XIX ghasyrdyng orta sheninde qazaq dalasynyng sayasy kókjiyegi kýrt ózgerdi.

Resey imperiyasy ontýstikke qaray jyljyp, Aqmeshitten Týrkistangha, Áulieatadan Shymkentke qaray әskery bekinisterin keneytti. Qoqan handyghynyng biyligi әlsiredi. Shyghys Týrkistanda Qytay biyligine qarsy qozghalystar kýsheydi.

Al osy alasapyran kenistikte Abylay han úrpaqtarynyng taghdyry da eki týrli arnagha týsti.

Sol әuletting eki ókili — Shoqan Shynghysúly Uәlihanov pen Syzdyq Kenesaryúly.

Ekeuining ortaq atasy — Abylay han. Shoqan — Abylaydyng úly Uәly hannan taraghan Shynghys súltannyng balasy.

Syzdyq — Abylaydyng taghy bir úly Qasymnan taraghan Kenesary hannyng úly. Olar bir әuletting eki tarmaghynyng ókilderi edi.

Biraq olardyng tarihy joldary eki týrli boldy.

Biri — qalamdy, ghylymdy, kartany jәne diplomatiyany tandady.

Ekinshisi — qylyshty, әskery kýresti jәne sayasy qarsylyqty tandady.

Olardyng taghdyryn baylanystyratyn erekshe geografiyalyq nýkte bar. Ol — Qashqar.

Shoqan Qashghargha basyn bәigege tigip, jasyryn atpen arnayy tapsyrmamen bardy.

Syzdyq Qashghargha kýresin jalghastyru ýshin bardy.

Qashghar biyleushisi Jaqypbek ony han kóterip qarsy aldy.

I. Shoqannyng qúpiya sapary

1858 jyldyng jazy.

Tyani-Shani asulary arqyly Qashghargha qaray sauda kerueni qozghaldy. Keruenshilerding arasynda qarapayym qazaq kópesi bolyp kiyingen jas jigit te bar edi. Onyng shyn aty — Shoqan Uәlihanov.

Qauipti sapargha shyqqan Shoqan ózin «Álimbay» dep tanystyrugha mәjbýr boldy. Keruenbasy Músabaydyng tuysy degen atpen jolgha shyqqan ol shashyn aldyryp, qazaq kópesining kiyimin kiyedi. 1858 jylghy 28 mausymda keruenmen birge Qashghar baghytyna attanady.

Búl sapardyng qauiptiligi jaydan-jay emes edi.

Shyghys Týrkistanda Sin imperiyasynyng biyligine qarsy qozghalystar jýrip jatqan. Qashghardyng sayasy ahualy túraqsyz edi. Europadan kelgen sayahatshylar ýshin de búl ólke asa qauipti bolatyn.

Shoqannyng aldynda tek geografiyalyq kenistik emes, zerttelmegen tútas órkeniyet túrdy.

Ol Qashghardyng joldaryn, qalalaryn, halyqtaryn, saudasyn, biylik qúrylymyn zertteuge tiyis edi.

Biraq onyng saparynda ghylymy maqsatpen birge imperiyalyq barlau mindetteri de qatar jýrdi. Sondyqtan Shoqan ekspedisiyasy — XIX ghasyrdaghy ghylym men geosayasattyng týiisken erekshe mysaly.

II. Qashghardaghy Shoqan

Shoqan Qashghargha 1858 jyldyng sonynda jetip, 1859 jyldyng kóktemine deyin sonda boldy.

Ol qala men onyng ainalasyndaghy sayasy jәne әleumettik ómirdi baqylap, jergilikti halyqtardyng tarihy men etnografiyasyna qatysty material jinady.

Shoqannyng basty ereksheligi — ol kórgenin jay jazyp qoymay, onyng sebebin týsindiruge tyrysty.

Qashghardyng bazarlary oghan tek sauda orny emes, býkil Ortalyq Aziyanyng ekonomikalyq baylanystarynyng kórsetkishi boldy.

Qala túrghyndarynyng qúramy oghan jay statistika emes, ghasyrlar boyy qalyptasqan tarihy ýderisting kórinisi edi.

Biylik ýshin kýres oghan jeke adamdar arasyndaghy tartys emes, Qytay, Qoqan, Qashghar jәne jergilikti kýshterding ózara qatynasy retinde kórindi.

Osy sapardyng nәtiyjesinde Shoqan ózining әigili «Altyshardyng nemese Qytaydyng Nan-Lu provinsiyasyndaghy alty shyghys qalasynyng 1858–1859 jyldardaghy jaghdayy turaly» enbegin jazdy.

Onyng qúramynda geografiya, tariyh, halyq, ónerkәsip pen sauda turaly bólimder boldy.

Búl enbek Shoqannyng Qashghar saparyn jay sayahattan ghylymy ekspedisiya dengeyine kóterdi.

Shoqan Qashghardan kartalar men jazbalar ghana emes, tútas bir ólkening ghylymy beynesin alyp qaytty.

1859 jyldyng 11 nauryzynda ol keri jolgha shyqty.

Kóp úzamay Qashghardaghy jaghdaydyng qauiptiligi kýsheydi. Keruende orys tynshysy bar degen kýdik taraghan. Shoqan ýshin әri qaray qalu qauipti edi. Ol Tyani-Shaninyng kóktemgi asularyn ainalyp, Ontýstik Qyrghyzstan arqyly qaytty. 1859 jylghy 12 sәuirde Resey iyeligine oraldy. Onyng Qashghar sapary ayaqtaldy.

Biraq Qashgharmen baylanysy ayaqtalghan joq.

III. Alty jyldan keyin: Áulieata,1864 jyl.

Shoqan endi jas zertteushi ghana emes, shtabs-rotmistr shenindegi ofiyser edi.

Resey imperiyasynyng ontýstikke qaray әskery jyljuy bastaldy. Polkovnik Mihail Chernyaev bastaghan otryad Vernyidan shyghyp, Shu boyymen ontýstikke bet aldy. Shoqan búl ekspedisiyagha barugha kelisti.

1864 jylghy 24 nauryzda Karl Gutkovskiyge jazghan hatynda onyng ózi «Erteng biz jolgha shyghamyz: men — Áulieatagha...» dep habarlaydy. Ol búl sapardan shen aludy da kýtetinin ashyq jazady.

Búl detali óte manyzdy.

Keyingi tarihnamada Shoqandy birden Chernyaevting әskery sayasatyna qarsy túrghan túlgha retinde kórsetu kezdesedi. Desede onyng 1864 jylghy joryqqa óz erkimen jәne belgili bir qyzmettik ýmitpen barghanyn ózining haty kórsetedi.

Demek, oqighanyng basynda Shoqan men Resey әskery ekspedisiyasynyng arasynda qayshylyq bolghan joq.

Qayshylyq keyin payda boldy.

IV. Syzdyqtyng qylysh ýstindegi joly

Shoqannyng ómirindegi 1864 jyl osylay bastalsa, Syzdyqtyng ómir joly әldeqashan basqa arnagha týsken edi.

Kenesary han 1847 jyly qaza tapqanda, Syzdyq әli bala bolatyn. Ahmet Kenesarinning dereginde onyng әkesi ólgen kezde Syzdyqtyng jasy on shamasynda bolghany aitylady. Kenesarynyng úldary keyin Syr boyyna jәne Qaratau ónirine kóship, Qoqan biyligimen belgili bir sharttar negizinde baylanys ornatady.

Syzdyq er jetken song qaruly kýres jolyna týsti.

1864 jyly ol Qoqan hanynyng tapsyrmasymen Týrkistan-Sozaq qonyrattarynyng datqasy bolyp taghayyndalady.

Sol kezde Resey әskerleri Týrkistandy qorshaugha alghan. Syzdyq búl habardy estip, Sozaqtan shyghyp, Qoqan әskerine kómekke attanady.

Mine, osy jerde Shoqan men Syzdyqtyng tarihy joldary bir kenistikke keledi.

Bir jaghynda — Chernyaevting әskery otryady.

Ekinshi jaghynda — Qoqan jaghyna shyqqan Syzdyq.

Biraq búl jerde tarihy dәldikti saqtau qajet.

Shoqan men Syzdyqtyng 1864 jyly betpe-bet kezdeskeni nemese bir shayqasta bir-birine qarsy túrghany turaly senimdi qújat joq.

Olardy «bir maydannyng eki jaghynda kezdesti» dep aitu kórkemdik jaghynan әserli bolghanymen, derektik túrghydan abaylap qoldanyluy kerek.

Olardyng joldary bir soghys kenistiginde toghysty, biraq jeke kezdeskeni dәleldenbegen.

V. Áulieata jәne Shoqannyng ishki daghdarysy

Áulieata oqighalary Shoqannyng әskery qyzmetke degen kózqarasyn ózgertti degen pikir keyingi әdebiyette keng tarady.

Múnda M.S. Znamenskiyding manyzy zor.

Znamenskiy Chernyaev ekspedisiyasynyng qúramynda Shoqanmen birge boldy jәne «Dnevnik Auliye-Atinskogo pohoda» atty kýndelik qaldyrdy.

Memuarlyq derekterde Shoqannyng әskery әreketterding qataldyghyna kónili tolmaghany aitylady.

Alayda búl derekterdi birden «Shoqan Áulieatadaghy beybit halyqty qyrugha qarsylyq jasady» degen naqty faktke ainaldyrugha da bolmaydy. Resmy qújattardaghy jaghday basqashalau.

Áskery esepterde operasiyalar әskery mindetter, bekinisterdi alu jәne imperiyalyq shepti ontýstikke jyljytu túrghysynan sipattaldy.

Al keyingi estelikterde oqighanyng adamdyq jaghy kóbirek kórinedi.

Osy eki derek qabatyn qatar qarastyrghanda ghana Shoqannyng ishki daghdarysyn týsinuge bolady.

Ol bastapqyda joryqqa qyzmettik maqsatpen bardy. Biraq soghys shyndyghy ol kýtken diplomatiyalyq jәne sayasy nәtiyjelerden ózgeshe bolyp shyqty.

VI. Shoqan men Syzdyq

Osy jerde olardyng tarihy aiyrmashylyghy anyq kórinedi.

Shoqan Resey imperiyasy otarlaushy әskerining qúramynda qyzmet etti. Syzdyq Resey imperiyasyna qarsy kýresti.

Biraq búl aiyrmashylyqty tek «satqyn» jәne «batyr» nemese «imperiyashyl» jәne «últshyl» degen qarapayym ólshemge salu tarihy shyndyqty jútandatady.

Shoqan Reseyding ghylymy jәne әkimshilik mýmkindikterin paydalanugha bolady dep sanady. Ol qazaq qoghamyn bilim, ghylym, qúqyqtyq jәne әkimshilik reformalar arqyly ózgertuge bolatyndyghyna sendi.

Syzdyq bolsa, Reseyding әskery ekspansiyasyn qazaqtyng dәstýrli sayasy kenistigine tóngen qauip dep qabyldady. Onyng jauaby — qaruly qarsylyq boldy.

Eki joldyng da artynda bir súraq túrdy:

Qazaq qoghamy ózgerip jatqan әlemde ózin qalay saqtap qalady?

VII. Qashghargha qayta oralghan Syzdyq

Shoqan Qashghardan 1859 jyly ketkennen keyin biraz jyl ótkende, sol ólkening sayasy jaghdayy mýldem ózgerdi.

1870-jyldardyng ortasynda Shyghys Týrkistanda Jaqypbek basqarghan Jetishar memleketi ómir sýrip túrdy.

Reseyding Orta Aziyany jaulap aluy jalghasyp jatqan edi.

Qoqan handyghy qúlady. Hiua men Búhara Resey yqpalyna týsti.

Syzdyqtyng búrynghy kýres kenistigi taryldy.

1875 jyly ol Gerat arqyly Qashghargha attandy. Qazaqstan tarihyna arnalghan zertteulerde Syzdyq tórening Jaqypbek әskerine osy jyly qosylghany kórsetiledi. Ahmet Kenesarin búl sapardy naqtyraq sipattaydy.

Onyng jazuynsha, Syzdyq Geratta ýsh ay bolghannan keyin Yaqub-serdarmen qoshtasyp, Balh pen Badahshan arqyly Qashghargha ótken. Qashghargha kelgen song Jaqypbek ony qúrmetpen qarsy alghan.

Búl — Syzdyq ómirindegi asa manyzdy búrylys.

Óitkeni endi ol Qoqan kenistigining emes, býkil týrki-músylman әlemining sayasy taghdyry sheshilip jatqan ortagha keldi.

VIII. Shoqannyng Qashghary men Syzdyqtyng Qashghary

Osy eki sapardy salystyrghanda XIX ghasyrdaghy Ortalyq Aziyanyng ózgerisin anyq kóruge bolady.

1858 jyl.

Shoqan Tyani-Shani arqyly keruenmen keledi. Ol ózin kópes retinde kórsetedi. Onyng maqsaty — zertteu. Ol Qashghardyng geografiyasyn, halqyn, tarihyn, ekonomikasyn jazyp alady.

1875 jyl.

Syzdyq Balh pen Badahshan arqyly keledi. Ol Jaqypbekke barady.

Onyng maqsaty — әskeriy-sayasy kýres. Ol Jetishar әskerine qosylady.

Bir Qashghar. Biraq eki týrli taghdyr.

Shoqan Qashghardy dәpterine týsirdi.

Syzdyq Qashghardy qylyshymen qorghaugha tyrysty.

Búl — jay ghana әdeby metafora emes.

Eki túlghanyng ómir joldarynyng naqty aiyrmashylyghyn kórsetetin tarihy paralleli.

IX. Jaqypbek jәne Syzdyq

Ahmet Kenesarinning mәlimetine qaraghanda, Jaqypbek Syzdyqty búrynnan tanyghan jәne oghan erekshe qúrmet kórsetken. Ol Syzdyqqa joghary lauazym berip, óz otbasymen de jaqyndastyrghan (Qaza tapqan úlynyng әielin Syzdyqqa qosqan).

Keyin Jaqypbek Qashghardan shyghyp, Aqsu baghytyna әskermen attanghanda, onyng úly Bek-Qúliybek Qashgharda qaldy.

Syzdyq osy әskeriy-sayasy qúrylymnyng ishinde qaldy.

Ol Jetishardyng әskerinde komandalyq qyzmet atqaryp, Reseyge qarsy kýres tәjiriybesin odan әri jalghastyrdy.

Biraq Jetishardyng da taghdyry úzaqqa barmady.

Sin imperiyasy Shyghys Týrkistandy qayta jaulap alu ýshin ýlken әskery kýsh jiberdi.

Jaqypbek memleketining ishki jaghdayy kýrdelene týsti.

Syzdyqtyng Qashghardaghy kezeni de osylay ayaqtalugha bet aldy.

X. Eki taghdyrdyng songhy ayyrmasy

Shoqannyng ómiri qysqa boldy. Qashghardan oralghannan keyin ol Reseyding ghylymy ortasynda tanyldy. Biraq densaulyghy nasharlady. 1864 jylghy әskery joryqtan keyin onyng memlekettik qyzmetke degen kózqarasy da ózgerdi. 1865 jyly Shoqan Altynemelde qaytys boldy. Ol nebәri otyzgha da tolmaghan edi.

Syzdyqtyng taghdyry әldeqayda úzaqqa sozyldy.

Qashghardaghy kýresten keyin ol Resey aumaghyna qaytyp oraldy. Ahmet Kenesarinning mәlimetine qaraghanda, Syzdyq 1877 jyly Qashghardan shyghyp, Osh arqyly Resey shekarasyna ótken. Keyin Tashkentke shaqyrylyp, Kaufmannyng keshirimine ie bolghan.

Osydan keyin onyng ómiri qaruly kýresting eng auyr kezeninen beybit ghúmyrgha qaray auysty.

XI. Bir әuletting tragediyasy

Shoqan men Syzdyqtyng ómirinde bir erekshe paradoks bar.

Olar bir әuletten shyqty. Biraq sol әuletting eki tarmaghy Resey imperiyasynyng keluine eki týrli jauap berdi.

Shoqan imperiyanyng bilim jýiesin paydalanyp, onyng ghylymy mýmkindikterin iygerdi.

Syzdyq imperiyanyng әskery kýshine qarumen jauap berdi.

Biri Peterburgting ghylymy ortasyna bardy.

Ekinshisi Búhara, Hiua, Qashghar siyaqty sayasy ortalyqtardy aralady.

Biri karta jasady. Ekinshisi joryq jasady.

Biri halyqtyng tarihyn qaghazgha týsirdi.

Ekinshisi әkesining sayasy múrasyn qarumen qorghaugha tyrysty.

Biraq olardyng taghdyryn tek qarama-qarsylyq arqyly týsindiru jetkiliksiz.

Ekeui de bir dәuirding tumasy edi.

Ekeui de dәstýrli qazaq sayasy kenistigining ydyrap bara jatqanyn kórdi.

Ekeui de Ortalyq Aziyadaghy jana kýshter araqatynasyn bastan ótkerdi.

Jәne ekeuining de ómir jolynda Qashghar erekshe iz qaldyrdy.

Qorytyndy. Eki Qashghardyng arasy

Shoqan Qashghargha barghan kezde onyng aldynda belgisiz әlem túrdy.

Ol sol әlemdi zerttep, kartagha týsirip, tarihyn jazyp qaldyrdy.

Syzdyq Qashghargha kelgen kezde onyng aldynda endi belgisiz әlem emes, tarylyp bara jatqan sayasy kenistik túrdy.

Ol sol kenistikte kýresti jalghastyrdy.

Sondyqtan olardyng Qashghar saparlary — bir oqighanyng qaytalanuy emes, XIX ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysyndaghy Ortalyq Aziyanyng ózgeru tarihynyng eki kezeni.

1858 jylghy Shoqannyng Qashghary — zertteluge tiyis әlem.

1875 jylghy Syzdyqtyng Qashghary — saqtalugha tiyis әlem.

Al olardyng arasyndaghy on jeti jylgha juyq uaqyt ishinde Týrkistannyng sayasy kartasy týbegeyli ózgerdi.

Osy túrghydan Shoqan men Syzdyqty bir-birine qarsy qoydan góri, olardy bir tarihy daghdarysqa berilgen eki týrli jauaptyng ókilderi retinde qarastyrghan jón.

Shoqannyng qaruy — bilim men ghylym.

Syzdyqtyng qaruy — әskery kýres.

Biraq ekeuining taghdyryn jalghaytyn bir ghana sóz bar — Týrkistan.

Al sol Týrkistannyng shyghys shetindegi Qashghar olardyng ómir jolynda eki ret kórinedi — aldymen Shoqannyng ghylymy dәpterinen, keyin Syzdyqtyng әskery joryghynan.

Ómir Shynybekúly

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