AQSh RESEYDI KÝIRETE ME?
Avstraliya Reseyge salynghan sanksiyalar kólemin keneyte týskenin jariyalaghanyn BBC-ding aqparatynan oqyp, habar boldyq. Jalpy Ukrainadaghy sayasy daghdarys bastalghaly AQSh bastaghan Batys elderining Reseyding sayasatyna qarsy sanksiyalary toqtaghan emes. Onyng basym baghyty jeke túlghalarmen birge kompaniyalargha baghyttalyp otyr. Osy joly da 38 reseylik jәne ukraindyq túlghagha jәne 11 kompaniyagha baghyttalghan. Kópshilik arasynda AQSh jәne onyng odaqtas elderining Reseyge qarata jasaghan sanksiyalaryna eki týrli pikir qalyptasqan siyaqty, onyng biri olardan ýlken is-qimyldy talap etkender. Olar búl sanksiyalargha "qanaghat" tanytpay, әri nәtiyjesi de shamaly bolar dep kóp ýmit artpay otyr. Al endi bir top odan әlde bir nәtiyje kýtip otyr. Sebebi, ekonomikanyng sanksiyagha úshyrauy "sanany túrmys biyleydi" degenge saydyryp otyr.
Biz kez kelgen sayasy nemese әleumettik-ekonomikalyq shiylenisterge taldau jasaghanda tek býgingi jaghday túrghysynan qarap qorytyndy shygharugha beyimdelip aldyq. Negizinde býgingi kýn - ol keshegi kýnning saldary, ertengi kýnning sebebi emes pe. Osy túrghydan qaraghanda, ótkenge oy jýgirtu býgindi tanudyng eng jaqsy tәsili bolmaq. Biz tym arygha barmay-aq, 1990 jylgha sheginis jasayyq. Kenes Odaghy dep atalatyn alyp imperiya bar edi, olar birtútas edi. Sodan kýiredi, egemendi respublikalar payda boldy. Endi solardyng qayta basyn qosu Reseyding basty maqsatyna ainaldy. Eger Kenes Odaghy ydyramaghan da she? Áriyne, onda Ukrain daghdarysy bolmaushy edi. Ony kim ydyratty, nege kýiredi? Mәsele osynda. Kenes Odaghyn kýiretkender býginde Reseydi mandayynan sipap otyrghan joq, bayaghy tәsil, "eski jau". Endi Kenes Odaghynyng kýireuining júrtqa tanys emes tústaryn qarastyryp kóreyik. Sodan baryp býgingimen salystyryp taldap, saralap bolashaqty boljap kórinizder.
1991 jyly Margaret Tetcher hanym (1925-2013jj., Úlybritaniyany 1979-1990 jyldar aralyghynda basqarghan 71 premier-ministr) AQSh-qa saparlay kelgende, Hiustonda bir erekshe bayandama jasaghan. Bayandama taqyryby "Biz, Kenes Odaghyn qalay ydyrattyq?" dep atalghan. Tetcher hanym: AQSh, Úlybritaniya qatarly elderding ózderinin qaruly kýsh qúrylymynyng әleuetin asyra maqtaytyn әdeyi, jalghan aqparat taratu arqyly Kenes Odaghyn jeliktirip, zor kólemdegi qoghamdyq baylyghyn әskery qorghanys salasyna shyghyndaugha mәjbýr etkendigin, sonyng nәtiyjesinde Kenes Odaghy Jalpy Ishki Ónimining (JIÓ) 70 payyzyn әskery salagha baghyttaghanyn aitty. Áriyne, bar tabystyng basym kóbin tek bir ghana salagha baghyttau, onyng ýstine tabys әkelmeytin әskery salagha júmsau shynynda da ekonomikalyq toqyraudyng basy bolary anyq. Sebebi, әskery qaru-jaraq óndiriske aralasyp, janadan qún jarata almaydy. Úshaqtar men zenbirekter tek qana әskery bólimderge ghana qajet. Basqa óndiris oryndargha qajeti shamaly. Onyng ýstine mol qaru-jaryq tehnikasynyng qosymsha bólshekterin ýzdiksiz qamtamasyz etude onay shyghyndy talap etpeytini anyq. Tabys әkelmeytin salagha júmsalghan mol qarjynyng qayta kelmeytini de týsinikti, olay bolsa, enbekshilerding jalaqylary men basqa da túrmystyq qajettilikterdi, azyq-týlikti qalay qamtamasyz etuge bolady? Áriyne, qamtamasyz ete almaytyny belgili. Osy jerden jeng úshynan jalghasqan sybaylas-jemqorlyq qalyptasyp, ýkimetke jalghan aqpar beru әdetke ainaldy. Sonyng saldarynan ósim tek qaghaz jýzinde ghana kórinis tauyp otyrdy. Halyqqa qajetti barlyq túrmystyq búiymdardyng jәne azyq-týlikting basym bóligi importqa iyek artty. Ony tek әr jyly múnay eksportynan týsetin 30 mlrd. AQSh dollary arqyly satyp alyp otyrdy. Demek, Kenes Odaghynyng jyldyq budjeti osy 30 mlrd. AQSh doll. -nan aspady. AQSh, Úlybritaniya qatarly elder Kenes Odaghyn qúrtu maqsatynda onyng qarjy kózi sanalatyn múnay óndirisi salasyn tyghyryqqa tireudi qolgha ala bastady. AQSh pen onyng odaqtastary tarihynda qarsy jaqtyng eng osal túsyn tauyp soqqy beretin "úrymtal tәsil" dep atalatyn әdisi bar edi. Búl әdisti kezinde Ekinshi dýniyejýzlik soghysta da paydalanghan. Soghys kezinde AQSh barlau qyzmeti bir asa manyzdy qúpiya mәlimetke ie bolady. Aqpar boyynsha nasistik Germaniyanyng barlyq avtokólikteri men soghys qúraldarynyng motoryna qajetti belgili bir qosymsha bólshekting Sakson shtatyndaghy kózge týse bermeytin bir shaghyn da, әsem qalashyqtaghy qúral-sayman zauytynda jasalatyny anyqtalady. AQSh búl aqpardy alghan song әueden bombylap qalanyng kýlin kókke úshyrdy. Nәtiyjede nemisting qúrlyq armiyasy saldanghan adamnyng kýiin keship, soghysta sharasyz halge týsedi.
Adamzat tarihyndaghy alapat apat retinde sipattalatyn Ekinshi dýniyejýzlik soghys kezinde AQSh-tyng әskery quaty qay jaghynan bolmasyn Kenes Odaghynyng kýshinen basym edi. Onyng ýstine "Odaqtastar" qatarynda sanalatyn Úlybritaniya qatarly elder de ony qoldaushy edi. Alayda soghystyng ayaqtalu qarsanynda AQSh-tyng aldynda eki týrli taldau túrdy: onyng biri Batys Europada óz ýstemdigin bekemdeu bolsa, ekinshisi - Batys jәne Shyghys Europagha birdey әser etu mýmkindigi edi. Búl taldaudyng taghdyry Europagha әsker kirgizuding baghytymen belgili bolushy edi. Múnda eki týrli baghyt ortagha shyqty: biri - Italiya, endi biri - Yugoslaviya. Eger әskerler Batys Europadan ashylghan maydanda Italiyadan kiretin bolsa, Batys Europadaghy әser etu aumaghy keneyetin edi de, al Yugoslaviyadan kirgizse Batys jәne Shyghys Europa tútas AQSh-tyn әser etu aimaghyna ainalar edi. Osy túrghydan alghanda olar ýshin Yugoslaviyadan әsker engizu tiyimdi bolatyn, biraq, nelikten ekeni belgisiz sol kezdegi AQSh preziydenti Franklin Ruzvelit Italiyadan bastaudy jón sanady. Sonyng saldarynan Shyghys Europa Kenes Odaghynyng yqpal aimaghynda qalyp qoydy da onyng әlemdik derjavagha ainaluyna mýmkindik jasaldy.
Soghystan song AQSh pen Kenes Odaghy arasyndaghy jarty ghasyrgha tayau uaqytqa sozylghan qyrghiy-qabaq soghys bastalyp ketti. Mýmkin sol kezdegi Italiyadan әsker engizgen strategiyalyq qateligin qaytarudy kózdedi me, sodan bastap AQSh jәne Úlybritaniya elderi birlese otyryp, Kenes Odaghyna qarata josparly týrde aqparattyq "shabuyl" jasay bastady. Sonyng basty mazmúny retinde AQSh әskery qorghanysynyng әleuetin barynsha jer-kókke sidyrmay maqtaytyn jalghan aqparat boldy. Búghan ilanghan Kenes Odaghy AQSh-tan qauiptenip әskery salagha barynsha qarjy sala bastady. Salynghan qarjy jyl ótken sayyn úlghayyp 1980 j. kelgende JIÓ 70 payyzyna jetti. Osy kezde biylikke kelgen AQSh-tyng 40-preziydenti Ronalid Reygan (1911-2004 jj. ómir sýrdi, 1981-1989 j. arasynda preziydent mindetin atqarghan) búl ýrdisti odan beter jandandyryp qalmastan, naqty is-sharalar josparyn jasap, Kenes Odaghyn kýiretudi myqtap qolgha aldy. Olar eng aldymen 1981 jyldan bastap Kenes Odaghyna qarasty barlyq geologiyalyq barlau tehnikalaryn baqylaugha aldy. Óitkeni Kenes Odaghynyng ózderi jasaghan geologiyalyq barlaudyng ozyq tehnikasy joqtyng qasy edi. Osy sharadan song Kenes elinde jana ken oryndaryn izdeu júmysy toqtatyldy. Jana ken oryndarynyng iygerilmeui Kenes Odaghynyng altyn qazynasyn kóptep satugha mәjbýr etti. Mysaly, odan búryn olar jylyna 90 t. altyn satyp kerekti import shyghynyn jauyp otyrsa, osy soqqydan keyin 1981 jyldyng qarasha aiyna deyingi aralyqta 240 tn. altyn satugha mýddeli boldy. Altyndy molynan satu arqyly tolyqtyrular jasaldy. Odan song AQSh Batys elderi men Kenes Odaghy arasyndaghy baylanysty ózgertuge kýsh saldy. Sonyng biri 1979 jyly Kenes Odaghy men birneshe Batys elderi kelisimge kelip 3600 mil nemese 5760 shaqyrym úzyndyqtaghy tabighy gaz qúbyryn tóseudi qolgha alghan kelisim bolatyn. Atalmysh joba boyynsha Kenes Odaghy shamamen 32 mlrd. AQSh dollary shamasynda payda tabudy kózdegen edi. Alayda, AQSh biyligi Batys elderine pәrmen berip, ol júmystyng kýshin joyghyzdy. Osy jaghdaylargha baylanysty Kenes Odaghy bar joghy syrtqy múnay eksporttynan týsetin jyldyq 30 mlrd. dollar shamasyndaghy qarjygha ghana qarap qaldy.
AQSh Batys elderi men Kenes Odaghy arasyndaghy baylanysty jalghasty kýiretu maqsatynda ekinshi kezekti soqqysyn dayyndady. Búl soqqy 1982 jyly bastaldy. Jogharyda aitylghan gaz qúbyrynyng jobasyna baylanysty Batys Europa elderi Kenes Odaghyna 7,8 payyzdyq ýstememen qaryz berip kele jatqan edi. Ol kezde әlemdik ortasha nesiyelik ósim 17 payyz bolatyn. Reygan Batys elderine Kenes Odaghyna qarata osy әlemdik baghamdy ústaudy talap etedi. Oryndamaghan jaghdayda olarmen AQSh bankteri júmys jasamaytynyn eskertti. AQSh-pen tonnyng ishki bauynday qarjylyq jәne basqa da baylanysqa matalghan Batys elderi AQSh-tyq banktermen júmys jasamauy mýmkin emes edi. Sonymen aitqangha kónip, Kenes ýkimetine jenildetilgen 7,8 payyzben berilip kelgen nesie stavkasyn birden 17 payyzgha ósirip jiberdi. Sonyng nәtiyjesinde 1982 jyly Kenes Odaghynyng aqsha ainalym jýiesi tyghyryqqa tireldi.
AQSh Batys elderi men Kenes Odaghy arasyndaghy qarym-qatynasty negizinen kýiretken song endigi kezekte Kenes Odaghynyng eng jandy jeri sanalatyn múnay óndirisine soqqy beruge kóshti. Ol ýshin әlemdik múnay eksportynyng kóshbasshysy sanalatyn Saud Arabiyasyna sayasy túrghydan qysym kórsete bastady. AQSh-tyng talabyna kelisken Saud Arabiya 1985 jyly qarasha aiynan bastap múnay óndirudi tәuligine 9 mln. tonnagha jetkizuge mindetteme aldy. Sonymen tarihta rekord jaratylyp, múnay ónimining naryqtaghy baghasy kýrt tómendedi. Árbir barrelii 34 AQSh dollarynan 12 dollargha arzandady. Búl on jyl búrynghy bagha dengeyi edi. Múnay baghasynyng qúlauy Kenes Odaghynyng múnay eksportynan jyl sayyn týsip otyrghan 30 mlrd. dolarynyng 10 mlrd. dollaryn kemitip ketti. Tarihta «múnay qaruyn» qoldanu búdan búrynda bolghan. Mysaly, 1973 jyldyn tamyzynda Egiypet preziydenti Anvar Sadat Saud Arabiyasyna qúpiya jaghdayda kelip, koroli Feysalgha (Feysal ibn Abdeli Aziz Ali Saud 1904-1975jj., 1964-1975 jj. arasynda el biylegen. 1975 jyly qastandyqtyng qúrbany bolghan) Izrailimen soghysu josparyn bólisedi әri kómek súraydy. Feysal qarjylay kómek berumen birge soghys bolghan jaghdayda «múnay qaruyn» qoldanugha da uәde etedi. Osy kezdesuden kóp ótpey 1973 jyldyng qazanynda arab-izraili soghysy bastalady. Soghysta AQSh qoldaghan Izraili jendi, biraq múnay óndirisin tәuligine 2 mln. barrelige deyin qysqartu arqyly múnay baghasyn 3 dollardan 11 dollargha qymbattatady. Sóitip Arab elderi ózderining «múnay qaruyn» Batys elderi aldynda dәleldey aldy. AQSh jәne Batys elderi belgili dengeyde OPEK-ke tәueldi ekendigine moyynúsyna bastaydy. AQSh-tyng Kenes Odaghyna qarata «múnay qaruyn» qoldanuy osy tarihy sabaqtyng saldary edi.
AQSh Kenes Odaghynyng basty syrtqy baylanys kanaldaryn baqylaugha alghan son, kelesi kezekte óz qolyndaghy "kózirdi" iske qosady. AQSh ýkimeti ózderining últtyq valutasy әri dýniyejýzining ortaq valutasy sanalatyn dollardyng qúnyn 25 payyzgha arzandatudy qarar etti әri Saud Arabiyanyng múnay baghasyn tómendetuden tartqan ziyanyn tolyqtyru maqsatynda aqshany qúnsyzdandyru nauqanyn bastaudan búryn olardy búl jóninde habardar etedi. Sonymen, Saud Arabiyasy barlyq qolda bar dollaryn tegis satyp jiberedi de 20 mlrd. dol. payda tabady. Dollar baghamynyng 25 payyzgha qúldyrauy Kenes Odaghynyng jyldyq 20 mlrd. dollarlyq kirisining 25 payyzgha qúnsyzdandyrady nemese kenes halqyn 25 payyzgha kedeylendiredi. 20 mlrd. dollar endi 15 mlrd. dollargha qysqardy.
Osy kezde Kenes Odaghy Aughan jerine basyp kirgen edi. Al AQSh Aughan jasaqtaryna týrli kómek kórsetip, Kenes әskerlerin Aughan jerinde ústap túrugha kýsh salady. Kenes Odaghy әr jyly 5 mlrd. doll. aqshany osy soghysqa salyp otyrdy. Endi onyng mýmkindigi 10 mlrd. dollarmen ghana shekteldi. 30 mlrd AQSh dollarymen kýn kórip kele jatqan alyp elge 10 mlrd. dol. jetpeytini anyq. Sebebi, Kenes ýkimeti әr jyly 20 mlrd. doll. shyghyndap auylsharuashylyq ónimderin satyp alatyn, 10 mlrd dollargha túrmystyq jәne ózderi shygharmaytyn әskery qosymsha búiymdardy satyp alyp otyratyn edi. Al endi bar joghy 10 mlrd. dollargha qarap qaldy. Ne isteu kerek? Ýkimet halyqty azyq-týlik tapshylyghynan saqtau maqsatynda 10 mlrd. dollardyng barlyghyn auylsharuashylyq ónimderin satyp alugha júmsaydy. Sonyng saldyran Kenes Odaghy ydyraugha bet alghanda tis pastasy, sabyn degenderdi tabu múngha ainalghan bolatyn. Al qanshama qarjy qúighan әskery tehnikalar ýnsiz, qozghalmastan túra berdi. Óitkeni olardy qozghaltatyn úsaq tetikter tapshy. 1990 jylgha kelgende JIÓ bir kýnde 70 payyzgha qúldyrap shygha keldi. Ol nashar damyghan elderding dengeyimen shamalas bolatyn. Tyghyryqqa tirilgen Kenes Odaqtas respublikalary sol júpyny kýide 1991 jyldy kýtip aldy... Biz ansap kýtken azattyq tanyn qarsy aldyq.
Sarqytqan Qaster
ekonomikalyq-geografiya ghylymdarynyng
kandidaty, dosent
Abai.kz