TAQYRYPTYNG TÚZDYGhY:

Gomeli oblysynan 1994 jyly 9-synypta oqityn Diana Balykonyng «Chernobyl jәne mening taghdyrym» atty shygharmasyn nazarlarynyzgha úsynamyn.

«1992 jyldyng aqpan aiynda meni Braginnen Gomeli auruhanasyna alyp keldi. Bólmede tórt kisi boldyq. Bәrimizding diagnozymyz—leykoz eki kýnnen son, qasymdaghy ekeuin bir jaqqa alyp ketti, biz Olya ekeumiz qaldyq.

 Bir kýni Olya maghan:

– Diana, sening ómir sýrging kele me? Tek jylamashy ótinem, tayauda óletinimdi sezetin siyaqtymyn, sen qalay oilaysyn? Ólim qorqynyshty ma? Týnde týsimde neshe týrli dybystar, dәrigerlerding dauysy estildi. Tanerteng túrsam, taghy bir bos kereuetti kórdim, ishki jan-dýniyem alay-týley bolyp ketti. Erteng men 15-jasqa tolamyn. Al býgin dәriger maghan auruhanadan shygharatynymdy aitty, anam bolsa jylady. Ýige Braginge keldik.

Anam sinilisi úl tughanyn aitty, baryp qútty bolsyn aituymyz kerek dedi. Sebebi olar túnghyshyn kóp kýtken. «Galya, Galochka»--dep anam sinilisin qúshaqtady. Galya úlyn anama kórsetti, sýitsem әlgi balanyng basy ýlken denesi kishkentay qúbyjyqqa úqsap túr. Men shoshyp dalagha atyp shyqtym. Qansha jýgirgenim belgisiz esimnen aiyryla jazdadym. Bizge ne istep jatyr, aqyrzaman degen osy ma? Men taghy jýgirdim, sýrinip ketip múzday jerge qúlap týstim, sirkirep janbyr jaua bastady. Menimen qosylyp qara aspanda jylap túrdy. Qaranghy týse bastady. Men qatty aiqaladym;

– Otanymdy qaytaryndar! Jalang ayaq kók maysa shópte jýrgim keledi, taza suyn iship juynsam deymin. Aspan sen meni estiymisin?...Qúryp ketkir Chernobyl!..»

Osy kishkentay belorus qyzynyng shygharmasyn oqyp kópke deyin ózime kele almadym. Osynday adamnyng ýreyin úshyratyn әserdi Qazaqstandyq balalarda sezingen. Qorshaghan ortany tazalaudyng ornyna taghy da sol bayaghy Semey poligonynday AES-ty Balqash pen Kurchatovtyng ortasyna qúrghysy keletinin 16 qantar kýni Parlament qabyrghasynda deputattargha Energetika viyse-ministri Baqytjan Jaqsaliyev úsynysyn aitty. Biraq deputattardyng janbyrday jaughan súraqtardyng astyna qaldy. Ásirese, deputat Aytkýl Samaqova «Býkil әlem bas tartyp jatqan AES-tyng Qazaqstangha keregi ne? Jәne qaldyqtaryn qayda jibermeksiz?».

Al, Baqytjan myrza «AES—tyng Qazaqstangha tiyimdi jaghyn aityp, qaldyqtardy Semeyge jiberemiz ornyn dayyndap qoyghanmyz dep shyr-pyr boldy». Resmy derekterde AES-nyng tek jaqsy jaqtaryn maqtap BAQ-da «Atom energetikasy—ekologiya jaghynan taza energetika»--dep jazyp ta, aityp ta jatyr. Sýitip, qoghamdyq jaqsy pikir qalyptastyrghysy keledi. Býgingi kýni atom energetikasy óte qauipti ekenin, 2012 jyly Japoniyada oryn alghan «Fukusima-1», «Fukusima-2» apat esimizde. Atom energetikasy ekonomikalyq jaghynan tiyimsiz jәne búqara halqynyng densaulyghyna keri әserin tiygizedi.

Atom energetikasynyng payda boluy turaly az sóz

Atom – bombagha energiya jetispegendikten azyq retinde payda bolghan energetika edi. Ony qazirgi tanda, AQSh, Fransiya, Úlybritaniya jәne KSRO ghalymdary moyyndap otyr. Atom energetikasynyng payda boluyna qanshama qyruar qarjy shyghyndaldy desenizshi, qazba júmystarynan tys, instituttar men zavodtar ashyldy. Oghan asa dayyndyqtan ótken mamandar tartyldy. Keyinirek atom energetikasy atom bombasyn dayyndaugha auystyryldy. Nәtiyjesinde atom energetikasy memleketke qomaqty tabys әkeldi.

 Bir ghana Fransiyanyng ózine 30 mlrd dollar bolsa, AQSh-qa 50 mlrd dollar boldy. Osylay fantastikalyq tabys basqa salalardyng kózin joydy. Atom energetikasynyng damuy AQSh pen KSRO-nyng sayasy emes, әskery qarulanudaghy jarysy edi, әsirese, 1960-shy jyldary qatty damydy. N.S. Hrushevtyng Niu-Iorktyng minbesinen «Kózderine kók shybyndy ýimeletip, anannan tuylghanyna púshayman bolasyndar»--dep ayaq kiyimin sheship alyp, minbesin úrghany da osy tús edi.

 1990- shy jyldary damudyng shegine jetip qarulanudy toqtatu turaly sheshim qabyldady, óitkeni atom energetikasy memleketting qazynasyna әser etpey túra almady. AQSh-«Try Mayl Aylendte» KSRO-da Chernobyldaghy apat qanshama adamgha qayghy әkeldi, memleketting qarjysyn ysyrap etti.

 Álemdik tәjiriybe

 Býginde kóptegen damyghan elder AES qarsy bolyp otyr. Óitkeni, ekonomika men ekologiya jaghynan tiyimsiz bolyp túr. Songhy 30 jylda AQSh-ta 108 atom energetikasyna baylanysty qúrylys toqtap qaldy. 1999 jyly AQSh-ta 16 AES jabylyp qaldy. 2001 jyly Italiya, Úlybritaniya, Germaniya, Avstriya, Shvesiya, Ispaniya, Gresiya, Polisha, Meksika jәne Braziliya elderi AES qúrugha qarsy biylikti kóndirip sheshim qabyldaugha mәjbýr etti. Songhy Germaniyadaghy 19 stansiya Shvesiyadaghy 12 stansiya 2012 jyly jabyldy. 1985 jyly Avstriyadaghy jalghyz AES júmys istemey jatyp toqtap qaldy, sebebi ol býkil Europagha qauip tudyrdy.

 Nazarbaev uniyversiytetining professory Aleksandr Morrison myrzanyng sózine qaraghanda, «Europada halqynyng densaulyghyn bәrinen joghary qoyady, al Qazaqstanda bir Allagha ayan».

AES qúrylysynyng tehnologiyasy

 AES-ty qúru 10 jyldan kóp uaqytty jәne qomaqty qarjyny talap etedi. AES 20% elektrenergiyany jaghady, iske týskende, taghy 80% qosylady, 30-35 jyl qyzmet etedi. Odan keyin 10-15 jyl dem alu kerek. Sonan son, abaylap bólshekteu qajet, qúrugha qansha aqsha ketse, búzugha da sonsha aqsha kerek. Radioaktivti qaldyqtardy qayda? shygharyp tastau kerek, ol da óte ziyandy. AQSh biyligine Barak Obama kelgeli AES qúrugha toqtau jasaldy. Reseyde bir kilә qaldyqtyng qúny 80 dollargha ten.

AES-tyng ekonomikasy

 Býginde Aqtaudaghy AES 1997 jyly 25 jyl júmys istep toqtatylghan. AES-tyng qauipsizdigin qamtamasyz etu ýshin oblys budjetinen jylyna 660-690 mln tenge bólinip qarapayym halyqtyng salyghynan alynyp otyr. Manghystau oblysynda elektrenergiya basqa oblystargha qaraghanda, ýnemdeu ýshin eki ese arzan. Tabighy gazben de qamtamasyz etilgen. GRES-ke qaraghanda, AES-ke tólem 6-8 ese qymbat. Jyl ótken sayyn atom energiyasy da qymbattay bermek.

Bizge neni úsynyp otyr?

Eki jyl búryn Aqtau qalasynda AES qúru turaly jiyn boldy. Su jana stansiya VBER-300 salugha úsyndy. Reseyden kelgen Fadeev Yuriy Petrovichke «Osynday stansiyalar Reseyde bar ma? qansha uaqyt júmys istey alady?» degen súraghyma, qashqalaqtap qinalyp jauap bergendey boldy. «Búnday stansiya esh jerde joq, әzirge qaghaz jýzinde ghana bar»--dep qoyady. Biraq, jauaby meni qanaghattandyrmady. Zalda otyrghandar da narazylyq tanytty.

 Ornymnan túryp «Resey taghy bizding eldi synaq alanyna ainaldyqmaqshy, sonshama Reseyde jer jetpey me? Vladivostok pen Kaliningradtyng arasy 18 000 shaqyrym qalaghan jerine AES-ty sala bersin. Apatty qoldan úiymdastyruy da mýmkin, olar oghan әbden mashyqtanyp alghan, jabdyqtar men mamandar Reseyden keledi, taghy milliardtaghan qarjy talap etedi. Nelikten biz óz-ózimizdi syilamaymyz, Reseylikter kelip alyp bilgenin istegisi keledi «juas týie jýndeuge jaqsynyn» keri. 70 jyl bizdi paydalanghany jeter. Bizding el ýshin mýldem tiyimsiz, Reseyge payda әkeledi, bizge mәngilik radioaktivti ziyan qaldyqtargha ulamaqshy»--dedim.

 Aqtau qalasy shette ornalasqandyqtan, apat jaghdayda qala halqyn tez arada basqa jerge kóshiruding ózi mýmkin emes. Janynda Kaspiy tenizi tiyip túr, radioaktivti bólshekter sugha tiyse, «Quyrdaqtyng kókesin sonda kóresin» demekshi, bәri bitti dey ber. Aqtau halqyna әli kýni BN-350-men ulanghan jerde túryp jatqany ýshin әleumettik qoldau retinde әrbir túrghynyna aqsha tólenui turaly sóz bolghan emes, bolmaytynda shyghar. Apat bolghan jaghdayda әrbir túrghynnyng ómiri men densaulyghyn saqtandyru olardyng óni týgili týsine de kirmegen. Balqash pen Kurchatov arasyna AES qúrugha qyzyghushylyq tanytyp otyrghan, energetika ministri Vladimir Shkolinik myrza óz auzymen emes, orynbasary Baqytjan Jaqsaliyev qazaqtyng auzymen aitqyzyp otyr. Óitkeni, qarjylyq qúityrqynyng arqasynda qomaqty qarjygha keneledi, «Manghyt auzyna sanghyt» dep Viktor Hrapunovtyng izin quyp Shveysariyadan bir-aq shyghady. Sebebi osyghan deyin shetel qashqandar qanshama.

 «Esek ylaydan ótti, qu ketti» dep qoyannyng suretin salyp ketedi. Jer sipap biz qalamyz. Osylay ózimizding kórimizdi ózimiz qazbaqshymyz nemese aghashtyng basyna otyryp alyp, aghashtyng astyn kesip otyrghan Qojanasyrdan aumay qaldyq.

 Resey AES-ten qalay qútylyp jatyr?

 «Atomstroyeksport» Reseyde jәne shet elderde AES qúrumen ainalysady. Kalinindyq (2007 jyl), Novovoronejdyq (2009 jyl), Volgodondyq 1979-2009 jyldar aralyghynda AES qúrghanda arzan materialdardy qoldanghan, tútynushylardyng bәri narazy bolghan. 2009 jyldyng jeltoqsan aiynda Volgodondyq AES-te apat boldy. Óitkeni, materialdardyng tozyghy әldeqashan jetken. Janartayyn dese, qarjy jetkiliksiz.

 Sondyqtan 2010 jyldyng 10 qantar kýni Qytaydyng Tyanivan provinsiyasynda 10 jyl Resey mamandary qúrghan AES-te apat boldy, qytaylar orystargha qaytadan isteuge mәjbýrledi. Osylay qytaylardyng aldynda orystardyng abyroyy airanday tógildi. Osydan keyin dýniyejýzi boyynsha eshkim Reseymen kelisim shartqa otyrmaytyn boldy. Endi kelip Qazaqstandy jaghalap jýrgeni. AES qúru Qazaqstannyng bolashaghy joq degenmen birdey estiledi maghan.

 Chernobyl apaty 28 jyldan 500 mlrd dollar qúrap otyr. Ukraina әli kýni memlekettik qazynadan 5%, Belorussiya 10%, Resey 1% bólip otyr. Resey AES-i 1992—2004 jyldar aralyghynda 300 ret apat oryn alghan. Japoniyadaghy oqighadan keyin Shveysariya, Fransiya, Italiya, Avstriya men Avstraliya AES qúrugha tyiym saldy. Tek Iran, Qytay Ýndistan elderi atom kluby mýsheligine ótkisi keledi.

 AES-ty auystyratyn ne bar?

 Elding qauipsizdigi halyqtyng densaulyghy ýshin energiya kózderin 60 memleket kýnning kózinen samal jelden alyp otyr. Songhy 10 jylda jeldetkishterding kýshi 30% jogharylaghan. Germaniya, Ispaniya, AQSh, Daniya, Ýndistan bir ghana Italiyada jeldetkish stansiyanyng quaty 1500 MVt, osylay 7 mln dollar múnaydyng baghasyn ýnemdep otyr.

 AQSh-tyng jeldetkish stansiyasynyng tóraghasy Bil Richardsonnyng sózine qarghanda «2017 jylgha qaray jeldetkish stansiyalardy kóptep saludy biylikke úsynyp otyrmyn, óitkeni olardyng ómirshendigine dau joq» deydi. TMD elder ishinde jeldetkish stansiyalary kóp el Ukraina. Qazaqstan barlyq jaghynan jeldetkish stansiyalardy salugha jaqsy jerde ornalasqan deydi mamandar.

 Jeldetkish stansiyalar súiyqtyqty talap etpeydi, atmosferagha uly gazdar men qatty qaldyqtardy shygharmaydy. Qazaqstan tabighy samalgha bay, jelding quaty 8-10/cek, Europa elderinde 4-5/sek. Sondyqtan bizding el ýshin jeldetkish stansiyalar kóptep salu kerek, әri arzan auany ylastamaydy.

Toqsan auyz sózding tobyqtay týiini, qazaq halqyn jana XXI-ghasyrda ayaghynan tik túryp, ózge eldermen terezesi teng bolaryn oilasaq, AES qúrugha ýrim-bútaghymyzben qarsy shyghyp, aq aidyng jemtigi boludan aulaq bolghan abzal.

Júmamúrat Shәmshi,

tarih ghylymdarynyng kanidaty.

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