Redaksiyadan: Qazaqstan ózining memleket retinde damuyn ghylymmen baylanystyrady. Búl, Qazaqstan jaghdayynda mindetti baghyt, sebebi, bizdegi tabighy resurstar men qazba baylyqtyng mol boluy – soghan say industriyalyq óndiristi damytudy, jana tehnologiyalardy engizudi talap etedi.

Al, elimiz territoriyalyq túrghydan óte ýlken bolghandyqtan, oghan logistikalyq jәne komunikasiyalyq infraqúrylymdy sәikestendiru de – óz aldyna bir ghylymy sala.

Qazaqstannyng kýrdeli tabighi‑ekologiyalyq jәne sanitarlyq‑epiydemologiyalyq qauipti aimaqtardyng biri boluy – jeke ghylymy salany qajet etedi.

Mine, osynday jәne osyghan úqsas talaptar ‑ memleketimizdegi qazirgi ghylym men bilim sayasatynyng negizgi baghytyn aiqyndap otyr: akademiyalyq instituttargha derbestik berildi, uniyversiytetter ghylymiy‑zertteu ortalyqtaryna ainala bastady, ghylymy taqyryptardy belgileude jәne ony qarjylandyruda ghalymdar birshama erkindikke qol jetkizude...

Osyghan baylanysty biz býgin reseylik ghalym, әleumettanu ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, Sankt-Peterburgtegi Europalyq uniyversiytetting professory Mihail Sokolovtyng «Ghylymy superderjavalar jәne akademiyalyq imperiyalardyng qúldyrauy» atty maqalasyn qazaq tiline audaryp jariyaladyq. Maqalagha qazaqstandyq ghalymdar ýn qatady degen oidamyz.

Ghylymy superderjavalar jәne akademiyalyq imperiyalardyng qúldyrauy

Álemdik ghylym elder arasynda qalay bólinedi jәne nege eng yqpaldy bilim ortalyqtary da bir kýni óz basymdyghyn joghalta bastaydy?

Ghylym turaly sóz bolghanda, ol kóbine «últtyq bәsekelestik» retinde aitylady: kim kóp maqala jariyalaydy, qay uniyversiytetterding reytingteri joghary, qay elderding zertteushileri kóbirek Nobeli syilyghyn alady jәne t.t. — sol el ghylymy ortalyq atalady jәne ol sol elding sayasi‑ekonomikalyq kórsetkishining biri dep sanalady.

Alayda ghylymy kóshbasshylyq sayasy kóshbasshylyqqa qaraghanda әldeqayda kýrdeli ekeni tanghaldyrady: ol sayasy shekaralarymen de, zandylyqtarymen de, memleketting órleu men qúldyrau sebepterimen de sәikes kelmeydi.

Ghylym tarihyna múqiyat qarasaq, ghylymy superderjavalar mindetti týrde eng bay nemese eng quatty armiyasy bar elder bolmauy mýmkin ekenin kóremiz. Múnday el ýshin eng manyzdysy — aldynghy qatardaghy ghylymda júmys isteytin adamdardyng eleuli bóligining sol jerde shoghyrlanuy.

Eldi ghylymy superderjava etetin ne?

Ghylymy superderjava dep әlemdik auqymda alghanda aldynghy shepte júmys isteytin ghalymdardyng óte ýlken ýlesi shoghyrlanghan eldi aitugha bolady:

XVII ghasyrda — qazirgi eksperiymenttik ghylym qalyptasqan kezende — múnday elder Italiya, Angliya, Fransiya jәne Gollandiya boldy.

Qazirgi ólshemmen olardyng jalpy ghylymy qauymdastyghy ortasha bir uniyversiytetke de jetpes edi, biraq sol zamanda olar әlemdik bilim óndirisining ýlken bóligin qamtamasyz etti.

Ghalymdar sany әlemde ósken sayyn jәne jana elder jahandyq akademiyalyq jýiege qosylghan sayyn, búrynghy kóshbasshylar absoluttik túrghyda ósse de, salystyrmaly týrde әlsirey bastaydy.
Búl taza demografiyalyq sebepterge baylanysty: eger bir eldegi ghalymdar sany әlemdik ósimnen bayau ósse, onyng ýlesi azayady. Sondyqtan ghylymy reytingter tek janalyqtar men reformalargha emes, demografiyagha da tәueldi.

Nege ghylym sayasy karta boyynsha ómir sýrmeydi? 

«Akademiyalyq superderjava» úghymyn últtyq memleketpen tenestiru — shartty nәrse. «Ghylymy superderjava» mindetti týrde sayasi, әskery nemese ekonomikalyq superderjava bolmauy mýmkin, tipti derbes memleket te bolmauy yqtimal.

Mysaly, Galiyley zamanyndaghy Italiya mәdeny kenistik retinde birtútas bolghanymen, sayasy túrghydan bir memleket emes edi.

Ghylymy quat el ishinde de birkelki taralmaydy: AQSh-ty ghylymy superderjava deytin bolsaq, biz býkil eldi emes, negizinen jaghalaular men jekelegen ghylymy klasterlerdegi uniyversiytetter men zertteu ortalyqtaryn aitamyz.

Elding ýlken bóligi ghylymnyng aldynghy shebinen tys boluy mýmkin. AQSh-tyng jarty shtatynda әlemdik reytingting alghashqy jýzdigine kiretin uniyversiytetter joq. Búl jaghday Qytaygha jәne basqa iri elderge de tәn.

Ghylym memleket aumaghynda jasalady, biraq ony memleketterding ózi jasamaydy. Ghalymdar belgili bir elderde júmys isteydi, sol jerde jalaqy alady, vizalyq jәne qarjylyq rejimderge tәueldi.

Biraq ghylymy baylanystar ýnemi shekaradan asyp jatady. Áriyne, ghylym men memleket arasynda baylanys bar: ghylym innovasiya, bedel jәne «júmsaq kýsh» beredi. Sondyqtan memleketter oghan investisiya salugha tyrysady. Biraq búl baylanys janama: ghylymy jetistik sayasy bedeldi arttyruy mýmkin, al sayasy ambisiyalar ghylymgha investisiyany kýsheytui mýmkin, biraq bireui ekinshisin tolyq anyqtamaydy.

Akademiyalyq gegemoniya qaydan bastalady?

«Akademiyalyq gegemoniya» degen úghym kóbine elderge qatysty qoldanylghanymen, shyn mәninde gegemoniya memleketterge emes, ghalymdar jelilerine tәn.

Keybir jeliler tek bilim óndirip qana qoymay, zertteu taqyryptaryn, jariyalau standarttaryn, akademiyalyq mansap erejelerin jәne «sapaly ghylym» degen týsinikting ózin belgiley bastaydy.

Múnday gegemoniya bedeldi jurnaldardy, sapa kriyteriylerin jәne ghylymy mansaptardy baqylaugha negizdeledi.

Osynday jaghdayda qay jurnal jetekshi, qay әdis zandy, qay taqyryp manyzdy degen ortaq týsinik qalyptasady. Al basqa baghyttar, tipti tereng tarihy bolsa da, shetke yghystyryluy mýmkin.

Mysaly, ekonomika salasynda AQSh-taghy ghylymy ortalyqtar ondaghan jyldar boyy erekshe ýstemdikke iye. Biraq búl «Amerika әlemge tәrtip tanyp otyr» degendi bildirmeydi — oghan tek AQSh-ta ornalasqan jeli ýstemdik etedi. Onyng ózi keyde AQSh ýkimetine qarsy synnyng negizgi kózi boluy mýmkin.

Akademiyalyq imperiyalar qalay әlsireydi?

Ghylym tarihyna kenirek qarasaq, eshbir ortalyq úzaq uaqyt boyy kóshbasshy bolyp qala almaghan:

Italiya ornyn basqalargha berdi, Angliya men Fransiya úly ghylymy derjavalar bolyp qaldy, biraq absolutti ýstemdigin joghaltty. Germaniya XIX ghasyrda kóterildi, biraq XX ghasyrdyng sonyna qaray әlsiredi.
XX ghasyr ortasynda AQSh pen KSRO algha shyqty, keyin Japoniya kýsheydi, al songhy onjyldyqtarda Qytay qarqyndy ósip, key kórsetkishter boyynsha AQSh-pen tenesti.

Búl ózgerister birneshe faktordyng әserinen bolady:

1. Institusionaldyq taralu.

Ghylymy revolusiya Europada bastaldy, biraq keyin basqa aimaqtar da osy modelidi iygerdi. Halqy kóp elder ghylymdy mengergen sayyn Europanyng artyqshylyghy azaydy.

2. Ekonomikalyq faktorlar.

Ghylym resurstargha tәueldi jәne talant ýshin basqa salalarmen bәsekege týsedi. Qytaydyng ósui ghylymnyng tartymdy mansapqa ainaluymen baylanysty.

3. Migrasiya.

Ghalymdardyng jappay ketui elding ghylymy әleuetin tez әlsiretedi. XX ghasyrdaghy Germaniya — sonyng aiqyn mysaly.

Memlekettik sayasat ghylymgha әser ete me?

Ár memleket ghylymdy әrtýrli dengeyde qarjylandyrady jәne óz basymdyqtaryn engizuge tyrysady.

Songhy jyldary AQSh-ta granttardyng qysqaruy, vizalyq shekteuler jәne sayasy qysym ghylymy kóshbasshylyqtyng bolashaghy turaly pikirtalas tudyrdy. Degenmen, búl avtomatty qúldyraudy bildirmeydi. AQSh-ta ghylym tek memlekettik qarjygha tәueldi emes — jeke qorlar men uniyversiytet resurstary da manyzdy.

Ghylymy kóshbasshylyqty josparlaugha bola ma?

Memleketter ghylymy superderjavany josparly týrde qúrugha bolady dep oilaydy: jalaqyny ósiru, yntalandyru engizu, jariyalanym sanyn arttyru.  Alayda búl әrqashan nәtiyje bermeydi. Formaldy belsendilik ósse de, manyzdy zertteuler kóbeymey qaluy mýmkin.

Ghylymy shynayylyqtyng basty sharty — jahandyq ghylymy pikirtalasqa qatysu. Ghalymdar halyqaralyq jurnaldardy oqymayynsha, olar ghylymnyng aldynghy shebine shygha almaydy. 

«Jariyalanym qaqpany»

Artyq әkimshilik qysym ‑ jalghan ghylymnyng kóbengine әkelui mýmkin: «qoqys» jurnaldar, dissertasiya fabrikalary, imitasiyalyq zertteuler payda bolady. Uaqyt óte kele múnday jýie ózin-ózi kóbeytetin jabyq ortagha ainalady.

KSRO mysaly kórsetkendey, ghalymdar sany kóp boluy sapany bildirmeydi. Kóptegen adamdar ghylymy jýiege formaldy týrde kirgenimen, shynayy zertteu ne ekenin týsinbedi.

Qazir búl mәselege jasandy intellekt qosylyp otyr — avtomatty mәtinder sapaly jәne jalghan ghylym arasyndaghy shekarany odan әri búlynghyr etedi.

Býgingi әlem ne deydi?

Ghylymy kóshbasshylyq — óte ózgermeli qúbylys. Iri ortalyqtar әli de bar, biraq olardyng artyqshylyghy mәngi emes. Barlyghy enbek jaghdayyna, migrasiyagha, instituttargha jәne ghylymnyng ornyna onyng syrtqy belgilerine ghana úmtylmaugha baylanysty.

Sondyqtan ghylymy superderjava — túraqty mәrtebe emes, uaqytsha jaghday. Ol talantty ózine tarta alghansha, mýmkindiginen asyp ketpegenshe jәne «jasandy aighay‑shugha» batyp ketpegenshe ghana saqtalady.
Búl sharttar búzylghan sәtten bastap, tipti syrttay myqty kórinse de, onyng qúldyrauy bastalady...

Ábdirashit Bәkirúly, filosof‑ghalym

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