Qazaq jerine islam dini sopylyq ilimdi uaghyzdaghan dәruishter súhbaty arqyly endi. Olar halyq dýniyetanymyndaghy qúndylyghyn arttyra týsetin sopylyq ilimdi damytqany ýshin әuliyege balandy. Sondyqtan olardyng qabirining basyna túrghyzylghan keseneler tәube etetin kiyeli oryn retinde tanyldy. Týbi bir týrki halyqtarynyng barlyghy qazirgi kýnning ózinde ziyarat jasaytyn qasiyetti oryn retinde sanaydy. Sonyng ishinde danalyq hikmetteri arqyly halyq senimine iman úyalatqan Ahmet Yasauy ilimning orny erekshe. Ahmet Yasauy ilimining manyzy men negizgi maqsatyn, damu ereksheligin tanyp bilu ýshin eng aldymen týrki halyqtarynyng ejelgi salt dәstýrleri men diny senimine nazar audarghanymyz jón.

Qazaq jerine islam dini sopylyq ilimdi uaghyzdaghan dәruishter súhbaty arqyly endi. Olar halyq dýniyetanymyndaghy qúndylyghyn arttyra týsetin sopylyq ilimdi damytqany ýshin әuliyege balandy. Sondyqtan olardyng qabirining basyna túrghyzylghan keseneler tәube etetin kiyeli oryn retinde tanyldy. Týbi bir týrki halyqtarynyng barlyghy qazirgi kýnning ózinde ziyarat jasaytyn qasiyetti oryn retinde sanaydy. Sonyng ishinde danalyq hikmetteri arqyly halyq senimine iman úyalatqan Ahmet Yasauy ilimning orny erekshe. Ahmet Yasauy ilimining manyzy men negizgi maqsatyn, damu ereksheligin tanyp bilu ýshin eng aldymen týrki halyqtarynyng ejelgi salt dәstýrleri men diny senimine nazar audarghanymyz jón.

Týrkiler ejelden qorshaghan ortamen til tabysugha úmtylysynda kókke siynyp, kók tәnirge arnap qúrbandyq shalghan. Tabighattyng týrli qúbylystaryna grekter tәrizdi «Zevs», «Paseydon», «Gera» nemese ýndiler tәrizdi «Vay», «Atman», «Vaysha» dep jeke atau berip, týrli siynu rәsimderi men dәstýrlerin qalyptastyryp, qogham ishinde әr-týrli senimderding beleng aluyna jol bermey tabighatty biyleushi ortaq kýshting kók tәniri ekenin tanytty. Týrki halyqtarynyng soghys joryqtaryn qoldaytyn әri jenis әperetin tәniri úlan baytaq jerde qaghanat qúryp, ony basqarugha da dem bergen. Múny óz kezeginde V. V. Bartolid erekshe atap ótedi: «Qaghan óz taghy ýshin halyqqa boryshtar. Óitkeni taypalyq qúrylymdardyng birlesui jalpy halyqty qúraydy. Degenmen han ózining taqqa otyruyn halyqtan emes tәnirining qoldauymen jýzege asady dep sanady» [1].

Barlyq dinning negizinde bolmystyng týbirin tanyp bilu jәne sol arqyly ómir danalyghyn izdeuge talpynys oryn alghan. Mine, týrkilerde «Adamnyng әlemdegi orny», «Alghashqy jaratylys», «Bolmysty jaratushy» tәrizdi alghashqy filosofiyalyq taldaulardy óz dәstýrlerine layyqty etip týsindire aldy. Adam әlemdegi qúbylystardy logikalyq túrghydan aqyl-oy kýshimen tanyp biluge qauqarsyz dәuirde diny qyzmetkerlerding joramaldaryn negizge ala otyryp әreket jasady. S. Orynbekov «Týrkiler týsiniginde tәniri ómir sýruding negizi. Keybiri tәniri dep aspannyng kókshildigin aitsa, basqalary tәnirdi aspan retinde qabyldady» [3] -dep, tabighy zalaladan arashalaytyn ruhany kýshting kók aspan ayasynda ekenine nazar audartady. D. Banzarov pen K. Yakovlevting pikirlerin negizge alghan L. Gumiylev «Taghyr-tayyq» әdet ghúrpy boyynsha týrkilerding kók tәnirige siynuy әruaqtargha siynuynan joghary túrady [4]. «Taghyr-tayyq» dәstýrinde býkil qauym erleri jiylyp tәniri qúrmetine qúrbandyq shalady. Soyylghan mal eti týgel tarqatylyp, qúrbandyqtyng ayaghy ýlken toygha úlasady. L. Gumiylev «Taghyr-tayyq» dәstýrinde adam ruhynan joghary qúdiret kýshine tabynushylyqqa basa nazar audaryp, ol qúdiret kýshin «jaryq» dep kórsetedi.

Aqylgha-oygha tәuelsiz adam ómirindegi ruhany qajettilikter «Taghyr-tayyq» dәstýri ispetti qúrbandyq shalumen tolysady. Búl qajettilik adamnyng psihologiyalyq әlsizdiginen tuyndaghan әreket emes, onyng mәni odan da terende jatyr. Yaghni, adam ómirine jauapty týrde qaraytyn bir ruhany kýshting baryn bilip, soghan senu. Islam dinin moyyndaghan әr músylman da osy prinsipke baghynghan. Yaghni, «Alladan basqa tabynatyn Tәnirding joqtyghyna jәne de sendim Múhammed onyng qúly jәne elshisi ekenine»-dep senim keltirumen ghana músylmandar qataryna qosylghan. Sonymen, týrkiler kókke, kýn men aigha jogharydan shapaghat beretin kýsh esebinde tabynumen qatar ata-baba ruhynda qasterlegen. Jaryq dýniyede ýstemdigin jýrgizgen qúdiret iyesi kók tәniri adamzat qaza bolghannan keyin, óz ýstemdigin joyady. Adam jer men kókting ayasynda dýniyege kelip, sonyng ayasynda ómirden ótedi. Yaghny tәni jer ana qoynauyna qoyylsa, ruhy kókke kóteriledi. Osy sәtten bastap barlyq qúdiret kýshterinen tәuelsiz aruaqqa ainalady. «Aruaqtar ózining úrpaqtaryna qiynshylyqta sýiener sýienishi bolghan. Sondyqtan soghys shayqasyna kirgende, at bәigeden kele jatqanda jәne paluan kýresining júlqysynda ata-babalarynyng atyn úran etip shaqyryp, olardyng aruaghynan medet kýtken» [5].

Osy jerde basty nazar audaratyn mәsele, týrkilerding ata-baba aruaghyn qasterlep, qadir tútuyn kók tәnirige syiynumen salystyryp, birin-birinen tómen nemese joghary dep qarastyru qate. Óitkeni búl nanymdar týrki halyqtarynyng tanymdyq jýiesinen ózindik oryn alghan jәne bir-birine bergisiz ruhany kýshterge iye. Sondyqtan, búlardyng ózara aiyrmasyn nemese ýstemdigin aiqyndaghannan góri, ekeui birlesip kelgende ghana týrkilerding ruhany múqtajdyghyn óteytinin eskergenimiz jón. Tәnirige shalynghan qúrbandyq ata-baba ruhyna da tiyesili etilgen. Qanshama ghasyr ótse daghy, qazirding ózinde tәnirge (Alla) arnalyp shalynghan malgha oqylghan qúran ata-baba ruhyna baghyshtalady. Týrkiler aruaqtargha baghyshtap tórt týlikting qaysysyn bolsyn qúrbandyqqa shalghan. Tirisinde aruaghy asqan kisilerding mazaryna baryp qan shygharyp, ózining qoly jetpey jýrgen kókeytesti armanyn óteudi tilep, key-kezderi kózining qarashyghynday ústaghan qimasyn ataghan. Eger de tilegen armany oryndalar bolsa, ataghanyn qúrbandyqqa shalghan. Búl kórinisti jaqsy baghalaghan S. Nesterov, «Daghdarys qanshalyqty qatty bolsa, qúrbandyq sonsha baghaly boluy shart» [6],-degen. Kóshpendiler ýshin baghaly jylqy maly. Óitkeni jylqy jaugha shapsa - sәigýligi, kóshse, jýrse - kóligi, toylarda kókpar, bәige oiyndarynda qyzyqtaytyn qúmary. Qimastyq istese, tәnirining qaharyna úshyrap, qayghy-qasiretke shaldyghamyz nemese «aruaqtar mazarda tynyshynan aiyrylady» - degen úghymdaghy týsinik qalyptasqan. Búl ruhany tәsilder men filososfiyalyq oilar adamzat balasyna týrli iydeyalardy úsyndy. Qúrbandyqqa negizdelgen diny filosofiyalyq dәstýrler de adam týisigining kýshimen týzilgen. Adamzat tanymynyng quattylyghyn kórsetken N. Kuzanskiy: «Adamzat óz aqyl-oyynyng shygharmashylyq qyzmeti arqyly tәniri retinde tanyldy» [7]. Demek, adamzat ózine beymәlim bolghan ruhany kýshterge tabynyp, tabighat ayasynda óz ornyn belgileytin filosofiyalyq tújyrymdardy qalyptastyrdy. Búl tújyrymdar ómir aqiqatynyng negizgi normalaryn týzdi. Búl jóninde Gegeli: «Dinge degen sezim adamzat ruhynda filosofiyalyq izdenisterding qortyndysy retinde payda boldy» [8] - dep, ruhany kýshterge degen sezimning adamzat aqyl-oyynan tysqary nәrse emestigin týsindiredi.

Tabighat qúpiyasyn biluge qúshtarlyq tanytqan baqsy-balgerler naq sol ruhany kýshtermen adam arasyndaghy baylanysty rettep otyrghan. Baqsylar qobyzdyng sarynyna eltip, «jyn» shaqyryp, tәnirining qoldauymen adamzatty qauip-qaterden saqtandyrdy. Taghdyrgha aldyn-ala boljau jasap, tabighat kýshterin iygergendigi sonshalyq, keyde aiday ashyq kýni aspannan qara búlt tóndirip, nóserletken nemese ayaq astynan dauyl túrghyzyp, ainalasynyng astan-kestenin shygharghan. Olar emdeu isimen boljau jasaudan qúralaqan bolmaghan tәrizdi. Ony baqsy atauyna balger, emshi sózderining qosyluy aishyqtay týsedi. Áli kýnge deyin halyq arasynda baqsy-balgerding emdeu ýstindegi әdis-tәsilderi men «jyndaryn» shaqyryp, zikir salu qimyldary jóninde týrli pikirler saqtalghan. Bir qyzyghy, ol anyz әngime nemese ertegi keyipkeri retinde emes, siqyr kýshin baghyndyrghan emshi keypinde tanymal.

Sh. Uәlihanov baqsylardy jәrdem súrar jyndaryna qaray ýlken, ortasha, úsaq dep ýsh topqa bólshektep, ýlken baqsynyng is-sharalary men әdis-tәsilderine keninen toqtalady. Shamandyq nanym tek jynyn shaqyryp, adamnyng syrqatyn emdeuden qúralghan joq. Din basynda halyqqa yqpaly zor, týrkilerding ruhany sýienishine ainalghan biliktileri túrghanyn esten shygharmaghanymyz abzal. Olar ómir qiynshylyghyna tótep beruge jәrdemi tiyer bilikti ruhany ústaz qyzmetin atqardy. Orhon jazba eskertkishinde «bilik» sózi - «basqarushy», «danyshpan» degen maghynada qoldanylady. Al Jýsip Balasaghúniyding «Qútty biliginde» «bilim» degen maghynany beredi. Shyndyghynda bilim basqarugha jeteler alghashqy qúral. Bilim men basqarudy ishinara birlestirgen biliktilik qasiyeti kez-kelgenning boyyna darymaghan.

Halyq arasynda aty anyzgha ainalghan bilikti túlghalardyng biri Qorqyt-Ata. Onyng aitqan әrbir naqyl sózi óz aldyna týrkilik filosofiyanyng manyzyn týzedi: «Tәkapparlyqty Tәniri sýimes... Mingen atyng qinalmayynsha jol alynbas... Shalyp keser óz qylyshyndy múqaltyp shalghansha, shalmasa iygi. Jalghan sóz búl dýniyede bolghansha, bolmaghany iygi. Er jomartyn, er baqylyn jyrau biler. Qarsy aldynyzda joldan adastyrmay, qobyz tartyp jyrlaytyn jyrau bolsyn, ei, hanym! Azyp-tozyp kelgen paqyrgha Tәnirim sauabyn bersin, ei, hanym!» [10].

Jogharyda aitylghan tereng filosofiyalyq mәni bar oi-tolghamdar Qorqytty úly danyshpan oishyl retinde tanytady. Demek, týrkilerding Qorqytty airyqsha marapattap, «ata», «әuliye» atauy tekten tek emes. Múnan Qorqytty tәnirilik dinning kósh basyndaghy biliktiler sanatyna qosqandyghy aiqyn angharylady. Islam órkeniyetining tegeurindi yqpalynan keyingi jaghdayda da Qorqyt óz biyiktigin saqtap qaldy. Degenmen tәnirlik senim syrtqy diny jýielerding yqpalynan birshama ózgeristerge úshyrady.

Týrkiler parsy, qytay jәne orys sekildi iri memlekettermen kórshiles bolghan. Bir-birinen ózgeshe mәdeny oshaqtardy ishin-ara baylanystyrghan týrkiler, olardyng diny senimderi men dәstýrlerine de mәn bergen. Demek, týrkilerding diny dәstýrlerinde buddizm, zoroastrizm jәne hristian dini týzgen dәstýrler men filosofiyalyq úghymdardyng boluy kezdeysoq nәrse emes, belgili bir ruhany tanymdyq әserding negizinde jýzege asqan shara.

Islam diny dәstýrlerining týrkiler seniminde basty oryn aluy iassauiya tariqaty týzgen filosofiyalyq metodologiyanyng myqtylyghy. «Diuany hikmet» shumaqtarynda oishyldyng filosofiyalyq, logikalyq ústanymdary naqty aiqyndaldy. Búl halyqtyng ruhany tanymynda, ómir talabyna ainalghan diny dәstýrlerde iassauiya ilimderining keninen qoldanyluyna alyp keldi. Tәnirge degen filosofiyalyq ústanym óz dengeyin keneytip, Allagha degen senimmen úshtasyp, ruhany mәrtebesin arttyrdy. Yaghni, sopylyq ilimdegi «qalb» mәselesi barynsha ashyq qarastyrylyp, bir Allagha moyynúsynu adamzat jýregine jazylyp qoyghan senim retinde qabyldandy. Al, jogharyda aitylghan diny qúrylymdar negizinde shoghyrlanghan filosofiyalyq úghymdar týrkilerding әdet-ghúryptarynda saqtalyp qaldy.

Dәstýrlerding islamdyq sipat aluynda sopylyq ilimdi basty negiz etip qarastyrghan R. N. Mustafina: «Islam dinindegi bir Qúdaylyq qaghidasyna qayshy keletin ata-baba ruhyna tabynudy músylmandyq túrghydan bayandap bergen de sopylyq ilim» [11] -dep, islam dinine aruaqtardy qasterleu jónindegi talqylaular men dәstýrler legimen tolysqanyn aitady. Álemdik diny jýielerding birine ainalghan islam dinining taralu erekshelikterin qarastyrghan V. V. Bartolid: «Álemde týrli halyqtar arasynda taralghan islam dini , mәdeniyeti men ómir sýru tәjiriybesining әrtýrli bolghanyna qaramastan, olardy ishinara baylanysty etti» [12], -degen. Osylaysha týrki halyqtary arab dýniyesinde VII-VIII ghasyrlarda tuyndaghan sopylyq ilim arqyly islam dәstýrlerimen tanysty. Tәniri bolmysyn tanu jolynda týrli oishyl - filosoftardyng kózqarastaryn tarazylaghan A. Mehmet: «Tәnirining bilimdi, qúdiretti jәne raqymshylyq etushi, t.b. qasiyetterin sipattaghanda, onyng jaratqan әlemi jóninde aita ketkenimiz dúrys» [13],- degen. Demek Tәnirini tanu ýshin aldymen onyng jaratqanyn tany.

Qúranda jaratylys tónireginde kóptegen oilar týiindelgen: «Alla senderge jerdi túraq, kókti kýmbez qyldy. Sonday-aq senderdi beynelegende kórkem beyneledi» (40:64). Taqualar óz pikirlerin әrkez Qúran ayattaryna negizdep otyrghan. Kók Tәnirining úlylyghyn qәdirley bilgen týrki halqynyng tanym, týsinigine ortaq bolghan islam dinining ruhany qúndylyqtary da Ahmet Yasauy hikmetteri arqyly endi.

Sopylardyng Qúran men hadisterdi qayta qarap shyghuy islam ruhaniyatynyng qazynasyna kóptegen filosofiyalyq qúndylyqtardy qosty. Islam dininde mistika-askettik baghytta diny jәne ghylymy negizde jaryq kórgen enbekterding kóptigi sonshalyq, olar әldeqashan islamtanudan bólek ózining ózgeshe dәstýri men әdisterge toly әlemimen erekshelenetin sopylyq aghymdy qúrdy [15]. Aghym ókilderi alghashqy kezden-aq ghibadattan alandatqan nәrsening bәrine tiym saldy. Allany izdeu jolynda tuyndaghan kózqarastar, olardy dәstýrli islam qaghidalarynan birshama alshaqtatyp tastady. Mәselen, toqtausyz ghibadat etu nәtiyjesinde Allany jýreginen tapqan taqua ýshin arnayy syiynu ornyna arnalghan meshitting qajeti shamaly. Osynday qayshylyqtardyng órshy týsuinen arab halifatyndaghy diny ortalyqtardan qudalanghan taqualar óz oilaryn halifattan shetkeri ornalasqan aimaqtargha taratugha mәjbýr boldy. Sopylyq ilimning arab halifatynyng batys ónirinen Irannyng shyghys bóligi men Ortalyq Aziyagha taraluyna sayasiy-әleumettik jaghdaylar da әser etti. Osy kezende Iran әleumettik-ekonomikalyq túrghysynan jәne ózindik dәtsýrimen sopylyq ilimining kórkengine qolayly jerge ainaldy. Irannan Ortalyq Aziyagha engen sopylyq ilim búl ónirlerde týrli tariqattyng qúryluyna sebepshi boldy.

Dj.Trimingem «Sufiyskie ordeny v Islame» enbeginde HII-HIII ghasyrlarda shyghu tegi, diny dәstýrleri men әdis-tәsilderi jaghynan bir-birinen ózgeshe birneshe sopylyq tariqatty ataydy. Olardyng ishinen týrki dýniyesining úly oishyly Ahmet Yasauy qúrghan Yasauiya tariqaty da ózindik oryn alghan [16].

Yasauiya tariqaty taza týrkilik baghytta damyp, týrkilerding diny filosofiyalyq kózqarastarynyng órkendeuine óz ýlesin qosty. «Kóshpendiler arasynda islam dini taralghanynan keyin baqsy-balgerler birte-birte shamandyq әreketti islam dinine ýilestirip beyimdey bastaghany belgili. Baqsylar oinaghanda ózining jyndaryn shaqyryp, iyelerine syiynumen qabat islamnyng Allasyna minajat etip, músylman kiyelileri men shayhtarynyng aruaqtarynan jәrdem kýtti» [17]. Baqsylardyng nauqasty ainalyp, demeushilerin shaqyruyn surettegen A. Divaev jazbalary da osyny anghartady.

Halyq arasynda islam dinining yqpaly aitarlyqtay joghary bolghan. Shamanizmning basty ókilderi óz saryndarynda islam kiyelilerin marapattauy osyghan negiz bola alady. Baqsynyng maqsaty halyqtyng ruhany seniminen alshaqtamay, týrli qimyldar jasap nemese tylsymdyq kýshke ie sózderdi aitu arqyly olardy baurap alu. Baqsy jyrlary týrki halyqynyng dýniyetanymdyq kózqarasyn aishyqtap beretin filosofiyalyq qúndylyqtardy bәz qalpynda saqtaghan. Eng aldymen Allanyng jәrdemin tilegen baqsy, Múhammed payghambardan bastap týrki әleminde әuliyeligimen tanymal qojalardyng esimderin ataydy jәne tabighy kýshter men aruaqtardy da shet qaldyrmaydy. Búl sol kezendegi týrkilerding ruhany tanymynda shoghyrlanghan nanymdar jiyntyghynyng kórinisin qúraydy.

Osynday kórinisterding ara-salmaghyn týsingen Ahmet Yasauy islam dinining qaghidalaryn kóshpendilerding shamandyq kózqarasyndaghy elementterimen birlestire otyryp, әreket etti. Búghan dәlel retinde iassauiya tariqatynda payda bolghan salttardyng biri "zikir arrany" aituymyzgha bolady. Zikir oryndalghan sәtte taqualardyng basynan ótkergen shamandardyng is-әreketin kóz aldynyzgha alyp keledi. Demek, kóshpendilerdegi islam dini olardyng alghashqy nanym-senimderimen birigip, bir-birinen ajyramastay bolyp óte tyghyz týrde aralasyp ketken.

Fuat Kóprýlý, shamanizm bólshekterining sopylyq ilimge enui naq osy iassauiya tariqatynan bastau alatynyn aitady: «Týrkilerdi islam senimine tartqan sopylar, shamandar siyaqty is atqardy. Zikir salugha erkektermen qatar әielder de qatysugha tolyq qúqyly boldy» [19]. Yasauiya tariqatynda qalyptasqan búl shara ortodoksalidy toptardyng arasynda qarsylyqqa tap boldy. Degenmen, Ahmet Yasauy naqtyly dәlelder keltiru arqyly, múnyng dúrystyghyn aiqyndap berdi. Ol zikir saludy - kórsetkish nemese salt-dәstýr retinde emes, ruhany jan-dýnie bolmysynyng naqty ómirdegi kórinisi dep baghalady. Ruhany jan-dýniyening bolmysy zikir arqyly naqty ómirge ainalghanda, ony oryndaushylar joghary Aqiqatqa jaqynday týsetinin tanytty [20].

Ahmet Yasauy jan tazalyghyna airyqsha mәn bergen. Úly oishyl nasihat etken sopylyq ilimning týpki múraty týrki dýniyetanymymen ýilesimin tapty. Ol dýnie qúmarlyqtyng aldamshy kórinis ekenin, kózding qúrty bolghan baylyqtyng eshkimge de qәdir - qasiyet әpermeytinin eskertip, aramnan mal jinamay, әdil bolu jәne ar tazalyghyn saqtau adamzatty óz biyigine kóteretinin aitty. Ol qoghamnyng әr mýshesin ishtey ruhany jaghynan tazartyp, imandylyq jolyna týsirude naq osy mәseleni qolgha aldy. Jәne de múnda sopylyq ilimde qarastyrylghan «Jetilgen túlgha» iydeyasynyng da ózindik orny boldy. Jan tazalyghyn qasterlegen adam nәpsini tiyp, qanaghat etudi joghary baghalauy sebepti Tәnirige jaqyn túrghan. Týrki halqynyng mәdeny ómirindegi ruhany qúndylyqtary men filosofiyalyq týsinikterine jәne olardyng diny dәstýrlerine Ahmet Yasauy jete nazar audardy. Mine osylardy mengeru Ahmet Yasauy sopylyq ilimining qoghamdaghy kórinisin, dәstýrlerdegi ornyn aiqyndaugha septigin tiygizdi.

Paydalanylghan әdebiyetter tizimi:

1. Bartolid V.V. Sochiyneniya.,T. 2. -M: Nauka,1968. -716 s. /284/.

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Ótkir Maldybekov Ahmet Yascauy atyndaghy Halyqaralyq Qazaq-Týrik uniyversiyteti filosofiya kafedrasynyng mengerushisi, dosent Ótkir Maldybekov Ahmet Yascauy atyndaghy Halyqaralyq Qazaq-Týrik uniyversiyteti filosofiya kafedrasynyng mengerushisi, dosent

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