Euraziyalyq ekonomikalyq odaq ayasyndaghy elderding ortaq znergetikalyq naryghyn qalyptastyru konsepsiyasynyng jobasyn Euraziya ekonomikalyq komissiyasy 2015 jyldyng 1-shi shildesine deyin dayyndap, bir jyldan keyin ortaq energetikalyq naryqtyng baghdarlamasy qabyldanady. Al 2019 jyldyng 1- shildesine deyin EEO mýshe memleketter arasynda ortaq energetikalyq naryq qúru jónindegi halyqaralyq kelisimge qol qoyyluy tiyis. Osynyng saldary bolashaqta energiyanyng qymbattauyna әkelip soghary anyq.

Elbasy N.Nazarbaev  17.01.2014 jylghy  joldauynda Qazaqstanda AES saludyng qajettiligi turaly aitqan bolatyn. «Astanadaghy Dýniyejýzilik EKSPO-2017 kórmesine dayyndyqty bolashaqtyng energiyasyn izdeu jәne jasau jónindegi ozyq әlemdik tәjiriybeni zerdeleu men engizu ortalyghyn qúru ýshin paydalanu kerek. Mamandar toby Nazarbaev uniyversiytetining qoldauymen osy júmysqa kirisuge tiyis. Biz qoghamdyq kólikti otynnyng ekologiyalyq taza týrlerine kóshiruge, elektromobiliderdi engizuge jәne olar ýshin tiyisti infraqúrylym qalyptastyrugha jaghday jasauymyz kerek. Elimiz benzindi, diyzeli otynyn, aviasiya kerosiynin molynan óndirudi qajet etip otyr. Jana múnay óndeu zauyttaryn salu qajet. Sonymen qatar, yadrolyq energetikany damytudyng keleshegin úmytpau kerek. Álemning tayaudaghy damu kelesheginde arzan atom energiyasyna degen qajettilik óse týsetin bolady. Qazaqstan – uran óndirude әlemdik kóshbasshy. Biz AES otyny ýshin tól óndirisimizdi damytyp, atom stansasyn salugha tiyispiz» - degen bolatyn.

Jalpy AES salu mәselesi biraz uaqyttan beri talqylanyp kele jatyr. Osy joldaudan keyin AES  salynuyna sheneunikter qúlshyna kiristi. Alghashqyda Aqtau, Balqash, Kurchatov qalalarynyng biri tandalatyn bolghan. Astanadaghy «Rosatommen» bolghan memarandumgha qol qoyylghanda AES qúrlysyn 2018 jyly bastau josparlanghan edi. Búl turaly sol kezdegi Kurchatovta ótken atom energetikasy turaly konferensiyada habarlanghan. Onda Kurchatov qalasy manynda, búrynghy synaq poligony aimaghynda AES salu turaly kelisim bolghandyghy aitylady. Aldaghy 2-3 jylda AES salu jónindegi barlyq jospar týzelip, zertteu júmystary jýrgizilmek. Búdan song qajetti qarjy kólemi anyqtalady. AES-ten alghashqy energiya 2023-2024 jyldary alynuy mýmkin. Reseylikter salatyn AES quattylyghy 300 ben 1200MVt (megovat) aralyghynda VVER tipti reaktrmen jabdyqtaytyn bolady delingen.

Al osy yadrolyq energetika «jasyl energiya» kózine jata ma?  AES salugha ketetin qarjy jobamen 5 mlrd  dollardy  qúramaq.  Búl shyghyndardan bólek AES-ti ústap túru, odan shyqqan radioaktivti qaldyqtardy saqtau, uaqyty ótkennen keyin AES-ti isten shygharu men qauipsiz ústap túru shyghyndary kezegin kýtip túr. Qazirden-aq sezile bastaghan su tapshylyghyn eskerer bolsaq, júmys istep túrghan reaktrdy suytugha kóp mólsherdegi sudyng qajettiligi taghy bar. Búl tek AES qalypty júmys jasap túrghanda ghana. Eger apatty jaghday oryn alsa Semay poligony ekinshi ret ashylghanmen birdey bolatynyn da qaperde ústaghanymyz jón.

Reseyding shekarasyna jaqyn ornalasqan Kurchatov qalasynyng әkimi Dmitry Garikov qalagha AES salugha tolyq mýmkindik baryn aityp AES qúrlysyn tezdetip bastaugha shaqyrdy. Sol kezdegi «Kazatomprom» tóraghasy, býgingi energetika ministri V.Shkolinik myrza qauipsizdigine kepildik bergen edi. AES-ting salynuyna sheneunikterimiz sonshalyqty mýddeli bolyp otyr. Onyng ýstine energiyalyq tapshylyghy joq soltýstik-shyghys aimaghynyng tandaluy da myna almaghayyp zamanda kónilge kýdik tudyrmay qoymaydy. Euraziyalyq ekonomikalyq odaqtyng jana jyldan keyin kýshine enetinin eskersek, AES qúrlysy men EEO-nyng ortaq energetikalyq naryghynyng qúryluy jónindegi sayasaty bir-birimen qabysyp jatyr.

Qazirgi uaqytta elimizdegi elektrenergiyasynyng 80% - kómirden alynady. Gazdan -10,5%, sudan – 8-9%, jel men kýnnen alynatyn energiya 0,5 % eken. Al óndirilgen energiyanyng 20-30%  energiya tasmaldaushy jelilerding tozuynan orta jolda joghalatyn kórinedi. Astanada ótetin 2017 jylghy halyqaralyq EKSPO kórmesi «jasyl ekonomika» taqyrybyna arnalghaly otyr. Balamaly energetika kózderin damytudyng manyzy kýn ótken sayyn artyp keledi.

Osy «Jasyl ekonomika, balamaly quat kózderi» dep jalaulatyp EKSPO ótkize otyryp dauly Atom energiyasy men AES saludan bas tartpasaq  shyghyn kólemi qazirde 3 mlrd dollar kóleminde dep josparlanghan EKSPONY ókizuding qajeti qansha? Qajet bolsa AES salugha ketetin qarjy men EKSPO ótkizuge ketetin qarajatty energiya óndirudegi ekologiyalyq taza, qaldyqsyz, qalpyna keletin energiya kózderin alugha mýmkindik beretin otandyq ozyq jobalargha investisiyalayyq. Búl qauipsiz, әri otandyq ghylymnyng damuyna jana serpin beredi, salynghan qarjy óz elimizding ekonomikasyna qyzmet etetin bolady.

Al balamaly energiya kózderinen (su, kýn, jel) energiya óndirudegi elimizding әleueti qanshalyqty ekenin saralap kórsek, mysaly Shyghys Qazaqstan oblysynda shaghyn gidrostansiyalardy damytu qolgha alyna bastady. Ázirge 13 gidrostansiyalar salynu josparlanghan. Oblysta negizinen tauly aimaqtarda aghatyn 700-dey ózen bar. Quattylyghy 20MVt bolatyn alghashqy shaghyn gidrostansiya Zyryan audanyndaghy Túrghysyn ózenine salynuda. Múnday quat kýshi bir audandy energiyamen tolyq qamtamasyz etuge jetedi. Elimizdegi eng alghashqy SES Zyryan kenishin energiyamen qamtamasyz etu maqsatynda osy ózenge 1902 jyly salynypta. 1927 jyly Joghary Hariuzovsk SES-i (quaty 3,2 myng kVt), 1934 jyly Ýlbi SES-i (quaty 27,6 myng kVt) salyndy. Ýlken Almaty ózeninde 10 kaskadtan túratyn SES (jalpy quaty 47 myng kVt) 1959 jyly salynyp bitti. Songhy jyldary keshendi  maqsatta paydalanylatyn birneshe iri su-energetikalyq toraptar iske qosyldy: Ertis ózeninde Óskemen SES-i (quaty 331,2 myng kVt) jәne Búqtyrma SES-i (quaty 675 myng kVt), Shýlbi SES-i (quaty 702 MVt), Ile ózeninde Qapshaghay SES-i (quaty 434 myng kVt) jәne t.b. Elimizde su-energetika qúrylys obektilerinen basqa 200-den astam shaghyn jәne ortasha SES salynghan. Keyinnen iske qosylghan Shardara jәne Moynaq GES-ry taghy bar. «QazGidro» institutynyng baghalauyna sәikes quaty 50-den 300 MVt-qa deyingi GES qúrylysyn salu Qazaqstan ózenderindegi bolashaghy bar jeti uchaskening tórteui Ile ózenindegi Qapshaghay aimaghynda anyqtalghan.

Kýnnen alynatyn energiya boyynsha elimizdegi kýn sәulesining týsuine mýmkindik beretin aua-rayyndaghy ashyq kýnder jylyna 2200-3000 saghatty qúraydy. 1 m² -qa shaqqanda 1300 – 1800 kVt  energiya óndiruge bolady eken.

2012 jyly Jambyl oblysynda quattylyghy 504 kVt  «Otar» kýnelektrstansiyasynyng birinshi bóligi iske qosyldy. Jobanyng jalpy energiya óndiru kýshi 7 MVt. 2013 jyly Almaty oblysynyng Qapshaghay qalasynda quattylyghy 2 MVt bolatyn jana tehnologiyaly kýnelektrstansiyasy iske qosyldy. Bolashaqta onyng quatyn arttyra beretin bolady.

 Elimizde «Kazatomprom» ÚK-sy qúny 160 mln dollar bolatyn kýn energiyasyn jinaqtaytyn batareyalar zavodyn túrghyzbaq. Almaty oblysyndaghy Tekeliden shiykizat óndirilip, ol Óskemende kýn batareyalaryna qajetti kýn sәulesin energiyagha ainaldyratyn fotoelektrli úyashyqtar, batareyanyng plastinderi jasalsa, Astanada dayyn ónimdi qúrastyrady. Ózimizde jasalghan múnday batareyalardy mysaly mektep, balabaqsha, auruhana, mәdeniyet ýii syndy memlekettik ghimarattargha qúryp, energiyamen qamtamasyz ete alar edik.  

Sonymen qatar jer astynan shyghatyn tabighy ystyq su kózderinen de molynan energiya alugha әbden bolady.  Arnauly bu stansiyalary  Italiya, Fransiya, AQSh, Meksika, Filippiyn, Daniya, Qytay syndy elderde bar.  Reseydegi  osynday  stansiya Kamchatkadaghy bir qalany tolyq  elektr toghy jәne jylumen  qamtamasyz etip túr.Songhy tehnologiyalarmen jabdyqtalghan bu stansiyasy bes birdey atom stansiyasy óndiretin quatty beredi eken. Al elimizde zerttelgen jer asty ystyq su kózderi  az emes.

Sheteldik tәuelsiz sarapshylardyng baghalauy boyynsha geografiyalyq jaghynan «Jonghar qaqpasy» men «Shelek dәlizi» arqyly ótetin aua aghynyny әlemdegi eng ýzdik jel «dәlizi» bolyp tabylady. Jonghar qaqpasyndaghy Toqty degen jerde dýnie jýzinde soq­paytyn jyldamdyghy sekundyna 60 metrge deyingi Ebi, Sayqan deytin joyqyn kýshti jelder soghady. Osy jerge jel elektr stansasyn salyp, birneshe jýzdegen mega­vatt quat óndiruge bolatyny qansha uaqyttan beri aitylyp keledi. Jalpy, búl jerdegi jelding ortasha jyldamdyghy sekundyna 9,5 metr, Shelek dәlizinde ortasha jyldamdyghy sekundyna 7,5 metr. Aqmola oblysyndaghy Ereymentauda da osy shamada. Ontýstik Qazaqstan, Manghystau, Atyrau, Qaraghandy oblystaryndaghy kýshti jel soghatyn jerlerdi tiyimdi paydalanar bolsa mol energiya alugha mýmkindik bar.

Qazaqstandaghy alghashqy quattylyghy 1 500 kVt jәne 21 MVt bolatyn eki jelelektrostansiyasy 2011 jyly Jambyl oblysynyng Qorday audanynda iske qosyldy. Odan basqa oblys aumaghynda Janatas jәne Shoqpar, Aqmola oblysynyng Ereymentau audanynda quattylyghy 45 MVt, bolashaqta 300 MVt  qúraytyn jelelektrstansiyalaryn salu iske asyryluda.

Al jeldi energiyagha ainaldyratyn generatordy qazaq ghalymdary jasap, óndiriske dayyndap qoyghan. 2011 jyly әlemdegi ýzdik jýz jobanyng ishinde bas jýldeni alghan generator basqa elderding qyzyghushylyghyn tudyryp otyr. Qazir әlemde qoldanysta jýrgen jel generatorlary qatty jelderde synghysh, әrtýrli tabighy apatty jaghdaylargha tótep bere almaydy. Al otandyq qúral osy talaptardyng bәrine jauap beredi. Múnday generatorlardy әsirese auylsharuashylyghy men jenil ónerkәsipti damytudaghy basty quat kózine ainaldyrugha bolady.  

         Jonghar qaqpasy men Shelek dәlizinen soghatyn kýshti jel Alakólding ýstinen Ayakóz asyp, Egiz, Qyzyl Tu, Janghyz Tóbe, Qara bura, Kókpekti arqyly Shynghystau men AES salynbaqshy bolyp otyrghan Kurchatov qalasynyng janyndaghy atom synaq poligonynyng alany bolghan Degeleng tauy arqyly ótip, osy baghyt boyynsha jelden mol energiya alugha mýmkindik beredi. Jalpy Qazaqstan boyyn­sha 12 aimaqta jel energiyasyn tiyimdi óndiretindey mýmkindik bar.

Sonymen qatar «Samrúq Energo» AQ Shelek dәlizinde quattylyghy 300 MVt bolatyn jelelektrstansiyasy, Kerbúlaq GES –in salu, Shelek, Kóksu, Ýlken Almaty kanalynda barlyghynyng quattylyghy 300 MVt bolatyn shaghyn GES-yn saludy josparlap otyr. 

Osy mýmkindikterdi tiyimdi paydalanu ýshin jel energetikasy qondyrghylaryn basqa energiya kózderimen, respublikanyng shy­ghys, ontýstik-shyghys, ontýstik aimaq­ta­rynda su elektr stansylary men jel elektr stansylaryn qosarlap ornalastyru qajet. Qysqy uaqytta jelding soghysy qatayady, jazghy mezgilde azayady, sudyng qólemi qysta azaysa, jaz ailarynda kóbeyedi. Osyghan oraylastyra energiya kózderining birtútas energetikalyq jýiesin qúryp, ýilesimdi júmys jasauyn qamtamasyz etu kerek. «Ekspo 2017» kórmesin ótkizedi ekenbiz, ondaghy salynbaq keshender men ghimarattar energiyamen ózin-ózi qamtamasyz etetin, energiya ýnemdegish songhy tehnologiyalarmen jabdyqtalyp, otandyq jәne basqa elderding kýn, jel, sudan energiya óndiretin inovasiyalyq generatorlaryn paydalanyp sheteldikterge balamaly energiyany óndiru jәne tiyimdi paydalana biluding ýlgisin ózimiz kórsetkenimiz abzal.

Elbasy AES saluda onyng qauiptiligin aityp eldi dýrliktirip jýrgenderdi paydaly isting bayybyna bara almaytyndar, elding arasynda Fukusima sindromy kezip jýrgenin aityp synaghan bolatyn. Halyqtyng әleumettik jaghdayyna tikeley әser etetin múnay men basqa da shiykizat baghasynyng ósui men týsuine ýnemi alandaushylyqpen qarap otyramyz. Tútynatyn energiya qúny kýnen-kýnge qymbattap barady. Ol bolsa barlyq tauarlar men qyzmet týrlerining qymbattauyna alyp keledi. Qymbatshylyqtan elding әleumettik jaghdayy tómendey týsude . Ghalymdarymyz balamaly energiya kózderinen alynatyn quat qúny 1 kVt energiya 6-10 tenge, tipti 4-5 tengege týsiruge mýmkindigimizding bar ekendigin aitady. Eger biz osynday jaghdaygha qol jetkizer bolsaq AES saludan ghana emes  ekologiyamyzdy lastap jatqan kómirmen, mazutpen  júmys jasaytyn JES-terden de bas tartatyn bolamyz.

«Jasyl energiya» arqyly ekonomikany әrtaraptandyryp, shikzatqa tәueldilikten aryludyn, otandyq óndiristing órkendeuine mýmkindik beretin arzan energiya aludy qalayda tezdetip jýzege asyru qajet. Ekonomikalyq jaghynan tәuelsiz el ghana tolyq tәuelsizdikke qol jetkizedi.

Ardaq Berkimbay.

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