«AZAR BOLSA, TELEJURNALIST BOLA SALAR»
Qazirgi Qazaqstan radio, televiziyasy salasyndaghy shygharmashylyq qarym-qabilet pen efir tuyndylarynyng mazmúny men sapasy merzimdi baspasózben bәsekelesetin jaghdaygha jete alghan joq. Soghan qaramastan, qogham da, resmy biylik te gazetten góri televiziya baghdarlamalaryna kóbirek nazar audarady jәne yqpal etuge tyrysady. Alayda, múnyng ózi uaqytsha qúbylys. Jalpy BAQ arqyly әleumetke yqpal jýrgizuge tyrysushylyqtyng ózi biylik ýshin kýresting shynayy kórinisi. Múnday kýres songhy jyldary birshama kýsh alyp keledi. Partiya jetekshileri, ýkimet biyleushileri belgili bir baspasóz, aqparat úiymyn óz iydeologiyasynyng qúraly etkisi keletindigi anyq bayqalyp otyr. Ártýrli ataularmen mediaholdingter qúryp, teleefir ashugha, gazet basylymdar shygharugha kirisip ketkenderi de barshylyq. Oghan da týsinistikpen qaraugha әbden bolady. Óz mýddesin, kózqarasyn BAQ arqyly qorghatugha, ony óz sayasatyn nasihattaytyn minber etuge tyrysu ejelden beri qalyptasqan dәstýr. Osynday qyzu bәsekelestik túsynda kәsibiylik pen biliktilikti kim dúrys әri tiyimdi jolgha qoya biledi sol ghana aqparat naryghynda ózining layyqty ornyn taba alady. Alayda, búl mәselening dәl qazir onaylyqpen sheshile qoymasyn qazaq jurnalistikasynyng býgingi tandaghy damu keskin-kelbeti anyq kórsetude.
Qazirgi Qazaqstan radio, televiziyasy salasyndaghy shygharmashylyq qarym-qabilet pen efir tuyndylarynyng mazmúny men sapasy merzimdi baspasózben bәsekelesetin jaghdaygha jete alghan joq. Soghan qaramastan, qogham da, resmy biylik te gazetten góri televiziya baghdarlamalaryna kóbirek nazar audarady jәne yqpal etuge tyrysady. Alayda, múnyng ózi uaqytsha qúbylys. Jalpy BAQ arqyly әleumetke yqpal jýrgizuge tyrysushylyqtyng ózi biylik ýshin kýresting shynayy kórinisi. Múnday kýres songhy jyldary birshama kýsh alyp keledi. Partiya jetekshileri, ýkimet biyleushileri belgili bir baspasóz, aqparat úiymyn óz iydeologiyasynyng qúraly etkisi keletindigi anyq bayqalyp otyr. Ártýrli ataularmen mediaholdingter qúryp, teleefir ashugha, gazet basylymdar shygharugha kirisip ketkenderi de barshylyq. Oghan da týsinistikpen qaraugha әbden bolady. Óz mýddesin, kózqarasyn BAQ arqyly qorghatugha, ony óz sayasatyn nasihattaytyn minber etuge tyrysu ejelden beri qalyptasqan dәstýr. Osynday qyzu bәsekelestik túsynda kәsibiylik pen biliktilikti kim dúrys әri tiyimdi jolgha qoya biledi sol ghana aqparat naryghynda ózining layyqty ornyn taba alady. Alayda, búl mәselening dәl qazir onaylyqpen sheshile qoymasyn qazaq jurnalistikasynyng býgingi tandaghy damu keskin-kelbeti anyq kórsetude.
BAQ jýiesinde maman dayarlau isin biz әli kýnge deyin jolgha qoya alghan joqpyz. Elimiz JOO-nyn 26-nda tәuelsizdik jyldarynda jurnalist mamandaryn oqytyp, jyl sayyn olardyng kóbisine «qyzyl diplom» tabys etip kelsek te merzimdi baspasózben birge aqparat aidynyndaghy eng útqyr qúral televiziya salasy da bilikti mamandargha әli zәru kýiinde qalyp otyr.
Qazirgi telekórermen ýshin tandau kóp. Ózimizding onshaqty telearnany bylay qoyghanda kabelidik jýie arqyly әlemge aty әigili telekorporasiyalar kórsetilimderin tamashalaugha keng mýmkindik tudy. BBC-World, Euronews, CNN, Discovery, History syndy arnalardy aitpaghannyng ózinde reseylik NTV-nyng ózi qazaq kórermenderin teledidar aldynda jipsiz baylaytyn boldy. Keyde mynanday oigha qalasyn: qazaq tiline jetik kórermenderding ózi jat júrttyng arnasyna telmirip otyrghanda orys tildiler men ózge últtardyng kóz qyryn da salghylary kelmeytin bizding últtyq arnalar ne ýshin oryssha baghdarlamalar әzirlep әurege týsip jýr eken? Jappay jýz payyz qazaq tiline kóshire salsa da tipti sonyng oryssha núsqasyn bireu joqtay qoyar ma?! Al, eng qiyny - Jetix, CN, Nicelodeon arnalarynan kóz almaytyn býldirshinderimizding tughan shanyraghynda otyryp-aq ana tilinen ajyrap bara jatqandyghy bolyp otyr. Atalghan arnalarmen bәsekege týsuge bizding eshbir arnanyng qabiletsizdigin eskersek, tezirek sandyq (sifrovyi) jýiege kóship baghdarlamalardy qazaq tilinde kórsetuge asyqqannan basqa jol joq.
Jalpy televiziya salasy jurnalisterden qyruar kýsh pen qarym-qabiletti, daryn men biliktilikti, kәsiby sheberlikti talap etetin kýrdeli nysan. Onyng syrtynda efir әdebi, til men qarym-qatynas mәdeniyeti, qimyl qozghalystaghy iykemdilik, auditoriyany syilay biletin sypaygershilik, tartymdylyq sekildi tolyp jatqan faktorlar bar. Sonday talaptardy qanaghattandyra alatyn jurnalisterdi dayarlap shygharugha uniyversiytetterdegi jurnalistika kafedralary erekshe nazar audarugha tiyis bolsa kerek. Alayda, dәl býgingidey jurnalist sheberliginen dәris beretin, kafedra ayasynda «brendimiz» dep dәripteletin keybir aqsaqaldarymyzdyng ózi jastyq shaghynan estelik aityp, studentterin mezi etuden, orta buyn qyrma saqaldarymyz dekannyng kózin ala bere topty tarata saludan, jas buyn ókilderi aldynghy arbanyng jýrisinen janylmaudan asa almasa onda biz Preziydentimiz N.Nazarbaev aitqanday, «diplom satudan, әlem kóshinen artta qaludan» arylmaytyn shygharmyz.
Zertteuler nәtiyjesi kórsetkendey, býginde telekórermenderding 65 payyzy últtyq telearnalardyng shygharylymdaryna kónilderi tolmaydy. Sonday-aq, әleumettik saualnamagha qatysushylardyng 21,5%-y telejýrgizushiler men redaktorlardyng bәri tek jurnalist mamandarmen jasaqtaluy kerek deydi. Jurnalist dayarlaytyn oqu oryndarynyng bilim beru baghdarlamalaryn jetildirudi 47,5%, órkeniyetti elderding telekorporasiyalarymen tәjiriybe almasudy 52 payyzy talap etken. Rasynda telemamandardyng kәsiby sheberligining negizi jurnalistik bilim beru oryndarynda ghana qalanbaq.
Jurnalistika mamandyghy boyynsha bilim alyp jatqan studentterding 80-90 payyzy derlik telejurnalist bolghylary keledi. Onyng sebebi tanymal bolugha nemese otandyq telearnalarda qyzmet etetin ýlgili túlghalargha elikteuge degen balang yntyzarlyqtan shyghar dep oilaghanbyz. Sóitsek, mәsele mýlde basqada eken. Televiziya salasyna biliktilikteri tómen, darynsyz, qabilet-qarymy syn kótermeytin, tipti jurnalistikagha esh qatysy joq, óz mamandyqtary boyynsha esh jerde júmysqa ornalasa almaghandar da qyzmetke qabyldana beredi eken. Ony az deseniz, til men mәdeniyet sekildi ruhany ózekti problemalardy kóteruden jalyqpaytyn, últyna shyn jany ashidy-au dep júrttyng bәri qúrmetpen qaraytyn bir bauyrymyzdyng ózi júmys tappaghan jaqyndaryn iri telearnagha ornalastyra salatyndyghyn aityp maqtanyp otyr. Osynyng bәrin kýndelikti kórip-bilip jýrgen bolashaq jas maman «telejurnalist bola salu» bәrinen de onay dep payymdaytyn jaghdaygha jetken.
Uniyversiytet bitirgen mamannyng telearnagha barghanda kamera men mikrofondy jatsynbauy, efir mәdeniyetinen habardar boluy asa qiyndyq tudyrmaydy. Sebebi, býginde uniyversiytetterding bәrinde derlik oqu telestudiyalary bar jәne tórt jylda әr kursty bitirgen sayyn jazghy praktikadan ótetindikten tehnikalyq qúral jabdyqtardy iygeru degeniniz aitarlyqtay problema emes. Qansha degenmen, elektrondyq ghasyrda ómir sýrip jatqan joqpyz ba. Onyng syrtynda әrbir adam ózining kýndelikti ainalysatyn tehnikalyq qúraldaryn iygeruge sonshalyqty bas qatyryp jatqan da joq. Odan da kýrdeli aspaptar, túrmystyq tehnikalar qoldanysqa esh qiyndyqsyz-aq enip jatyr.
Olay bolsa, teoriyalyq, bazalyq bilimdi uniyversiytetten qalay alyp shyghuy onyng praktikada qanshalyqty bilikti jurnalist bolyp qalyptasuyna eleuli yqpal etpek. Ótken oqu jylynyng sonynda aty darday bir uniyversiytette «Telejurnalistika» pәninen emtihan tapsyryp shyqqan qazaq tobynyng bir studentin sózge tartyp kórdim. Bes degen bagha alghan bala telereportaj pen janalyqtardyng qanday qúrylym boyynsha jazylatyndyghynan da beyhabar bolyp shyqty. Sonda ne oqytylghanyn súrasaq, otandyq TV tarihy, elimizde neshe arna bar, olardy kimder basqarady, pәlen degen habardy kim jýrgizedi, belgili telejurnalister men diktorlardyng ómirbayany, qashan tudy, qashan óldi t.s.s. Al, kelesi bir oqu ornynyng studentinen dәl sony súraghanymyzda, ol әiteuir telereportajdyng liyd, beynesujet, sinhron, subtitr, stend-aptan túratynyn mýdirmey aityp bere aldy. Sonda, bir eldegi biringhay memlekettik standartpen bilim alatyn jastardyng әrqaysysy әrtýrli baghdarlamamen oqityn bolghany ma?!
Atalmysh pәnning memlekettik standarttaghy saghat sanynyng ózi syn kótermeydi. Bir semestrde oqytylatyn leksiyanyng kólemi bar-joghy 15-aq saghatty qúraydy. Qalghan bóligi praktikalyq sabaqtargha bólingen. Onyng ózi uniyversiytetting telestudiyasynda tynghylyqty ótkizilse jaqsy. Eger studiya qyzmetkerleri toylardan týsirgen beynejazbalaryn montajdap múryndarynan shanshylyp jatsa, onda studentterding auditoriyany tastap «qysqa merzimdik demalysqa» shyghularyna tura keledi. Ony uniyversiytette resmy týrde «sryv» dep ataydy.
Kez kelgen teletuyndy, ony jasaghan jurnalist, rejisser, jýrgizushilerding qyzmeti milliondaghan qauymnyng kóz aldynda ashyq ta aiqyn ótip jatatyndyqtan syngha eng kóp úshyraytyndyghy belgili. Songhy kezde onyng sapalyq ólshemi retinde jurnalist dayarlaytyn JOO-nyng bilim berudegi kórsetkishi negizge alynatyn boldy. Sondyqtan, aldaghy uaqytta bәlkim, dәl qay uniyversiytette bilim alghan qanday jurnalist daryndylyghymen júrtty moyyndatyp jýr degenge de monitoring jýrgizip, taldau jasau kerek shyghar.
Sonymen qatar telejurnalistika pәnin ekinshi kurstan bastap belgili kezendermen jýieli týrde sapaly ótkizip saghaty men krediytin kóbeytu qajettiligi ómirden tuyndap otyr. Telehabar jýrgizushilikting qyry men syryn ýiretetin, sheberlikterin shyndaytyn arnayy dәrister memlekettik standartqa bazalyq pәn retinde engizilmeyinshe qazirgi BAQ talaptaryn qamtamasyz etetin telejurnalister men telejýrgizushiler dayarlap shygharu mýmkin emes. Býgingi jaghdayda biz drama әrtisterin nemese týr kelbeti tәuirleu bolsa bitti júmyssyz jýrgen tarihshyny, filologty, asabany, KVN-shyny, tipti sayqymazaqty da jýrgizushi etip efirge shyghara salamyz. Olarda kәsiby bilim bolmaghan song keyde tipti auzyna ne kelse sony aityp, efirde bilgenderin istep qoghamdyq asa jauapty qyzmetti qarabayyr dolbarmen jýrgizedi. Osylaysha, telejurnalistikanyng qadirin ketirip, qút-berekesin qashyryp jýrgen jayymyz bar. Áuesqoylyqtan eshqashan jaqsy maman tumaydy. Sondyqtan, «shymshyq soysa da qasapshy soysyn» degendey, qalay bolghanda da efirde kәsiby jurnalisting ózi túrghany jaqsy.
Jurnalist eng aldymen bilikti maman boluy kerek. Barlyq ghylymdar men әrtýrli salalar boyynsha jalpy tanymy men týisigi bolsa ghana ol adamdarmen erkin qarym-qatynas jasap, mәndi de manyzdy súhbat jýrgize almaq. Búl túrghydan kelgende, ekonomika, sayasattanu, qúqyqtanu, әleumettik psihologiya sekildi pәnderding de jurnalistikadaghy oqytylu sapasyna kónil bóluge tura keledi.
Álemdik talaptargha say keletin sapaly da bilikti jurnalist mamandaryn dayarlap shygharudyng basty kilti orta mektep bitirgen talapkerlerdi oqugha qabyldaudan bastalmaq. Jurnalistika mamandyghyna memlekettik grant az bólinetindikten oghan týsuge degen bәseke de aitarlyqtay kýshti. Eng jogharghy ball alghandargha sóz joq, al, oghan, 5-6 ghana ball jetpey qalghannyng ózinde grantqa ilikpeu tandanarlyq jayt emes.
Al, ata-analardyng deni býginde balalarynyng bolashaghyna óte nemqúraydy qaraydy. Osy mamandyqqa layyq pa, beyimdiligi bar ma degenge qaramastan, әiteuir, uniyversiytetke týsip bir diplom alyp shyqsa boldy degen psihologiyamen kommersiyalyq bólimderge balalaryn ondy, soldy tyqpalay beredi. Sapasyz mamannyn, qabiletsiz jurnalisting payda boluyna onyng da keri әseri kóp tiyip jýr. Bir tanysym aitady: «Balamdy jurnalistikagha týsireyin dep otyrmyn. «Qazaq tili» men «Qazaqstan tarihy» degen eki-aq pәnge dayyndalsa boldy eken. Shygharmashylyqtyng eki pәninen oqytushylar onsyz da joghary ball qoyyp bere salady, olargha da student kerek emes pe». Men súraymyn: «Balanyzda jurnalist bolugha layyq daryn-qabileti nemese beyimi bar ma?». Ol aitady: «Oy, ony qaytesin? Oqugha týsse boldy, auyldyng kvotasy taghy bar. Bir diplom alyp shyqsa, keyingisin kóre jatarmyz. Azar bolsa, telejurnalist bola salar» (?).
Rasynda, qazir jurnalistikany dәl jogharydaghyday motivpen tandap jatqandar kóbeymese azaymay otyr. San jaghymyz barshylyq-aq, al, sapa jaghyn ózderiniz tarazylay berinizder.
Qalay bolghanda da, jurnalistika mamandyghynyng ereksheligine say kelesi problemalargha da jiti nazar audaryluy qajet bolyp túr:
Birinshiden, talapkerlerge qoyylatyn talap pen ólshemderdi joghary dengeyge kóteru, negizinen BAQ-da belgili dәrejede daryn men qabiletin tanytqan jastardyn oqugha týsulerine kenirek mýmkindik beru;
Ekinshiden, jurnalisterdi qos mamandyq boyynsha dayarlau, naqty taqyryptargha, baghyttargha layyqtap mamandandyru;
Ýshinshiden, oqytushylardyn bilimderin jetildiru, qayta dayarlau, bolashaq oqytushy mamandardy student kezinen bastap arnayy baghdarlama boyynsha oqytu, keyin magistraturagha, doktoranturagha týsiru;
Tórtinshiden, bilim berudin materialdyq-tehnikalyq bazasyn jetildiru, «bilim beru + ghylymiy-zertteu + óndiris» aralyq baylanystarynyn ýzilmey jalghasuyn qamtamasyz etu;
Besinshiden, jurnalist dayarlaytyn JOO-darynyn ózara yntymaqtastyghyn arttyru jәne tәjiriybelik úiymdarmen (BAQ) tyghyz qarym-qatynasta júmys isteuin kepildendiru, telejurnalistika men telerejissurany mýmkindik bolsa óner akademiyasynda jeke dayarlau;
Altynshydan, bilim beru men ghylymiy-zertteudi joghary dengeyde úshtastyru, jurnalistika salasyn zertteu isine oqytushylarmen qatar studentterdi de qatystyrudy qolgha alu. Múnyn mәni - studentterdi ghylymgha baulu, tanymdyq kókjiyekterin keneytu. Sonymen qatar BAQ-dyn artyqshylyqtary men kemshilikterin aiyryp biluleri arqyly jazu sheberlikterin shyndaydy, teoriyalyq biliktilikterin damytularyna kómektesedi.
Jetinshiden, JOO-nyn shet eldik әriptesterimen qarym-qatynastaryn keneytu, әrtýrli jobalar jasap jýzege asyrularyna qoldau kórsetu, oqytushylar men studentter almastyru isin qolgha alu t.b.
Jurnalistika -kóptegen ghylymdar men tәjiriybelik qyzmetterdin sipattaryn ón boyyna sinirgen qoghamdyq erekshe institut. Sondyqtan onyn mamandaryn dayarlau mәselesi de asa kýrdeli әri kóp kýsh-jiger men qajyrly enbekti talap etedi. Ony jýzege asyru ýshin de qajymay-talmay izdenu, teoriyalyq-tәjiriybelik, әdistemelik teren bilimdilik pen qabilet kerek.
Quandyq ShAMAHAYÚLY,
QR mәdeniyet qayratkeri,
halyqaralyq jurnalist.
ASTANA