20 JYLDYQ EMBARGONY ENSERGEN IRAN
Sayasy hәm ekonomikalyq embargo
Euraziyalyq kenistegi eng qauqarly Reseyge batys elderining salghan sanksiyasy* EbrAzOdaq pen onymen ekonomikalyq tyghyz qatynastaghy TMD elderining birqataryna da әseri men qatysy bolyp otyrghany mәlim. Sol sebepti búl keniste býgingi tanda ekonomikalyq sanksiya taqyryby birshama ózekti. Búl joly múnday túrpattaghy sayasi-ekonomikalyq sharanyng Iran islam respublikasyna qatysty jaghyn ashpaqpyz.
Irangha múnday sanksiya 1995 jyly engizildi. Búghan sebep – el biyligining amerikalyq kózqaraspen sanaspay kirisken sayasy әreketteri edi. Iran әlemdik yqpalgha ie bolarlyq yadrolyq qarulanugha úmtylghany mәlim. Batystyq sayasi-ekonomikalyq qalyptasqan ýrdiske qarsy Iran elining erkinsy kirisken elaralyq sayasi-ekonomikalyq qimyldary AQSh tarapynan qarsylyqqa úshyrap, әlemdik alpauyt elding syrtqy sayasatynyng mәrtebesi men ekonomikasyna, әlemdik qausizdikke qater tóndiru әreketi esebinde moyyndaldy. Sóitip, AQSh bastamasyn Europanyng birqatar elderi qoldap, keyinirek búl sanksiya AQSh odaqtastary men Euroodaq elderining syrtqy sayasatyndaghy basty sipattyng birine ainaldy.
Atalmysh sanksiyanyng mәni – Irannyng otyn-quattyq jәne qarjylyq sektoryna qatysty batystaghy basty tútynu ortasy qusyrylyp, qarjy ainalymyna kedergi qoyylyp, elding negizgi tabys kózi sanalatyn salasyn qylghyndyru edi. Atalmysh sayasi-ekonomikalyq tyiym 2013 jyly taghy bir jylgha úzartylyp, yqpaldy 87 irandyq túlghany batys elderine ayaq bastyrmaytynday qosymsha shekteuge úlasty. Qysqasy, búl embargonyn** mәni boyynsha Iran batysqa múnayyn sata almaydy, qarjysyn shygharyp,alym-berim sauda jasau da tyiyldy. Batys elderindegi bank shottarynda qordalanghan qarajattyng qany úiyp, qamaldy. Sonymen bolar is – boldy, al saldary she?
*Ekonomikalyq sanksiya – halyqaralyq saudagha qatysatyn bir nemese birneshe el tarapynan basqa bir elaralyq saudagha qatysushy elge sayasy baghytty ózgertuge mәjbýrleytin tyiymdyq sipattaghy ekonomikalyq sharasy.
**Embargo (ispansha embargo) — materialdyq, qarjylyq, tauarlyq qamaqqa alu, tyiym salu, kedergi qoi,latynsha imbarricare — bógeu,kedergi jasau, jol baylau.
Saldar
Sanksiya saldarynan irandyq múnay eksporty kýnige 1,2 mln barrelge deyin azaydy.2011 jylmen salystyrsaq, eksport esebinen jylyna 100 mlrd AQSh dollary kóleminde tabys tapsa, 2013 jyly búl tabys bar bolghany 35 mlrd bolyp,elge aitarlyqtay shyghyn keltirdi.
Sanksiyanyng alghashqy jyldary irandyq resmy derek boyynsha inflyasiya 45%, búny sheteldik sarapshylar 50% men 80% arasynda terbeldi deydi. 2013 jylgha qaray qatang fiskaldyq әri monetarlyq tәrtipting arqasynda ekonomikanyng qúnsyzdanu qúny 25%-gha tómendegen. Álemdik aqsha bazardaghy irandyq rialdyng baghamy 3-5% týrinde tolqymaly bola kelip, 2013 jyly ghana búl aiyrma terbelisi 0,2-0,7% dengeyine deyin kemiydi de, iran aqshasynyng dengeyi túraqty kýiin saqtaugha shamasy keldi.
Áriyne elaralyq búl tyiym halyqtyng júmyspen qamtyluyna әser etti. Búl jónindegi kórsetkishte irandyq derekkóz ben әlemdik sarapshylar keltiretin sifrdyng aiyrmasy barshylyq. Irandyq derek júmyssyzdyqty 13% dese, ekinshi tarap 20% dengeyde, yaghny әrbir besinshi iran azamaty júmyssyzdandy deydi.
Iran jana ken oryndaryn qosa alghanda, múnay men gaz qory jóninen әlemdik ýlesting sәikesinshe - 18% ben 9,4%-gha iye. Qara altyndy óndeu boyynsha múnayhimiya bazaryndaghy irandyq ýles - 2,4% boldy.
BÚÚ men Halyqaralyq Qarjy Qorynyng mәlimeti boyynsha, 2013 jylghy Irannyng makroekonomikalyq kórsetkishteri boyynsha 2013 jyly IJÓ/ishki jalpy ónim kóleminen әlemdegi 27-ekonomika bolghan da, ol 437 mlrd. AQSh dollaryn qúraghan. Búny jan basyna shaqqandaghy ýlespen eseptesek – 5607 dollar. Áriyne sonshalyqty sorly emes. Biraq... Búl arada taptyq tabys aiyrmasyn aita ketken jón. Barynsha auqatty 10 % júrttyng tabysy eng kedey 10 %-dyng tabysynan 11 ese artyq bolghan.
Irannyng әlemdik IJÓ-degi ýlesi nebәri - 0,74%. Búl kórsetkishti tyiymnan tityqtaghan el 2014 jyldan bastap - 0,76%, 2015 jyly - 0,8% al 2016 jylgha - 0,85% kólemine úlghaytugha niyet etip keldi.
Al Irannyng 2013 jylghy syrtqy qaryzy - 8 mlrd. dollardy qúrady, búl IJÓ-ning 2%-y bolyp tabylady. Jogharydaghy IJÓ boyynsha 0,74 payyzdyq ýles pen múny salystyrsaq, birshama jaydy angharamyz.
Ekonomikalyq ósim alghash ret 20 jyl ishinde keri qúldyrady. 2012-2013 jyldary IJÓ minus 5,8%-dy,al múnay sektory minus 34%-gha shyqty. Óndeu ónerkәsibi bolsa, 8,1%-gha keri ketti. IJÓ eki esege qysqardy.
Jalpy Iran budjetindegi kiristin 60% múnaydy shetke satudan týsip, tek qana 40%-yn alym-salyq qúrap kelgen edi. Búl degenimiz - sonsha kólemde Iran eli múnaygha tәueldi bolghandyghyn bildiredi. Múny ekonomister «qara altynnyng qarghysy» ataydy.
El basshylyghyna 2013/14 jyldary kelgen H.Rouhany túsynda da IJÓ (-1,9%) tómendeu qarqyny bәsendemedi, múnay salasy (- 8,9%) men óndeu ónerkәsibi (-3,6%) keri kete berdi. IJÓ qúldyrau tek qana 2014 jyldyng qantaryna qaray bayaulady. Búl әlgi sanksiyany júmsartu kezinde satylghan múnay (+3,6%) esebinen, yaghniy batystyq Qamsyzdandyru kompaniyalary jol ashqan tankerlik saudanyng nәtiyjesinen bolghan edi.
Qarsylasu ekonomikasy...
Álqissa, osynday «jeti aghayyndy jút» jaghdayynda elding basshylary es jinap, «qarsylasu ekonomikasyn» qúrugha bet búrdy. Búl termin bolghanmen, soghys jaghdayyn eskertetin, syrtqy qysymgha tótep bererlik ishki qauqardy iske qosugha mәjbýrlegen sayasatqa úlasty. Elding aqylmandary men ghalymdarynyng dәrmeni birigip,izdenister men saualdargha jabyla jauap izdegen ghylymy mәsliqattargha jol berildi.
Iran parlamentining ózi jana ekonomikalyq baghytty talqylaugha, maqsat pen kórsetkishterdi aiqyndaugha birneshe ret otyrys jasap bas qatyrdy. Shyn mәninde 2012 jylgha deyin el aldynda sóz alghan preziydent te, rahbar (elbasshy) da sanksiyanyng ekonomikagha keri yqpalyn ashyq aita qoymasa, endi múny ashyq moyyndap, ekonomikalyq tәuelsizdikke qol jetkizuge eldi ashyqtan ashyq ýndedi. Biraq «joq qol baylaydy» demekshi, otandyq kapital bәribir de ebrokompaniyalardyng investisiyasynyng ornyn basa almady. Qarjy tapshylyghy sezildi. Óndiris salalaryna qajetti jabdyq alugha embargo kesirin tiygizip, qol jetkizbedi.
Iran basshylyghy Batyspen ymyragha keluding jolyna týsti, biraq 2013-ting basy men 2014 jyly sanksiyany toytaru kelisimi auyr jýrdi. Sanksiya dogharyla qoymady.
Osynday auyr jaghday basshylyqty naqty qadamdargha baryp, elding 2025 jylgha deyingi úzaqmerzimdi damu josparyn jasauyna iytermeledi. Qújat barlyq biylik salalarynan sýzilip ótip, maqúldandy. Sóitip, 2014 jylghy 11 nauryzda elbasshy – rahbar Hoseyny Hameney aqsaqal sanksiyalyq rejimdi ekonomikalyq soghys retinde atap, elge baghdarlamalyq qújatty jariya etti. Osylay iransha jana jyldyng alghashqy kýni 2014 jyldyng 21 nauryzynan bastap, «qarsylasu ekonomikasy» iske kiristi. Iran ayatollasynyng óz auyzynan jariya bolghan aituly baghdarlama 10 basty shartty atap ótsek:
- Ekonomika júmysbastylyqty qamtityn, enbek ónimin molaytatynday, inflyasiyany auyzdyqtarday ondy da qarqyndy boluy shart. Basty sharty – әleumettik әdiletting boluy.
- Qarsylasu ekonomikasynyng bir qyry - әlemdik daghdarys pen tabighy apattargha tózimdi boluy. «2011 jyldyng qysynan bastalghan ekonomikalyq soghysqa qarsy túrarlyq qauqarly ekonomika boluy basty shart».
- Ishki mýmkindikterdi (ghylymi, tabighi, qarjylay, geografiyalyq) tirek etu.
- El basshylyghy búl baghdarlamagha jihatqa, yaghny qasiyetti soghysqa kiriskendey kirisui kerek.
- Halyqtyng ekonomikalyq damugha qatysuy. Rahbar elde bolghan revolusiya men soghystyng júrtshylyqty ekonomikagha tikeley qatystyrugha nazar audartpaghanyn moyyndady. 2000 jyldardaghy jekeshelendiru óz mindetin oryndamaghanyn atap ótti.
- Azyq pen strategiyalyq tauarlardyng әsirese, medikamentterding qoryn jasaqtau.
- Múnaygha degen tәueldilikti qysqartu. Rahbardyng sózimen aitqanda: «búl – atqarylatyn basty da, manyzdy sharua».
- Ýnemdi de tiyimdi tútynushylyq. «Búl jerde adamy iygilikten baz keshu iydeologiyasy kózdelip otyrghan joq, sudy, nandy,azyqty,medikamentti,ómirge qajetti nәrselerdi ýnemdey bilu jolgha qoyylsyn t.b.».
- Sybaylas jemqorlyqpen kýres Qarsylasu ekonomikasyn qúraytyn basty sharttardyng biri bolugha tiyis. Rahbardyng aituynsha, «jemqorlyqpen kýrestegi basty shart - móldirlik bolugha tiyis».
- Diny elbasshy kórsetkendey «qarsylasu ekonomikasynyn» basty qyry retinde ghylymy jetistikterdi, innovasiyalyq ekonomikany jasaqtaytyn baghyt boluy kerek degeni el ýshin eshbir kýtilmegen iydeyalyq janalyq edi.
Iran halqynyng sany 2007/08 jyldary shegine jetip kóbeygenimen, odan әri demografiyalyq ósim toqtady. Irandyqtar sany - 2013 jyly 77,8 mln. adam boldy. Demografiyalyq jaghdaydyng nasharlyghy eskerilip, 2012 jyly tuudy baqylau baghdarlamasy dogharylyp, onyng ornyna «Tuylys pen densaulyq» baghdarlamasy qabyldanyp, ana men bala saulyghy qolgha alyndy. Búghan qosa kópbalalylyqty kótermeleytin әleumettik qorjynnyng da bauy sheshildi.
Nәtiyje
Áriyne, múnday ekonomikalyq dýley tyiymgha tótep beru mýmkin emes edi, Iran biyligi yadrolyq baghdarlamany jyiyp, sayasy ambisiyany tyiyuyna mәjbýr boldy. Búl sheginis sayasy jylymyqqa úlasty da, batystaghy banktarda «múzdatylghan» 7 mlrd. AQSh dollaryn «eritip», Europalyq qamsyzdandyru kompaniyalary tankerlik múnay tasymalyn qoldaugha kelisti. Búl eki arada Euroodaq pen AQSh búdan әri qosalqy sanksiya engizbeuge uaghdalasty. Iran sanksiyalyq 20 jyldy tekke ótkizgen joq, el sayasatyndaghy artyq ambisiyadan arylyp, halyq azamattyq sapagha kóterildi. Onyng bir kórsetkishi – jemqorlyqtyng tómendeui. 2014 jyly jemqorlyq indeksi boyynsha Iran 152-orynnan 136-gha bir kóterildi.
Sóitip 2013 j. jeltoqsannan bastap 2014 jyldyng qantar-aqpanyna deyin Tegerangha fransuz, italiyan, nemis, avstriya jәne basqa batysebropalyq kәsipkerler aghyla bastady.
Nәtiyjesinde tau-ken salasyna ebropalyq tehnologiya enuge mýmkindik aldy. «Reno-Nissan» men «Pejo-Sitroen» sekildi avtomobil konsernderi qajetti bólshekterdi úsynugha kirisip, irandyq mashina jasau sektoryn jandandyru qolgha alyndy. Múnay-himiya salasyna qan jýrerlik qozghalys bastaldy...
Irannyng kedendik әkimshiligining mәlimetine qarasaq, 1392 j. (2013 j. 21 nauryz - 2014 j. 20 nauryz) eksport 41,6 mlrd. dollardy, al import – 49,4 mlrd. dollardy (múnay men gazdy qospaghandaghy esepti) qúraghan.
2013 jyly temir óndiru 28 mln. tonna bolsa, ony 2015 jylgha qaray 43 mln. tonngha jetkizu maqsaty tudy. Iran әleumen óndirisinen әlemde 22 orynda bolsa, endi 14-oryngha úmtyldy.
Bәrinen búryn batys aziyalyq Iran quat óndirude aldynghy qatargha shygha bastauda. Eldegi generlenushi (bir beketten óndiru shamasy) quat kózi búryn-sondy bolmaghan 67,8 GVt-qa jetip, ónirdegi quat óndirushi aldynghy oryngha jayghasyp, al әlem boyynsha 14-oryngha shyqty.Tayau men Orta Shyghystaghy múnayhimiya bazaryndaghy irandyq ýles búryn 23,4% bolsa, endi 2020 jylgha qaray búny 41% jetkizu kózdeldi.
2014 jylghy qorytyndy boyynsha aziyalyq múnaysyz eksporttyng 92%-y Irangha tiyesili. Búl Iran ýshin Qytay sekildi ekonomikalyq alpauyttyng qúshaghyn aiqara ashuyna mýmkindik bolyp otyr.
Iranda paydaly qazbanyng әlemdik qorynyng 2 payyzy bar, 12 metaldyq, 36 metaldyq emes ken orny ashylghan. Iran eli býginde myrysh qory boyynsha әlemde ekinshi, al mys boyynsha – jetinshi orynda. Biraq jer óndeu Iranda jútang damyghan, óitkeni, jer aumaghynyng 20% ghana jaramdy. Sanksiya túsynda importtyq azyqty tez arada otandyq ónimge auystyru mәselesi tuyndaghanda, auylsharuashylyq óndirisin yntalandyruda irandyq membasqaru jýiesi asa tiyimdi is atqardy. Sharualar ýshin túqymnyng qúnyn óteudi tolyghymen memleket óz moynyna alyp, sulandyru men tyng jerlerdi óndeuge jaghday jasaldy. Búnyng bәri aqyrynda eldi azyqtyq tәuelsizdikke qysqa merzimde qol jetkizip otyr.
Irandyq Qodyro/ Khodro konserni jylyna 1 mln-nan asa jenil avtokólik shygharyp, sala boyynsha Batys Aziyadaghy birinshi oryngha shyqty. Búnymen qosa búl konsern Ázerbayjan men Belarusta ózining qúrastyru óndirisin iske qosqan.
Áskeriy-ónerkәsip kesheni de qarap qalghan joq, әskerdi janghyrta qarulandyrugha el eshtenesin ayamady, aqyrynda batystyng az ghana artta qalghan siyaghynan/analog/ qalyspaytyn elding zamanauy tól qarulanu jýiesin jasaqtady.
Zymyran-gharyshtyq industriya men orbitagha óz jerserikterin úshyrudyng bәri – irandyq injenerler men Ispahan men Tegerandaghy ghylymy ortalyqtardyng dәrmenin bayqatsa kerek.
Biylghy jyl basynda aqyry Irangha qarsy baghyttalghan 20 jyldyq sanksiya toytaryldy da, elge batystaghy bankterden $150 mlrd dollar qarjygha qatysty qúrsau bosatyldy. Ekonomikalyq qauqary «qara altynnyng qarghysyna» úshyraghan el, býginde múnaysyz enbekting alghysyna bólenetin belgini bere bastady. Endi Batys Aziyadaghy alypqa ainalghaly otyrghan Iran basqa elder ýshin daghdarys jaghdayynda investor bolugha tolyq mýddeli de qauqarly әri qúqyly.
Serik Ábdireshúly
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