Zadan JÚMAGhALIY, filologiya ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor.

Abaydyng tikeley qatysumen birsypyra dengeyge kóterilip qalghan qazaq-orys әdeby baylanysynyng odan әrmen damuyna zor ýles qosqan alash arystarynyng biri Shәkәrim Qúdayberdiúly bolatyn. Ol Pushkiyn, Ler­mon­tov, Nekrasov, Tolstoy syndy alyptar­dyng ómir jolyn, basty-basty shygharmalaryn ýlken bilimdarlyqpen, eren talant quatymen zerdeley kelip, attary atalghan oishyldardyng tu etip kótergen estetikalyq-filosofiyalyq konsepsiyalary jekelegen últtyng dara jetistigi emes, býkil adamzattyng mýddesine ortaq qyzmet etetin biregey ruhany baylyq dep tanydy. Tughan halqynyng osynday ozyq kәusardan barynsha mol susyndauyn iygilikti is dep bilgen Shәkәrim dýnie jýzi, orys klassikterining tandauly degen shygharmalaryn ana tilinde sóilete bastady. Sonyng eng eleulilerining biri - A.S.Pushkinning "Dubrovskiy" romany.

Zadan JÚMAGhALIY, filologiya ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor.

Abaydyng tikeley qatysumen birsypyra dengeyge kóterilip qalghan qazaq-orys әdeby baylanysynyng odan әrmen damuyna zor ýles qosqan alash arystarynyng biri Shәkәrim Qúdayberdiúly bolatyn. Ol Pushkiyn, Ler­mon­tov, Nekrasov, Tolstoy syndy alyptar­dyng ómir jolyn, basty-basty shygharmalaryn ýlken bilimdarlyqpen, eren talant quatymen zerdeley kelip, attary atalghan oishyldardyng tu etip kótergen estetikalyq-filosofiyalyq konsepsiyalary jekelegen últtyng dara jetistigi emes, býkil adamzattyng mýddesine ortaq qyzmet etetin biregey ruhany baylyq dep tanydy. Tughan halqynyng osynday ozyq kәusardan barynsha mol susyndauyn iygilikti is dep bilgen Shәkәrim dýnie jýzi, orys klassikterining tandauly degen shygharmalaryn ana tilinde sóilete bastady. Sonyng eng eleulilerining biri - A.S.Pushkinning "Dubrovskiy" romany.

Shәkәrimning atalmysh shygharmany audar­ghanda qanday prinsipter ústanghanyn әngi­me­lemes búryn myna jaylargha qysqasha toq­talayyq. "Ruslan men Ludmila", "Evgeniy Onegiyn" syndy qaytalanbas ruhany qazy­na­lar­dy dýniyege әkelgen úly klassikting key sәt prozagha barghany, búl saladaghy tvorches­tvo­lyq izdenisterding de oidaghyday bolghany barshamyzgha mәlim. Zertteushilerding sózine baqsaq, ol ózining keybir zamandastaryna orys prozasyna kónili onsha tolmaytynyn, onyng poeziyagha qaraghanda qarabayyrlau, shaban damyp kele jatqanyn talay ret aitsa kerek. Búl Pushkinning 1975 jylghy 10 tom­dyq shygharmalar jinaghynyng 5-tomyndaghy S.Petrov jazghan songhy sózde bayqalady. "Dubrovskiy", "Kapitan qyzy" shygharma­lary men taghy basqa әngime, povesteri әigili suretkerding sol olqylyqtyng ornyn toltyru maqsatyndaghy talpynysy eken. Aqynnyng ara-túra prozagha baruynyng sebebi osylay delik. Al Shәkәrimning ózining de qara sózge kel­gende qúr attay jeletinin is jýzinde dәlel­dey túra, "Dubrovskiy" men "Borandy" qaza­qy qara óleng - poeziya tilimen sóiletkeni qalay? Búl orayda әrtýrli boljam boluy mým­kin. Bizding de azdaghan óz topshylauymyz bar.

Tәrjimemen jәne onyng sanaluan prob­le­masymen ainalysqandar poeziyany auda­ru­shynyng týpnúsqanyng avtorymen qaytkenmen de bәsekelesip otyratynyn, al prozany auda­rushynyng týpnúsqanyng avtorynyng ait­qa­nyna kónip, aidaghanyna jýrip degendey, onyng yqpalyna týsetinin, qúlaqkesti qyz­met­shisine ainalatyny, qúddy diriyjerding qolyn­daghy tayaqshanyng әrbir qimylynan kóz jazbaugha tyrysatyn muzykant siyaqty erekshe kýy keshetinin aitady. Búl arada әngime audarmanyng ónerlik dengeyde jetken týri jóninde bolyp otyr. Pushkinning jogharyda atalghan shygharmalaryn qazaqshalaghanda Shә­kә­rimning qanday jan azabyn bastan keshkenin kózge dәl elestetu qiyn. Qara sózben berilgen oidy, san qily suretti poeziya tilimen jet­kizu orasan zor enbekti qajet etkeni talassyz. Bir ashyq nәrse - qashanda, qaysymyz da Push­kindi eng aldymen aqyn dep qabyl­day­tynymyz. Shәkәrim ýshin de onyng kórkem poeziyanyng dýldýli bolghany dausyz. Son­dyq­tan qazaq әdebiyetining klassiygi onyng pro­za­syn, qazirgishe aitqanda, avtordyng markasyn saqtay otyryp sóiletudi jón kórgen. Oghan qosa taghy bir joramal, audarma salasynda da molynan tanylyp ýlgergen ol orys әde­biyeti­ning mynaday kesek ýlgilerin sahara túrghyn­daryna ana tilinde tanystyru arqyly óz mýmkindigining qanshalyqty ekenin syn sarabynan taghy bir ótkizgisi kelgen oiy da bolghan shyghar. Tipti múny onyng úly aqynmen bir sәt óner sayysyna týskeni desek te shyn­dyqtan shyghandap ketpeymiz. Osy boljam­dar­gha qosa taghy bir aitpaghymyz, Shәkәrim qajy myna jaghdayatty - óz kezindegi jazu-syzu ónerining jarytymsyz boluyna bay­la­nysty poeziyadan góri proza bedelining tómendeu, súranymynyng azdau ekenin es­ker­gen be deymiz. Jan dýniyesin qozghaytyn ólen­di júrt izdep jýrip tauyp, jattap alady. Al qara sózde qanshama oi, syrly suret túnyp túrghanymen tókpey-shashpay jadyna ústay almaysyn. Qysqasy, "Dubrovskiy " men "Borannyn" Shәkәrim qajy jasaghan nús­qasy haqynda aitylar saliqaly әngime­ning óz kezegin kýtip túrghanynda esh kýmәn joq.

Týpnúsqa men Shәkәrimning "Dubrov­skiyin" әlimiz jetkenshe ózara salystyryp qaraghanymyzda, qazaq aqynynyng atalmysh polotnonyng býkil bitim-bolmysyn meylinshe tolyq shygharugha kýsh salghanyn bayqaymyz. Pushkin qaghazgha týsirgen hikayanyng syrtqy nobayy ghana emes, ishki iyirimderi de, aisbergting su astyndaghy bóligining súlbasy da naqyshyn joghaltpaghan. Keyipkerlerding minez-qúlqyn, olardyng әrqaysysynyng dara­lyq sipattaryn órnekteudegi týpnúsqa av­torynyng qoltanbasy bilimdarlyqpen qosa besaspap suretkerlikpen jýzege asqan. Degenmen Shәkәrimning Pushkin soqpaghynan taban audarmaudy jalang maqsatqa ainaldyr­maghanyn azdy-kópti keybir erkindikterge baru arqyly shygharmanyng júrtshylyqqa týsinik­tirek boluy jaghyn negizgi nysana etkenin atap aituymyz kerek. Múny aldymen eskert­ken Shәkәrimning ózi. Audarmanyng kirispe­sindegi:

Jazbaymyn dәl ózinshe Pushkin sózin,

Qazaqtyng shaghyldyrar nadan kózin.

Ghylymnan kózildirik kiymegen el,

Turalap kóre almas kýnning kózin.

 

Sóitse de kete qoyman shetke basyp,

Aytarmyn alystamay shyn janasyp.

Ánsheyin ertek aityp otyr demey,

Jýrekke tyndaghaysyng aqyldasyp, - degen joldar sonyng dәleli.

Bәrimizge mәlim, zamana syryn jan-jaq­ty әri terennen qamtuda prozanyng mýmkindigi әdebiyetting basqa salalaryna qaraghanda әldeqayda mol. Al poeziyanyng joly óz al­dy­na bólek. Ol prozaday emes, ótken-ket­ken­ning tek eleulilerin terip alady da kezdey­soq­tardy, úsaq-týiekterdi jipke tize bermeydi. Eger M.Áuezov Abaydyng ómir jolyn, ol ómir sýrgen dәuirding keskin-kelbetin ólenmen jyrlasa, bizge epopeyadan tanys talay-talay epizodtar, shtrihtar sahnanyng syrtynda qalyp qoyghan bolar edi. Keyipkerlerding de birsypyrasymen úshyrasu, tildesu mýmkin­digi­nen airylghan bolar edik. Búl aityl­ghan­nyng "Dubrovskiydin" Shәkәrim qajy jasaghan núsqasyna da tikeley qatysy bar.

Pushkinde romannyng sujeti birden: "Nes­koli­ko let tomu nazad v odnom iz svoih po­mestiy jil starinnyy russkiy bariyn, Kirila Petrovich Troekurov" (s.128) dep bastalsa, Shәkәrimning "Dubrovskiyi" 124 joldan túra­tyn prologtan keyin baryp jeli tartady. Push­kiyn­ning oi-órisin, qalam ústau ózgesheligin, aza­mattyq pozisiyasyn tolyq ta tereng zerdeley bil­gen dala aqyny әr dәuirdegi adamnyn, qogham­nyng bolmysyn shola kelip, jeke men je­kenin, jeke men kópting arasyndaghy ýilestikting ne qayshylyqtyng әrqily sebepterge bayla­nys­ty bir qalypta túrmaytynyn tilge tiyek etedi. Býgingi bardyng erteng joq boluynyn, býgingi dostyng erteng jaulasyp shygha keluining әleumettik, psihologiyalyq astaryna ýniluge talpynady. Týptep kelgende búl - romanda aitylatyn oidyng negizgi qazyghyn, iydeyalyq nysanasyn menzeydi:

Jazghan joq Pushkin múny ermek ýshin,

Maqsúty: bizge ghibrat bermek ýshin.

Qiyanatshyl, zorlyqshyl, paraqordyn,

Minezining suretin kórmek ýshin.

Osynday tolghanystan keyin baryp biz jogharydaghy Pushkinning ózinen alynghan joldardyng qazaqshasyn oqimyz:

Jer ainalmay túrmaydy dýnie jay,

Keler, keter adamzat iz qaldyrmay.

Sol ótken kóp zamannyng bir kezinde,

Bolypty Troekurov degen bir bay.

Keltirilgen shumaqtyng bastapqy eki tarmaghy jogharyda Pushkinnen alynghan ýzindide joq, audarmashynyng óz tara­py­nan berilgen prologtaghy aitylatyn oidyng qaytalamasy. Al onyng esesine týpnúsqa­daghy "starinnyy russkiy bariyn" degen aiqyndama qaldyrylyp ketken. Biraq oqyrman romanmen әrmen qaray tanysu barysynda Troekurovtyng ata-babasynan beri ataqty alpauyttar túqymynan eke­ni­ne kóz jetkizedi. Demek búl - qaldy­ry­lyp ketken ol tirkesting orny joqtalmaydy degen sóz.

Pushkindegi Timoshkanyng jaramsaq sózine qatal toytarys beruding ornyna, daraqylana mәz bolghan Troekurovqa Dubrovskiyding qatty renjigeni, sóitip, angha shyghudan osy joly kópe-kórneu bas tartqany, onyng búl "tәrtipsizdigine" ólerdey dolyrghan әperbaqan alpauyttyng dumandy sayrangha ózge ýzengilesterin ertip kete barghany, biraq qyrsyq shalghan­day úzaqty kýn tek bir qoyandy ghana olja­lap, keshke iymeniyesine kónilsiz oralghany bayandalatyn eleuli epizodty Shәkәrimning sol bastapqy ónin joghaltpay jetkizuge erekshe kýsh salghanyn aiqyn kóremiz. Biraq keltirilgen epizodtyng songhy túsy qazaqshasynda azdap ózgertilgen. Yaghni, Kirila Petrovich "na vozvratnom puti, so vsei svoei ohotoi narochno poehal po­lyamy Dubrovskogo" (s.132) degen joldar:

Andreyding eginin taptap-taptap,

Keshke keldi ýiine qayta salyp, - dep tәrjimalanghan. Búl auytquda ýlken mәn bar. Aytalyq, ol kezdegi ólshenip, pishil­gen jәne onysy múqiyat hattalghan meken-jayda tirshilik etken orys júrtynday emes, keng saharagha bytyray qonystanghan kóshpeliler ýshin auyldyng ne jaylaudyng ýstinen salt attylardyng ótip ketetini jan syzdatatyn әreketting qataryna qosyla qoymaydy. Al egindi taptau degen qashanda ýlken qastandyqpen, býlinshilikpen para-par qimyl. Shygharmada órnekteletin tartystyng qanday sebepterden bastau alyp, bara-bara qalay asqynghanyn molyraq anghartu orayynda audarmashy әlgindey erkindikke әdeyi barghan.

Pushkindegi Troekurov pen Dubrovskiyding ara qatynasy bara-bara qatty shiyelenisip, aqyry songhysynyng auyr syrqatqa úshyraghany, tósek tartyp jatyp qalghan onyng manyna qyzmetshilerining batyp jaqynday almaghany, qojayyndy tek Egorovnanyng kýtip-baqqany, sonyng qolynan ghana azdap dәm tatqany bayandalatyn joldardy Shәkәrim meylinshe tartymdy, әri jatyq sóilete bilgen. Tek týpnúsqadaghy: "Ona (Egorovna - Z.J.) smotrela za nim (Dubrovskim - Z.J.), kak za rebenkom, napominala emu o vremeny pishy y sna, kormila ego, ukladyvala spati" (s.139) - degen joldar qazaqshasynda:

Uaqytymen jatqyzar tósek salyp,

Staqanmen shәy berer qolyna alyp.

"Tamaq isher mezgiling boldy ghoy", dep

Nan salady auzyna maygha malyp, - bolyp ózgerip shyqqan. Búl - audarmashynyng jagh­dayat­ty dala oqyrmandaryna tolyghyraq, tolym­dyraq jetkizu niyetinen tughan erkindik. Týp­nús­qagha tiygizer qiyanaty, zalaly joq tolyqtyrma.

Pushkinning qolynan shyqqan núsqadan Troekurov pen Dubrovskiyding tartysqa týsken túsynda songhysynyng jalghyz úly Vladimirding Kadet korpusyn bitirgennen keyin Peterburg­tegi jayau әsker polkinde qyzmet atqaryp jýrgenin oqysaq, audarmada attary atalghan orys Kapulettii men Mantekkiyining ózara soyyldasu kezinde Vladimirding astanadaghy "uniyversiytet degen medresede" dәris alushylardyng biri ekeni aitylady. Búl auytqudyng sebebi ne? Bizding oiymyzsha, romandaghy negizgi ortalyq túlgha­nyng biri - bala Dubrovskiy. Onyng ozyq týr-túrpatyn tolyghyraq jetkizu maqsatynda Shәkә­rim qajy osy tústa da azdap erkindik qajet dep bilgen. Demek, qatardaghy kóp úlannyng qaysy­synan da ýlken bilim ordasynda tәrbiyelenip jýrgen talapker jastyng ensesi biyik, aruaqty, aibyndy dep topshylaghan. Uniyversiytet dep dara atasam, mýmkin keybireuler týsinbey qala ma dep, oghan ýlken-kishining bәrine mәlim medrese atauyn tirkeudi oryndy kórgen.

Pushkinning "Dubrovskiyinde" Egorovna­nyng hatynan birsypyra jaydan habardar bolyp, asyghys ýiine oralyp kele jatqan Vladimirdi Anton jәmshikting "Pesochnoe" stansasynda (audarmada "Qúmdybeket") kýtip alghany, jolda bala Dubrovskiyding әkesining jay-kýiin súraghany, qyzmetshining nendey jauaptar qaytarghany jóninde bir aluan mәlimet bar. Búl epizod Shәkәrimde joq. Múnyng mәnisi, bizdinshe, mynau. Oqyrmandar Troekurovtyng qoldan jasaghan qiyanat-qysymynan kәri Dubrovskiyding dertke úshyrap, qatty nauqastanyp qalghany turaly búrynnan tolyq tanys bolatyn. Eki baydyng ne sebepten arazdasqany shygharmanyng búdan keyingi betterinde tam-túmdap әrtýrli jaghdayattargha oray qaytalanyp otyrylady. Sondyqtan Shәkәrim aldynda aitylyp ótken oqighany júrttyng esine taghy da bir sala ketudi artyq dep sanaghan. Prozada әuel bastaghy belgili epizodtardy belgili bir maqsatpen qayyra janghyrtular jasaugha bola beredi. Al poeziyanyng tabighatyna múnday jomarttyq jarasa qoymaydy. Audarmashy múnda mine, osy ústanymda qalghan siyaqty.

Pushkinde jas Dubrovskiyding jәmshik Antonnan biraz jәitting syryn angharghannan keyin kónil-kýii qúlazyp, kópke deyin ózimen-ózi bolghany qysqasha bayandalsa, qazaq aqyny onyng sol sәtindegi múng men sherge toly ishki әlemin molyraq qamtudy dúrys dep sanaghan. Múny dastannyng boyyndaghy eng bir tartymdy joldar dep bilemiz.

Shal Anton biyshik búlghap bojy qaqty,

Sar jeldi kýrmedegi at, shetki at shapty.

Ótkenin qansha uaqyt payym etpey,

Vladimir tym tereng oy oilapty.

 

At pyr-pyr, arba kýr-kýr,

qonyrau shyldyr,

Tau, aghash keyin qalyp, qaqty búldyr.

Búlardan Vladimir týk sezbeydi,

Áketpes әldeqayda kónil qúrghyr.

 

Týpsiz oi, týpsiz qiyal neshe myndap,

Biri býit, biri sýit dep

túrady ymdap.

Túnghiyq túmandanghan

aldynghy ómir,

Túrghanyn bilip bolmas ne

dayyndap.

 

Qayraydy, keyde yza bop,

jaugha tisin,

Oylaydy keyde rettep, qylmaq isin.

Ashyq kózi júmuly esepti bop,

Kórse de kórmegendey týkting týsin.

 

Osynday úiqyly-oyau bir oy basty,

Qayghy, ýmit, qayrat, yza aralasty.

"Ánekey, "Pokrovskiy" qyshylaq" degen,

Antonnyng dauysymen kózin ashty.

Osy keltirilgen ýzindi audarmashynyng sózben kelisti órnek sala biletin ýzdik talant iyesi, maytalman psiholog ekenin, demek Pushkinning suretkerlik qoltanbasyn jetik týsingenin ainytpay aighaqtaydy. Naghyz óner sayysy osynday bolmaq. Arbagha jegilgen attardyng qaysysynyng qalay jortqany da tәrjimeshining ózining boljamasymen dýniyege kelgen joldar. Tól enbegi.

Pushkinde kәri Dubrovskiyding auyr syr­qat­tan dýnie salghan sәti: "On lejal v kreslah, na kotorye perenes ego Vladimiyr, pervaya ruka ego viysela na polu, polovina opushena byla na grudi - ne bylo uje y priznaka jizny vsem tele, eshe ne ohladelo, no uje obezobrajennom konchinoi" (s.145) degen joldarmen berilse, Shәkәrimde sol kórinis:

Ólmey, óshpey túra ma adam fәni,

Múzgha ainalyp qalypty ystyq tәni.

Basy iyilip ketipti keudesine,

Ashuly ong qolynyng alaqany.

Basyn iymek - taghdyrgha kóndim demek,

"Fәrmәnyna moynymdy berdim", - demek.

Alaqany ashylghan isharaty -

"Nesin aldym, men aqtan óldim" - demek, - degen óleng tarmaqtarymen beynelengen. Shәkәrim qajy týpnúsqadan arnayy auytqy otyryp jer basyp jýrgenderding bәrine qatysty oy týiedi. Kim bolsang ol bol, tirshi­liktegi kórgen jaqsylyq pen jamandyqtyng bәri kóz júmylghan song týgel tәmam. Jighan-tergenning qadyr qasiyetin, bereke-búiyruyn bas aman, den sauda baghalay bil. O dýniyege qora-qora mal aidap, buma-buma aqsha alyp ketken eshkim joq. Eng aqyrghy alar enshing - qol sozym qaranghy quys pen 3-4 arshyn shýberek qana. Osynyng jayynan kәri-jastyng bәri habardar. Biraq júrttyng bәri jer ýstinde jýrgeninde tәnirge baghyp, búiyrghangha shýkirshilik ete qoya ma. Bastyng qúnyna tatitynday nәrse bolsa bir sәri, keyde qotyr eshkining terisine túrmaytyn birdene ýshin janjaldasyp, soyyldasyp jatqany.

Ómirde talay-talay qaqtyghys-tartystyng kuәsi bolghan ghúlama aqynnyng orystyng sonau kezden ózara syrlasyp, syilasyp kelgen eki alpauytynyng ayaq astynan nildey búzylyp, bir-birine kór qazugha deyin barghanyn zerdeleu ýstinde oy túnghiyghyna taghy bir tereng boylaghany kýmәnsiz. Adam tabighatynyng ony men solyn shyndyqta bolghan nemese boluy mýmkin oqighany qisynyn keltire әngimeleu arqyly tarazygha tartyp, zamandastaryn ózara syilastyqqa, meyirimdilikke, birlikke ýndegen, shynayy sezimning qarapayym pendeshilikpen qonsy qona almaytyn shuaqty núryn shyrqata әueletken Pushkinning jay audarushysy ghana emes, ol onyng biregey pikirlesi, әriptesi ekenin dәleldeydi.

Shәkәrim jasaghan núsqada Vladimirding Deforj degen jalghan esimmen Troekurovtyng iymeniyesine alghash múghalimdik qyzmetke kelgen betinde keyingisining kelissóz sonynda oghan mynaday qatang shart qoyghany aitylady:

Bilmeydi fransuzsha baydyng ózi,

Nadannyng tipti topas keler sózi.

Mariyany tilmash qylyp jigitke aitty:

"Jýrmesin qyzymda bop eki kózi".

Atalmysh detali Pushkinde búdan biraz ózge. Onda Troekurovtyng "fransuzgha" basty mindeti Sashany jaqsylap oqytyp, tәrbiyeleu ekenin, qyzmetshi qyz-kelinshekterge kóz salmauyn, eger osy orayda kinәsi sezile qalsa, itting kýshigi qúsatyp quyp jiberetinin eskertedi. Búl aradaghy әngimege Mariya Kirilovnanyng qatysy joq. Al Shәkәrim osynyng bәrin bile, úgha túra janaghyday auytqugha nege barghan? Onyng mәni, bizdinshe, oqyrmandardyng býkil nazaryn Mariya Kirilovnadan ózgege búrmau maqsatynan tughan. Týpnúsqanyng bastapqy betterining bir jerinde "Pokrovskoe" qystaghynyng qyzmetshi qyz-kelinshekke toly ekeni, onyng keybireuleri Troekurovtyng rúqsatymen túrmysqa shygha qalsa, orny jas biykeshtermen tolyqtyrylyp otyrylatyny, atalmysh meken-jayda qojayynnyng ózinen ainymaytyn, biraq resmy әkesi belgisiz sәbiylerding kórgen kýni, hal-jaghdayy turaly qysqasha mәlimetter bar-tyn. Múny audarmashy qajetsiz dep eseptep, qaldyryp ketken. Óitkeni kýndelikti ómirdegi úsaq-týiekti prozanyng qamtugha mýmkindigi kótergenimen, poeziyanyng tabighatyna jinaqylyq, az sózdilik qana jarasady. Aldynda keregi joq dep tanylghan detalidy birazdan song sheginis jasau arqyly sujetke engizgen jaghdayda, basqa týk te emes, bir býiir qysyr keneske oryn berilgen bolar edi. Sondyqtan qazaq aqyny júrtshylyqtyng yqylasyn әuel bastan jaqsy tanys Mariya Kirilovnadan basqa jaqqa audarmaudy dúrys sanaghan da, azdy-kópti әlgindey iyip-býguge barghan. Bizding oiymyzsha, búdan útpasa útylmaghan. Búl - bir. Ekinshiden, mol baylyqtyng arqasynda kerdendey basyp, kesirlene sóileudi әdetke ainaldyrghan daraqy baydy ózining tughan jalghyz qyzynyng kózinshe solay beypil sóiletu arqyly júrtshylyqty jaqsylyq pen jamandyqtyng ne ekeni turaly taghy bir ret shyndap pikir týngge shaqyrady. Troekurov tәrizdi jandarmen qanday qarym-qatynas ústaghan dúrys? Osy saualdyng layyqty da tiyimdi jauabyn oilastyrugha jeteleydi.

Vladimir Dubrovskiy bastaghan kekshilderding ýlken jolmen әrli-berli ótken jýrginshilerdi tonap, zәbirleui kýsheygen tústyng birinde Anton Pafnutiich esimdi chinovnikting Troekurovtyng ýiine kelgeni, onyng qauipsiz degen jobamen týnde Deforjdyng bólmesinde tynystaghany, biraq bishara jannyng kóilegining ishine jasyryp jýrgen mol qazynasynan qalay aiyrylyp qalghany Pushkinde: "On (Pafnutiich. - Z.J.) chuvstvoval skvozi son, chto kto-to tihoniko dergal ego za vorot rubashki. Anton Pafnutiich otkryl glaza y pry lunnom svete u osennego utra uviydel pered soboiy Deforja; fransuz v odnoy ruke derjal karmannyy pistolet, drugoi otstegival zavetnui summu" (s.167) degen joldarmen berilse, Shәkәrimde ol kórinis:

Kózin ashsa shoshynyp bir mezgilde -

Fransuz keudesine mingen mýlde.

Bir qolynda altyatar aqshany alghan,

Qoryqqannan bay aitty: "Taqsyr búl ne?" - degen óleng tarmaqtarymen kestelengen. Osy keltirilgen ýzindilerdi ózara salystyryp qarasaq, olardyng ara-qatynasynda birsypyra alshaqtyqtyng bar ekeni bayqalary sózsiz. Týpnúsqada kýzgi tannyng tәtti úiqysyna qannen qapersiz balbyray berilgen Pavnutiichting aqshagha toly dorbasynan qalay aiyrylghany qarapayym bayandalsa, qazaq klassiygi onyng múqiyat jasyrghan qazynasyn aiqysh-úiqysh qyzu aiqastyng nәtiyjesinde amalsyzdan aldyrghanyn aitady. Audarmashynyng payymdauynsha, dala oqyrmandary ýshin songhy kórinisting boyau naqyshy әserlileu. Biz de osy tújyrymgha qol qoyamyz. Ayta ketu kerek, búl da jogharyda keltirilgen mysaldar siyaqty úly danyshpangha jasalghan orynsyz bazynalyq, nemese basa-kókteu emes, ómiri, salt-dәstýri ózgeleu halyqtyng psihologiyasyn múqiyat eskeruden, shygharmanyng meylinshe jyly, shynayy qabyldanuyn oilastyrghandyqtan tughan tvorchestvolyq erkindik.

Taghy bir salystyrma. Zer sala qarasaq, Mariya Kirilovna men Dubrovskiyding eng songhy jolyghuy surettelgen epizod eki avtorda týp-týgel birdey shyqpaghan. Jat adamnyng tútqynynan qútqarghaly kelip túrghanyn bildirgen Vladimirge qyz ol kýtpegen, mýlde tosyn jaghdaydy habarlaydy. Yaghni, keyingi kýnderding oqighalaryna oray búrynghy bergen uәdeden tayghanyn, sharighat zanyn búza almaytynyn, nekelesken adamymen túrmys qúrugha bel bughanyn, qoyar aqyrghy ótinishi - qasyndaghy jol serikterin qiyanat-zalalsyz jónderine bosatyp jiberui ekenin aitady. Pushkinde Vladimirding múny estigendegi kónil-kýii bylaysha surettelgen: "On (Dubrovskiy. - Z.J.) upal u kolesa, razboyniky okrujily ego. On uspel skazati im neskoliko slov, ony posadily ego verhom, dvoe iz nih ego podderjivali, tretiy vzyal loshadi pod uzdsy, y vse poehaly v storonu, ostavil karetu posredy dorogi, ludey svyazannyh, loshadey otpryajennyh, no ne razgrabya nichego y ne proliv ny edinnoy kaply krovy v otomshenie za krovi svoego atamana" (s.192). Al ortalyq túlghalardyng mәngilikke qoshtasar sәti Shәkәrimde:

Túrdy da Vladimir an-tang qalyp,

Estimey sóz ayaghyn ketti talyp.

Qansyrap jarasynan taldy ghoy dep

Áketti joldastary sýirep alyp.

 

"Qosh" - dedi biraz ghana esin jiyp,

Auyzdan aiyrylarda bir-aq sýiip.

Qarasy ýzilgenshe qarap túryp,

Ah, dedi Mariya taldy janyp, kýiip, - degen shumaqtarmen bergen. Búl keltirilgen ýzindiler arasyndaghy aiyrmashylyqtyng mәni nede? Audarmashy eki jastyng bir-birin qatesiz tanyp, qúlay únatqanyn, olardyng qashan da, qayda jýrse de sol ardaqty, aruaqty sezimge qylau jolatpaytynyn, negizinen tabighaty qatal, kesek әreketting iyesi Vladimirding mýmkindikteri bola túra ata jauy Troekurovqa, sonday-aq dýniyedegi qimasyn jýreginen suyryp alyp bara jatqan Vereyskiyge eshbir qiyanat jasamauyna mahabbattyng qúdireti sebepker degen úghymdy oqyrmandardyng zerdesine terenirek siniru maqsatynda taghy bir eptegen erkindikke barghan ba deymiz. Romannyng qazaqsha núsqasynyn:

Zalym kim, paraqor kim, jazyqsyz kim,

Qaysysy aq jýrekti, qaysysy súm?

Kekti kim, kekti jenip keshirgen kim?

Bilding be kýshti ekenin mahabbattyn? - degen ritorikalyq súraqtarmen ayaqtaluy sol aitylghan oigha jeteleydi.

Biz búl maqalada Shәkәrimning "Dubrov­skiydi" ana tilimizde sóiletu isin qolgha alghanda nendey maqsat-mindet qoyghany jәne onyng jýzege qalay asqany turaly óz oiymyzdy bildirgen boldyq. Týigen-týisingenderimizdi naqty mysaldarmen dәleldeuge tyrystyq.

 

Tatiyananyng taghdyry

 

Serik PIRNAZAR.

"Evgeniy Onegiyn" shygharmasy­nyng negizgi bóligi ýshin úly aqyn jeti jylyn sarp etip, qosymsha sha­ghyn tarauymen qosqanda segiz jyldy sarqyltyp baryp, tolyghymen jazyp bitirgenin zertteushiler jaqsy biledi. Romannyng әdepki núsqasyn 1823 jyldyng mamyr aiynda Kishiynevte jýrgen kezinde qaghazgha týsirgen aqyn tuyndynyng songhy siyasyna 1830 jyly Boldinonyng atyshuly sary altyn kýzinde kezek berdi. Búl A.S.Pushkin ýshin onsha az kezeng bola qoyghan joq. Osy merzim ara­lyghynda ol bozbala shaqtan ótip, jan-jaqty qalyptasqan eresek adamgha ainalyp ýlgerdi. Búl shaqta erkin­dikke qol búlghaytyn otty ólenderi men dekabristerge birtaban ýiirsek­tigine oray Aleksandr Birinshi pat­sha­nyng pәrmenimen ontýstikte ótkizgen alty jyldyq jer aidauy artta qaldy. Osy kitapty tәmamdap shyq­qasyn ol bolashaq jarymen taghdyryn qosty. Al, búghan deyin taghy eki jyly Mihaylovskoe mekeninde qughynda ótken Aleksandr Sergeevich 1830 jyly әueli Mәskeuge bir­qa­tar ua­qyt­qa ayal­dap, sodan keyin Peterburgke oralady. Sóitip, tuyndyny Peter­burg týbindegi seloda ayaqtaydy. Jalpy, aqynnyng ózi romannyng jazylu merzimin kitap sonyna "1823-1831 jyldar" dep kórsetken eken. Shamasy, songhy onynshy tarauynyng jazylyp bitu merzimin eske alyp, ol osynday tanba qaldyrghan sekildi.

A.S.Pushkin romanyna basty qaharmandar retinde alynghan qyz ben jigitting ómirde bolghan kisiler ekenin, sirә, býginde ekining biri bile bermese kerek. Shynynda shygharmadaghy Tatiyana Larina men Evgeniy Oneginning tirlikte naqty prototipteri bolghan. Aqyn sonau Dnestr boyynda qol­jaz­bany alghash bastaghanynda, qyzdyng atyn onyng ómirdegi shynayy esimimen birdey etip alyp, qaghazdyng betine "Natasha" dep týsirgen kórinedi. Biraq, keyin kele ol búl attan ada-kýde ainyp, ony Tatiyana dep ózger­tedi. Bizdinshe, múnyng birneshe sebebi bolghan siyaqty. Birinshiden, ol aidau­dan oralghan boyy ózining qalyndyghy, dvoryan qyzy, mәskeulik sylqym Nataliya Goncharovanyng atyn roman keyipkerimen shatastyrghysy kelmese kerek. Ekinshiden, shygharmagha pro­totip etip alynghan basqa boyjetken Nataliyany úyatqa qaldyrugha jazu­shynyng әdeptiligi jibermegen siyaqty. Búl Natasha da  - dvoryan qyzy. Tarihy mәlimetter romandaghy Tatiyananyng ómirdegi Nataliya Apuhtina ekenin dәl bayqatady.

Shygharmanyng oqighasy órbigen tústarda Kostroma guberniyasyndaghy Otrada iymeniyesining iyesi Dmitriy Apuhtin degen dvoryannyng bolghany anyq eken. Onyng qyzy Natashanyng basynan ótken jaghday romannyng jelisine qatty úqsaytyn synayly. Jelkildep ósip kele jatqan әdemi qyz Peterburgten kelip, Kostromada qyzmet atqarghan bir jas jigitke ólerdey ghashyq bolady.

Abaydyng tәrjimesine jýginsek, "Tәniri qosqan jar eding sen, jar ete almay ketip en, ol kezimde bala edim men, ayamasqa bekip em" dep bastala­tyn shumaq Natashanyng sol tústaghy keudesining dýrsili men jýrekjardy syryn dóp basatynyn bayqaugha bolady. Osy ólenning tórtinshi taghanynda Tatiyananyn: "Sen jaraly jolbarys en, men kiyikting laghy em, tiri qaldym ólmey әren, qatty batty tyrnaghyn" degen jyr joldary da, búdan arghy jaghdaygha qanyqtyratyn: "Sen shoshyndyng ghashyghynnan, ózge júrttan qamshy jep, men de sorly nәsibimnen, jatqa tiydim alshy dep" degen qatarlar da Apuhtina ýshin bóten emes edi. Ómirde rasynda da peterburgtik jigit Natashanyng nәzik sezimin qabylday qoymapty.

Arada birshama uaqyt ótkesin ómirdegi Nataliya sheshesining kóndirui­men ózinen biraz jas ýlken general M.Fonvizinge túrmysqa shyghady. Kitaptaghy Tatiyana Larina tәrizdi ol da búl kez әli ózining baqytsyzdyghyn bastan ótkerip kórgen joq edi. Biraq, búdan qashyp qútyla almaydy. Ózine-ózi: "Men basqagha berilgenmin, soghan endi bolam adal" dep ýkim shygharghan sәtten-aq onyng taghdyry sheshilip qoyylghan edi.

Al bizding general M.Fonvizin dep otyrghanymyz - orystyng XVIII ghasyrdaghy belgili jazushysy, bay dvoryan Denis Fonvizinning (1745-1792) inisining balasy. Onyng Apuhtinderding Kostroma týbindegi Otrada iymeniyesine HIH ghasyrdyng 20-shy jyldarynyng basynda baryp qaytqany da tarihy dәleldengen.

Shynynda general ózining әieli­nen tura 17 jastay ýlken bol­ghan. Atap aitqanda, Mihail Aleksan­dro­vich 1788 jyly tughan bolsa, Nataliya Apuhtina 1805 jyly dýniyege kelgen. "Ýlken sovet ensiklopediyasy" M.A.Fonvizin jayly búdan әri my­nanday maghlúmat beredi: "...dekabrist, gen.-mayor... 1816 j. kýzde dekabriys­tik birinshi "Qútqaru odaghy" úiymy­na kirgen. 1818-den "Bereke odaghy­nyn" mәskeulik basqarmasynyng jetek­shilerining biri boldy, dekabriys­terding Soltýstik qoghamynyng baghdar­la­masy men jarghysyn talqylaugha belsene qatysty". (BSE., Tretie izd.  tom 27. Moskva, 1977, str.522). Búl jerde bizdi onyng dekabrist bolghany qyzyqtyrady. Biraq, ol 1822 jyldan bastap, qúpiya úiymnyng júmysyna belsene atsalysudan bas tarta bastaydy. Soghan qaramastan, 1825 jylghy 14 jeltoqsanda Senat alanynda ótken dekabrister kóterilisine aralasady. Sol kezde taqqa jana otyrghan Nikolay Birinshi artynsha dekabristerdi ayausyz basyp-janshyp, jazalaghan edi. Sol jazalanushylardyng qataryna Mihail Aleksandrovich te iligedi.

Bizding roman keyipkerlerining biri osy Mihail Fonvizin eken­digine endigi dәlelimiz  - Alek­sandr Pushkinning sol kezendegi ómirining dekabristermen tyghyz baylanysta bolghandyghy, sol ýshin onyng birneshe jyldy elding týs­ti­ginde aidauda ótkizip qaytuy. Son­dyqtan dekabrister qozghalysynyng bastapqy shaghynda qaghaz jýzinde qolgha alynghan shygharmada osynau tarihy oqighalar qamtylmay qalmady.

"Evgeniy Oneginnin" birinshi tarauynda: "Volshebnyy kray! tam v starye gody, satiry smelyy vlasteliyn, blistal Fonviziyn, drug svobody" (A.S.Pushkiyn., Sochiyneniya v treh tomah. Tom vtoroy, Moskva, 1986, str.192) dep bastalatyn shumaq bar. Osy "erkindikting dosy" - dekabrist Fonvizinning ózi emes pe eken? Qalay degende de ony jazushy D.Fonvizinmen eshbir shatas­tyru­gha bolmaydy. Óitkeni, birinshiden, búl kezde ol әldeqashan baqilyq bolyp ketken, ekinshiden, bay dvoryan otbasynan shyqqan onyng oiyna "erkindikting dosy" bolu tipti kelmegen. Olay bolsa, romanda bir ret aty atalyp ótetin keyipker  Fonvizinning ómirdegi general Fonvizin ekeni endi esh kýmәn tudyrmaydy.

Romandaghy Larina men onyng kýieui knyazi N.N.-ning ómirdegi Apu­htina men Fonvizinge úqsay­ty­nyna taghy bir dәlel, songhy ekeui, tura kitaptaghyday, ýlken ki­si­­lerding aralasuymen qosyl­ghasyn, qol ústasyp, Peterburgke keledi. Mún­daghy Nataliya Dmiy­triyev­na da ózining inabattyly­ghymen, bilimdi­ligi­men (esterinizde me, Tatiyanany aqyn alghash suret­tegende ony "Ona po-rusky ploho znala, jurnalov nashih ne chitala, y vyrajalasya s tru­dom na yazyke svoem rodnom, itak pisala po-fransuzski" (Ukaz. kn. str.234) dep tanys­ty­ra­dy ghoy), mol para­satymen hәm qo­naqjaylyghymen ziyaly qauymnyng zor syi-qúrmetine bólenedi. "Uezdik biy­kesh" osylaysha astana­nyng joghary qauymy ortasynda ózining layyqty ornyn tabady. Biraq, búl rahat tirlikting ghúmyry kelte bolyp shyqty. 1826 jyly shildening 25-inde qaharynan qan tamghan Niko­lay Birinshi patsha dekabrister kóterilisining eng negizgi úiytqysy sanalghan 25 ofiyserdi dargha asu arqyly ólim jazasyna kesu turaly ýkim shygharyp, taghy qanshama ozyq oily azamattardy týrli merzimge aidaugha jóneltedi. Osynyng keyingi legi qatarynan ta­bylghan M.Fon­viy­zin Zabaykaliege 8 jylgha aidaugha jiberilip, sodan qalghan songhy ghú­myryn Sibirde ótkizuge jaza­la­nady. (Zamaleev A.F., "M.A.Fon­viy­ziyn"., 1976, Moskva, str.110). Sol tústaghy dekabrister әielderining ýlgisin qaytalaghan Nataliya Fon­vizina da Baykal kólining arghy jaghyna jer audarylghan kýieuining sonynan ketip, onyng aidaudaghy tirshiligin úzaq jyldar birge bólisedi.

Úly aqyn romanynyng keyip­kerleri bolghan búl ekeuding birge túrghan býkil ómirleri osy aidauda ótti dese bolghanday. Búrynghy general-mayor M.Fonvizin patsha ýkimetining rúqsatymen 1853 jyly tughan jerge әielimen birge oralady. Osynda, Mәskeu týbindegi ózi tughan Mariino selosyna orna­la­syp, estelik, sayasat tarihy men filosofiya jayynda traktattar jazady. Aydauda jýrgende auru tauyp qaytqan ol kóp úzamay, yaghny 1854 jyly 66 jasynda dýniyeden ótedi. Al, oghan qosylghanda bar-joghy 19 jasta bolghan, 21 jasynda onymen katorgagha ilesip barghan Nataliya Dmitriyevna arada 15 jyl ótken son, jasy 64-ke qaraghan shaghynda baqilyq sapargha attanyp ketedi. Bylaysha qaraghanda, ómir­den esh qyzyq kórmegen, eren rahat kesher uaqyttaryn japan týzde ótkergen búl ekeuding sonynda eskertkishting belgisi retinde sol ataqty roman qalypty.

Ras, Aleksandr Sergeevichting әigili shygharmasyndaghy belgili keyipkerlerding prototiypine tala­sushy boyjetkender sol zamandary tipti de az bolmaghan. Búghan basty sebep, aqynnyng júrt arasynda sol uaqyttary jii kezdesetin oqighany taqyryp etip alghandyghynda shy­ghar. Degenmen, fabulasynyng órbu ereksheligi men qaharman­darynyng ózara ýilesui jaghynan biz әngime­le­gen dvoryan qyzy Nataliya Dmiy­triyev­na Apuhtina senimdirek kóri­nedi. Múnday tújyrymdy push­kiyn­tanushy kóptegen zertteu­shi-gha­lymdar da aityp otyr. Biz tek sol oi­lardy jalghastyryp qana bayqadyq.

Qyzylorda.

«Egemen Qazaqstan», 2006-06-28