1917 jylghy Qazan tónkerisi, úrandap kelgen sosialistik iydeya qazaq hal¬qyna bostandyq ornyna qayghy men qasiret әkeldi. Kenes Odaghynyng miyl¬liondaghan halqy siyaqty bizder de totalitarlyq jýiening qyspaghyna úshyradyq. 1918 jylghy Azamat soghysyndaghy qyrghyn, 20-shy jyldardyng ba¬syndaghy asharshylyq, jappay újymdastyru kezindegi úrda-jyq sayasat qazaq halqyn túralatyp tastady. Osy zobalannyng zardabynan 3 mln.-gha juyq adamymyzdan airyldyq. Osylay es jiyp, etek jinaugha mýmkindik ber¬megen totalitarlyq óktem sayasattyng shoqpary taghy da qazaq dalasyna tóndi. 30-jyldardyng basynda respublika qarapayym halyqqa qyrghiday tiyip, adam taghdyryn tәlkekke salghan GULAG jýie¬sining bir aima¬ghy¬na ainaldy.

Tilegen SADYQOV, L.N.Gumiylev atyndaghy Euraziya últtyq uniyversiyteti Qazaqstan tarihy kafedrasynyng mengerushisi, tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor.

1917 jylghy Qazan tónkerisi, úrandap kelgen sosialistik iydeya qazaq hal¬qyna bostandyq ornyna qayghy men qasiret әkeldi. Kenes Odaghynyng miyl¬liondaghan halqy siyaqty bizder de totalitarlyq jýiening qyspaghyna úshyradyq. 1918 jylghy Azamat soghysyndaghy qyrghyn, 20-shy jyldardyng ba¬syndaghy asharshylyq, jappay újymdastyru kezindegi úrda-jyq sayasat qazaq halqyn túralatyp tastady. Osy zobalannyng zardabynan 3 mln.-gha juyq adamymyzdan airyldyq. Osylay es jiyp, etek jinaugha mýmkindik ber¬megen totalitarlyq óktem sayasattyng shoqpary taghy da qazaq dalasyna tóndi. 30-jyldardyng basynda respublika qarapayym halyqqa qyrghiday tiyip, adam taghdyryn tәlkekke salghan GULAG jýie¬sining bir aima¬ghy¬na ainaldy.

Tilegen SADYQOV, L.N.Gumiylev atyndaghy Euraziya últtyq uniyversiyteti Qazaqstan tarihy kafedrasynyng mengerushisi, tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor.
Múraghat qújattaryna sýiensek, Qazaqstan jerinde 1930 jyldan 1950 jyl¬dardyng ayaghyna deyin OGPU-NKVD jýiesine baghynyshty 60-tan astam lageriler jәne olardyng bólimsheleri or¬nalasyp, myndaghan adamnyng taghdy¬ryn tozaq otyna salghan eken. Al endi osyn¬shama tarmaqtalghan lageriler jýiening orasan ýlken territoriyany qamtyp, “memleket ishindegi memleket mәrtebesinde ómir” sýrgenin eskersek, ata-qonysynan shetqaqpay bolghan qazaq halqynyng qily taghdyryn kóz aldy¬myz¬gha elestetu qiyn emes. Mysaly, Or¬talyq Qazaqstanda ornalasqan ataqty KarLAG 1 mln. 780 myng gektar jerge ornalasyp, Qaraghandy oblysynyng ýsh audanyn qamtyp, ondaghy qolynda 120 mynday maly bar 22 myng halyqty atamekeninen yghystyryp shyghardy.
Qylyshyn suyryp, qaharyn tógip kelgen totalitarlyq sayasattyng tól tuyndysy GULAG jýiesi bir kýnde, kenetten ornay salghan joq. Tarih betine kóz jibersek, qatygez sayasattyng irge¬ta¬sy bolishevikterding biylikke kelgen alghashqy kezeninen-aq qalanghan eken. Kenes ýkimetining alghashqy resmy qújat¬tarynyng biri – 1917 jyldyng 5 qara¬shasynda V.IY.Lenin qol qoyghan “Ha¬lyq¬qa ýndeuinde” “...Halyq isine ziyanyn tiygizetinderding barlyghyn revolusiyalyq sotqa beru turaly” núsqau berilipti. Onyng arty 1918 jyly VChK jýiesine úlasqany belgili.
Áriyne, kenes ókimetine qarsy adam¬dardy qudalau, olardy qatang jazagha tartu sol kezde býkil bolisheviktik Re¬seydi qamtyghan azamat soghysymen, biylik ýshin kýresting qataldyghymen obektiyv¬tik qajettilik retinde týsindiriluge ty¬rys¬ty. Alayda, búl qughyn-sýrgin azamat soghysy ayaqtalyp, bolisheviktik biylik mýldem ornyqqannan keyin de jalghasty.
1920 jyly Germaniyada ótken tәuelsiz sosial-demokratiyalyq partiya¬nyng sezinde menishevikter partiya¬sy¬nyng kósemderining biri Yu.Martov bolishevikterdi jappay terrordy sayasy qaru retinde qoldanghandaryn aiyptay kelip, olardyng sayasy qarsylastarynyng otbasylarynyng ósh alu qúralyna ai¬na¬lyp, jazyqsyz atylyp ketkeni turaly ashyna aitty.
Azamat soghysynyng aibyndy batyr¬larynyng biri, Kenes Odaghynyng túnghysh marshaldarynyng ishinde shoqtyghy biyik túratyn M.N.Tuhachevskiy 20-shy jyl¬dary Tambov guberniyasyndaghy kóteri¬lis¬ke qatysqandardy ghana emes, olardyng otbasy mýshelerin de qyrghyngha úshy¬rat¬ty. Kronshtadt býligin basu kezinde de osy qolbasshy basqarghan әskerler óte qatygezdik kórsetti. Al, sol M.N.Tuha¬chev¬skiyding ózin de totalitarlyq jýie qútqarghan joq: ózi, zayyby, sheshesi, jaqyn eki qaryndastarynyng bәri 30-shy jyldardyng ayaghynda qughyngha úshyrap, qúrban boldy.
Kenes ókimetine qatang qughyndau sayasatyn jýrgizu ýshin ony jýzege asy¬ratyn jazalaushy úiymdardy jetildiru qajettigi tuyndady. 1922 jyldyng 6 aq¬panynda Býkilreseylik tótenshe ko¬miys¬siyasynyng (VChK) ornyna Memlekettik sayasy basqarma (GPU), al, 1923 jyldyng 2 qarashasynda KSRO Ortalyq Atqaru Ko¬miytetining sheshimimen Birikken mem¬le¬kettik sayasy Basqarma (OGPU) qúryldy.
1924 jyldyng 28 nauryzynda OGPU janynan qúrylghan Erekshe kenes (OSO) sotsyz, jazyqsyz, qudalaudyng basty úiymyna ainaldy. Bekitilgen ereje boy¬ynsha jer audaru, týrmege jabu tura¬ly sheshimdi Erekshe kenesting ýsh mýshesi (ýshtik) qabyldaugha qúqyly boldy.
1926 jyly qabyldanghan RSFSR-dyng Qylmystyq ister kodeksinde ataq¬ty 18 tarmaqshasy bar 58-shi bap en¬gizildi. Oghan ilikken jandar “kontr¬revolusiyalyq qylmystary” ýshin 12 jaghdayda ólim jazasyna búiyryldy.
1953 jyldyng sonynda KOKP Ortalyq Komiytetining hatshysy N.S. Hrushevtyng atyna KSRO Ishki ister ministri S.N.Kruglov, Bas prokuror R.A.Rudenko qol qoyghan anyqtamada Erekshe kenes (OSO) ózi qyzmet jasaghan 1934-1953 jyldar aralyghynda 442 531 adamdy sottaghandyghy, onyng ishinde 10 101 adam ólim jazasyna kesilgendigi aitylghan. N.S.Hrushevtyng ai¬tuyn¬sha: “Par¬tiyanyng HH sezinen keyin qú¬ryl¬¬ghan komissiya Ejov¬tyng Molotovqa jazghan ha¬ty¬men tanysqan. Onda Mәs¬keuden jer auda¬ry¬lu¬gha tiyisti “halyq jau¬larynyng әielderining tizimi berilgen. Molotov oghan “atylsyn” degen búryshtama jazyp bergen. Olar, shynynda keyinnen atyldy. Tipti NKVD-ning moyyndauyn¬sha olardy atugha eshqanday negiz bolmady, yaghny búl beybaqtardyng jazyqsyz ekendigine eshqanday kýmәn joq edi” dep eske aldy.
Mine, osylay birtindep qanatyn jay¬yp, tarmaqtalyp kelgen jazalau jýiesi 1930 jyldyng 25 sәuirinde bir ortalyqqa baghynghan basqarushy úiymgha, yaghny lageriler jýiesining Bas basqar¬masyna (GULAG OGPU) birikti. Osy jyly qúryl¬ghan alghashqy jeti lagerilik ai¬maqtyng bireui Qazaqstan boldy. GULAG jýiesi ornalasugha tiyisti KSRO-nyng 25 obly¬synyng 7 oblysy Qazaq¬stan¬nyng (Aqtóbe, Atyrau, Batys Qazaq¬stan, Qostanay, Qaraghandy, Qyzylorda, Ontýstik Qazaqstan oblystary) ýlesine tiydi.
KSRO basshylarynyng GULAG jýiesining ýlken bir tarmaghyn Qazaqstan jerinde úiymdastyrugha tyrysuynyng ýlken bir mәni boldy. Qazaq dalasynyng qoynauy toly qazynasyn, jer betindegi baylyghyn tez arada iygeru mindeti eko¬nomikalyq qana emes, ýlken sayasi- strategiyalyq maqsat bolyp eseptelindi. Mysaly, Býkilodaqtyq Halyq sharua¬shy¬lyghy Kenesi (VSNH) tóraghasynyng orynbasary G.L.Pyatakov: “Búl aimaqta (Qazaqstandy aitqany – T.S.) tek tau-ken óndirisin ghana emes, auyl sharua¬shylyghyn damytudyng da ýlken keleshegi bar”, degen bolatyn. Al Qazaqstannyng mol baylyghyn iygeru ýshin orasan zor júmys kýshi kerek edi. Sondyqtan da GULAG jýiesining toryna týsken myndaghan tútqyndardyng tegin júmys kýshin paydalanu óte útymdy sayasat retinde qabyldandy. Tútqyndardyng eriksiz enbegin paydalanudyng qajettigin teoriyalyq jaghynan “negizdegen” F.E.Dzer¬jinskiy boldy. Onyn: “Respub¬lika qylmyskerlerge mýsirkep qaray almaydy jәne olargha kóp qarjy bóle almaydy. Olar óz enbegimen ózderi¬ne qajetti shyghyndy jabuy kerek, olar¬dy jolsyz, elsiz mekenderge qo¬nystandyru kerek”, degen sózderi GULAG jýiesin qúrudyng negizgi prinsiypi boldy. Búl kózqaras tolyqtay Qazaqstan jerinde de jýzege asyryldy.
Qazaqstanda qúrylghan lagerilerding ózindik tarihy bar. Qayghy men qasiretke toly myndaghan adamdardyng taghdyryn tәlkek etken tamúq oshaqtarynyng әli de ashylmaghan syry, anyqtalmaghan derek¬teri jetkilikti. Degenmen, býgin de anyq¬talghan qújattar men keybir zertteulerge kóz jýgirte otyryp, sol tarihtyng key¬bir betterine nazar audarudy jón kórdik.
Mysaly, 1931 jyldyng 17 qyr¬kýieginde Birikken memlekettik sayasy basqarmanyng búiryghymen qúrylghan KarLAG-tyng tarihyna kóz jibersek, lageriding aldynda qoyylghan basty min¬det retinde “Sherubay-Núra jәne Sarysu ózenderining arasyndaghy territoriyany iygeru jәne osy jerde sosialistik ýlgili sharuashylyqty” qúru tapsyrylghan. Úly Otan soghysynyng sonyna qaray tútqyndarynyng sany 40 mynnan asqan búl lageriding iri sharua¬shylyq orny bolghany ras. 1950 jyldyng basynda KarLAG-tyng әkimshilik-óndiris jýiesinde 22 lagerilik óndiris bólimsheleri, 283 eldi meken, 148 óndiris uchaskeleri, 168 mal fermasy boldy. Tek sharuashylyq ornalasqan jer kólemi 20 800 sharshy shaqyrymdy qúrady. Mine, osynday kýrdeli sharuashylyq ósimdi de molynan berdi. Mәselen, tek soghys jyldary ghana lageri sharuashylyghynan 7 mln. 800 myng pút astyq, 4 mln. 600 myng pút kartop ónimderi jinaldy, astyq ónimderining 16 jana týri shy¬gharyldy. Ókinishke qaray, búl jetistik sol kezdegi sayasy nasihatta aitylghanday “halyqtyng eren enbeginin” arqasynda emes, temir tordyng ar jaghynda toryq¬qan jazyqsyz jandardyng eriksiz enbegining nәtiyjesi edi. Olay deytinimiz-múraghat derekterinde kórsetilgendey, tútqyndardyng tek 10%-y ghana naghyz qylmyskerler edi de, negizgi qúram 58-baptyng әrtýrli tarmaqtarymen sottal¬ghan “halyq jau¬lary” bol¬dy. Lageri sharuashy¬ly¬ghynyng nәtiyjeli boluynyng sebebi de osynda: tútqyndardyng basym kópshiligi naghyz enbekshi halyq pen auyl sharua¬shylyghynyng bilikti mamandary-tyn.
KarLAG-ta tútqynda ataqty selek¬sioner, keyin eki mәrte Sosialistik Enbek Eri ataghyn alghan V.Pustovoyt boldy. Iri qaranyng jana túqymyn shy¬gharugha úsynys berip, ýlesin qosqany ýshin A.Lapina degen tútqyn L.Beriya¬nyng úsynysymen Stalindik syilyqpen marapattaldy, alayda tútqynnan bosa¬tylmady.
Tútqynda bolghan adamdardyng basym kópshiligi jazyqsyz jandar ekendigine dәlel retinde Ishki ister organdarynyng mú¬raghatynda jasyryn saqtalghan StepLAG-ta bolghan ataqty Kengir kóte¬rilisi basshylardyng biri Kapiton Iva¬novich Kuznesovtyng balasyna jazghan hatyndaghy myna bir joldargha nazar audarayyq: “Senderge bizdi (balasyna aitqany – T.S.) qoghamgha, memleketke asa qauipti jau dep kórsetedi. Oghan senbender. Shynynda biz kimbiz? Bizding aramyzda otyrghandar: professorlar, injenerler men tehnikter, múghalimder, dәrigerler, agronomdar, generaldar men ofiyserler, soldattar, nashar túrmysy nemese qúdaygha sengeni ýshin jazyqty bolghan qarapayym júmysshylar men kolhozshylar, әielder, jasóspirim jigitter men olardyng qalyndyqtary, eng súmdyghy — shahtalar men karierlerde, dalada, qamauda ýnsiz kóz júmyp, búl dý¬niyeden ketip jatqan qarttar, mýge¬dek¬ter men balaly әielder. Aynalanyng bә¬rinde tútqyndardyng qany sorghalauda”, – dep jazdy. Onyng balasyna “sening әkeng kinәli bolghany ýshin otyrghan joq, jazyqsyz otyrghany ýshin kinәli” degen sózi osy jaghdaygha alyp kelgen zúlym sayasattyng ashy shyndyghyn ashyp kórsetkendey bolady.
1934 jyldyng 24 shildesinde 58-shi bapqa tolyqtyru engizilip, “Otanyn satqandardyng otbasy mýsheleri” (ChSIYR) degen aidarmen aiypty bolghan otbasy mýsheleri jappay qamaugha alyna bas¬tady. Olargha arnap, arnayy lageriler qúryldy. Solardyng biri – qazirgi elordamyzdyng irgesinde ornalasqan, tarihta ALJIR (Akmolinskiy lageri jon izmennikov rodiny) degen atpen belgili bolghan lageri edi. 1937 jyldyng 3 jeltoqsanynda KSRO Ishki ister Halyq Komissariatynyng №758 búiryghymen ashylghan múnda 1938-1946 jyldary 4482 әiel tútqynda bolghan eken. Osynau tozaq otynda qughyngha úshyraghan KSRO-nyng kórnekti partiya, memleket qayratkerlerinin, iri әskery qolbasshylardyng әielderi, tuystarymen qatar qazaq ziyalylarynyng ayauly jarlary, et jaqyndary zardap shekti. Solardyng ishinde Qazaq ólkelik partiya komiytetining ekinshi hatshysy S.Qoja¬novtyn, RSFSR Halyq Komissarlary Kenesi Tóraghasynyng orynbasary T.Rysqúlovtyn, Qazaq ólkelik partiya ko¬miytetining bólim mengerushisi Z.Temir¬bekovtyn, ataqty Halyq komissary T.Jýrgenovtin, ataqty jazushy B.Maylinning zayyptary boldy.
Totalitarlyq sayasattyng qúrbany bolyp, qasiret shekken adamdardyng búl shamaly bóligi ghana. Keybir derekterge jýginsek, 40-shy jyldardyng orta sheninde GULAG jýiesinde 1 mln. 800 mynday adam bolghan eken.
Tozaq jýiesining qanshama adam¬dar¬dyng taghdyryna tiygizgen qasiretin osy mәli¬met¬terden-aq kóruge bolady. Al, sol sayasat¬tyng ayazdy suyghyna úshyraghan Qazaqstan¬nyn, qazaq halqynyng tauqymeti býgingi úrpaqtyng jadynda bolmaq. Búrynghy ALJIR lagerining ornynda ornalasqan sayasy qughyn-sýrgin qúrbandaryna arnalghan memorialdyq muzey kesheni osy tarihy shyndyqty ashyp kórsetude.

Astana.
“Egemen Qazaqstan” gazeti №184-187 (25584) 27 mamyr 2009 jyl