasy» jayly alghashqy mәlimetter 1870 jyldarghy orys zertteushileri derekterinen belgili.

Sol kezdergi әskeriy-topograftyq karta qúrastyru barysynda «tastyn» naqtyly qay jerde ornalasqandyghy jayly mәlimet berildi. 1888-1889 jyldary eskertkishti Sarysu ózeni boyynda dalalyq topografiyalyq jәne geografiyalyq izdenister jýrgizgen Yu.A. Shmidt kórip alghashqy bolyp suretteme jasady. Onyng «kiyeli tas» jәne tastyng manayy jayly jasaghan surettemesi Tanbalytasty zertteuding bastamasy boldy: «Búl tastyng týri qúmtasqa jatady, kólemi 3 tekshe sajyn shamasynda, onyng betine syna tәrizdes iyeroglifter oiylghan jәne qyrghyzdar (qazaqtar)tasty ainala ósken bayalysh bútaqtaryna týrli-týsti búldardyng qiyqtaryn baylap bezendirgen. Búl ghúryp olargha monghol elderinen engen jәne shól daladan aman-esen ótu ýshin berilgen tasattyqtyng belgisin bildiredi, janynda keng kólemdi qyrghyzdardyng (qazaq) molalary ornalasqan.»

1895 jyly Tanbalytasqa Aqmola oblysy Atbasar uezdi tilmashy Hasan Bekhojin baryp, tasty suretke týsirip, tanbalar men jazulardy kóshirip salyp keybirining túsyna audarmalaryn jazdy.«Kiyeli tasty» kóruge barghan tilekshilerding birining jazbasy audarmasynda bir qatar rularmen qosa jekeley esimder atalyp, (Qara-Nayman, Alshyn, Arghyn, Qara-Kesek, Qoysyn, Tabyn, molla Qarshygha. Alla altauyna keshirimmen qarasyn) jәne jandaryna týrli tanbalary syzylyp kórsetildi.

1927 jyly Aqmola qalasy әskery dәrigeri L.I. Kuznesov eskertkish tasty qarap zerdeley kele: «tasta Shmidt jazghanday eshqandayda iyeroglifter oiylmaghan, naqtylysy týrli rulardyng tanbalary qashalghan... Tanbaly-tastaghy osy jazbalardyng qay kezde qashalyp jazylghandyghy jayly el arasynda anyzdar aitylmaydy. Qazaqtar olardy eski zaman kezenine jatqyzady... Tastyng qyrlaryna jazylghan týrki tilindegi jazular keyingi kezge tәn boluy mýmkin...» - degen tújyrymgha toqtalady.

Kenes ýkimeti túsynda Tanbalytas 1936 jyly geolog  Q.I. Sәtpaev, 1946 jyly A.H. Marghúlan jetekshiligindegi arheologiyalyq ekspedisiya barysynda zertteldi. Jogharyda aitylghan mәtinning ózindik audarmasyn jasaghan A.H. Marghúlan: «...Jazbada erterektegi qazaq atauly elde oryn alghan erekshe tarihy oqighany resmy týrde jariyalaugha qatysty jiynnan mәlimet berilgen. HV ghasyr.» - degen boljam jasaydy.

Qazirgi kezde Tanbalytas tasy qatty býlindige úshyraghan. Qúmtas synyqtarynyng keybirinde jekeley belgiler jәne arab grafikasymen jazylghan týrki tilindegi qoltanba-jazbalar saqtalynghan.

Atalghan tarihy oryngha jartas suretterin A.E. Rogojinskiy 2009 jyly auqymdy zertteu júmysyn jýrgize kele, tolyqqandy zertteuler nәtiyjesinen keyin eskertkishting ózindik ereksheligin jana qyrynan anyqtap: «Tanbalytas tasy» ornalasqan jazyq pen onyng janyndaghy atausyz jazyqtyqtaghy belgilermen birge monument tastaghy tanbany qosa eseptegende tabylghan belgiler sany barlyghy 60-tan asady. Búl jerde geometriyalyq formadaghy belgilerden bólek birde-bir zoomorftyq nemese antropomorftyq beynedegi jartas sureti bayqalmaydy. Osyghan baylanysty ony osy uaqytqa shekti belgili Qazaqstan men Ortalyq Aziya jerindegi iri kuәlandyratyn belgiler syzylghan petroglifter shoghyrlanghan oryndardyng biregeyi retinde qarastyryp, Ortalyq Aziyanyng batys bóligindegi «tanbalytas» atauly tarihy jәne mәdeny eskertkishter arasynan ózindik manyzgha ie erekshe sanatqa jatqyzugha bolady...», «...jana dәuirde Tanbalytas túlghasyn dәstýrli týrde qasterleuge jol ashyp bastaushy - osy aimaqty ortaghasyrlyq kóshpendilerding qonystanu tarihy, rulyq odaqtardyng qúryluy, oghyzdar men qypshaq memleketterining birigui, osyghan oray daladaghy tasqa mәngilikke qashalghan rulyq belgiler jiyntyghynyng payda boluy shyghar. Qazaqtar Tanbalytas tasyndaghy kóne tanbalar jayly anyz-әngimelerinde etimologiyalyq tórkinin, onyng erekshe etno-sayasy manyzdylyghyn týsinip ózderine qosyp, babalar kulitin qúrmetteu jartas suret óneri kóne dәstýrli jolyn ústandy» - degen týsinik bergen. (A.E. Rogojinskiy. ARHEOLOGIChESKOE NASLEDIE SENTRALNOGO KAZAHSTANA: IZUChENIE Y SOHRANENIYE. Almaty 2017 jyl. 297 – 306 bet)

Bastauyn Tekes, Kýnes ózenderinen alyp Balqash kólin bettey aqqan Ile ózeni jol-jónekey ýlkendi-kishili birneshe ózendermen tolyghyp suy molaya kele tabighy jalama jartasty shatqaldyng ishinen arnasy qysyla aghatyn túsy «Ile-Qapshaghayy» atalady. (Habsagay. monghol sózi. Ózen arnasynyng tarylghan túsy degen maghyna beredi) Atalghan shatqaldan sәl tómenirekte kezinde Semey-Qúlja, Tashkent baghytyndaghy keruen joldary ózen arqyly ótetin tarihy mәni zor «Tanbaly-Tas ótkeli» bar. Ótkelge tayau jerde aghystyng ong jaq qabaghyndaghy biyik jartastargha pútqa tabynushy oirattar týrli búrhandary suretterin salyp, solargha qatysty baghyttalghan syiynu dúghalyqtaryn, kiyeli mantralaryn jazyp qaldyrghan Tiybettik lamaistik baghytyn ústanushylardyng «ashyq aspan astyndaghy monastyry» ornalasqan.

Tanbaly-Tas tarihy orny turaly alghashqy derekterding biri 1848 jylghy Úly jýz ýisinderi men Orta jýz naymandary arasyndaghy jer bólisi turaly arhiv dokumentinde kezigedi.

1856 jyly alghashqy bolyp Tanbaly tasqa ghylymy – zertteu júmysyn jýrgizgen Sh. Ualihanovtyng әngimeleri, kóshirip salghan búrhan beyneleri men jekeley jazulary ghylymy ortada ýlken qyzyghushylyq tughyzyp eskertkishti ary qaray zertteuge jol ashty. Atalghan tas jayly mәlimetter P.P. Semenov, K.A. Larionov, F.V. Poyarkov, N.N. Pantusov, A.M. Pozdneev syndy ghalymdar enbeginen kórinis tapqan.

Sol uaqyttan bastap Tanbaly-Tas aspan asty ghúryptyq keshenine jýrgizilgen ghylymy izdenisterde jartastaghy budda beynelerimen jazbalardyng jazylu merzimi jayly súraqtargha san-aluan pikirler aitylyp, beymәlim bolyp keldi.

2008-2009 jyldarghy KMM Qazaq ghylymy – zertteu instituty ekspedisiyasynyng (jet: IY.V. Erofeeva, B.J. Áubekerov, A.E. Rogojinskiy) mongholtanushy N.S. Yahontova (RGhA Shyghystanu instituty) men ónertanushy Yu.I. Ilihina (Memlekettik Ermitaj) Tanbaly tasty keshendi týrde zertteuleri arqasynda Ile-Qapshaghayyndaghy lamaistik keshenning payda boluy, qyzmet kórsetken jyldary tarihy konteksti anyqtalyp, negizgi keyipkerler men jazbalar HVII ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda jonghar aqsýiekterining biri Galdan Boshaqty qontayshy basshylyghymen, 1677-1682 jyldar aralyghynda tiybet jәne oirat sheberlerining arnayy basyn qosyp saldyrghandyghy belgili boldy.

Jartasta bes týrli tiybettik budda-bodhisattvalar jәne solargha taghzym etuge qatysty týrli jazbalar, kóne lancha alfaviyti, tiybet jazuymen jazylghan soltýstik buddiyzimining basty syiynu formulasy alty buyndy  «om-ma-niy-pad-me-hum» mantrasy birneshe jerde jazylghan. Meyirbandyqtyng núryn shashqan bodhisattva Avalokiyteshvara beynesi tiybetting qorghap qoldaushysy bolyp esepteletindikten jartastyng orta túsyna ýlken kólemde salynyp asa mәn berilgen. Odan bólek jylandar әlemi joghary qojayyny – budda Nageshvararadji, budda ilimi negizin qalaushy – Shakiyamuni, em – shipagerlikting qúdiretti «oqytushy-dәrigeri» - budda Bhayshadjiyaguru jәne danalyq bodhisattvasy Akshobhiy buddalary beynelengen.

Odan bólek jaghalaugha tayau túrghan jekeley jartasta 1771 jyly Edil men Jayyq ózenderi aralyghynan alys Jonghariya jerine sapar shegip, jol-jónekey kóshpendi kórshilerimen aradaghy qaqtyghystardan, týrli auru-syrqaudan, ashtyqtan aman qalyp Tamgha shatqalyna shekti aman jetken Ubashy basshylyghyndaghy torghauyt qalmaqtarynyng týrli bodhisattvalaryna tәuep etip, jalbaryna: «...jandaryna endi úzaqqa sozylar tynyshtyq berulerin...» ótingen on bir qatardan túratyn oirat jazuy saqtalghan. (IY.V. Erofeeva, A.E. Rogojinskiy. Altaydan Kaspiyge deyin. 2011 jyl. 121-133 bet.)

«Atap óterligi, Tanbaly-Tasta beynelengen tiybet panteony keyipkerleri qúramy jaghynan bolsyn, nemese olardyng salynu kólemderi, tipti solargha qatysty jazylghan әr tildi týrli maghynaly kóptegen buddalyq jazbalary bolsyn – ol Ortalyq Aziyanyng batys aimaghynda tendessiz...» - dep ghylymy ortada joghary baghalanghan Tanbaly tas jartas óneri epigrafikasy 2018 jyldan bastap respublikalyq dengeydegi eskertkishter qataryna qosylyp, qorghaugha alynghan.

Qazaqstan – tamyryn terennen alatyn últtyq, diny ruhany dәstýrli qúndylyqtary óte bay memleket. Osy qúndylyqtardy saqtap, ary qaray sabaqtastyra iygere bilu – әlemdegi ózgede ruhany qúndylyqty mәdeniyet ókilderimen aradaghy ózara týsinistikpen merdigerlikke jol ashary sózsiz.

Serikbolsyn Sadyqov

Abai.kz