1220-1230 jyldary keybir qypshaq taypalarynyng mongholdargha óz erkimen baghynu mәselelerine qatysty jazbalar

Deshti Qypshaqtyng Monghol imperiyasy qúramyna kirui birshama uaqyt boyy Monghol imperiyasynyng ishki sayasatyndaghy basymdyqtarynyng ózgeruine baylanysty úzaq proseske ainaldy. Kóptegen avtorlar búl prosesti әdiletti týrde mongholdardyng Deshti Qypshaqty jaulap aluy retinde qarastyrady.

Sonymen qatar, keybir qypshaq taypalaryn tek jaulap aluy turaly ghana emes, sonday-aq, mongholdyq bodandyqty óz erkimen nemese «erikti – mәjbýrli týrde» qabyldauy jóninde rastaytyn týpki derekter úmytyluda. (Mysal retinde [11,351-362] [21,184-240] [23] [20,47-56] [8,131-151]). Berilgen maqala osy mәseleni qarastyrugha arnalady.

Monghol bodandyghyn qabyldaghan qypshaq taypalary turaly 4 rastaushy týpki derek bar:

1.yliananyng Gurege, Vitut jәne Gurgut turaly әngimesi [10, 237-239].

Ya.Pilipchuk Vitut pen Gurega arasyndaghy soghys - búl qypshaq handary Qyran men Inalchuk arasyndaghy soghys dep sanaydy.[12,195] (aghasy men jiyeni). M.S.Gatiyn, L.F.Abzalov, A.G.iyrchenko Gurgutty keyde «qara qytay gurhany» [10, 237], keyde Shynghys han dep ataydy [10,239]. Ya.Pilipchuk P.Golubovskiy men H.Giekonyannyng [13,169] núsqalaryn mysalgha keltiredi, yaghny Gureg búl Yuriy Konchakov ekenine ol tolyqtay kelisedi [13,167]. An-Nasavy Djalal ad-Dinmen odaq qúryp, Derbendke joryqqa shyghudy josparlaghan Kavkaz qypshaqtarynyng biyleushisi Gur-handy atap kórsetti [24,213-214]. Ya.V.Pilipchuk ony Yuriy Konchakovichpen tenestirdi [13,101], búl jerde biz de kelisemiz, tek jalghyz týzetumen, bizding pikirimizshe, búl odaq Derbendten ótuine bóget jasap, Jebe jәne Sýbedeyding joryghyna deyin jasaldy.

Qysqasha aitqanda berilgen habarlama tómendegidey estiledi.

Alghash ret tatarlardyng soghysy osylaysha bastaldy. Gotta elinde biykesh apasy bar Gurguta esimdi patsha boldy. Bir kýni biykesh apasy әldebir kórshiles jatqan elge shabuyl jasaydy. Alayda búl soghysta qyz jeniliske úshyrap, jauynyng qolyna tútqyngha týsip, al әskeri keri sheginedi. Tútqyngha alghan elding kósemi oghan zorlyq kórsetip, sonynda óltiredi. Adam týrshigelik auyr qylmys jasaghan kósem óz jerin tastap, adamdarymen birge Ornah súltangha qashady. Osy oqighadan keyin, әldebir kuman elindegi Vitut esimdi kósem boldy. El auzynda taralghan qauesetter boyynsha onyng baylyghynyng keremettiligi sonshalyqty tipti mal-januarlary daladaghy altyn aryqtardan su ishken. Onyng baylyghy ýshin Buz ózeni jaghasyndaghy Gureg esimdi kósem oghan shabuyl jasap jenedi. Soghystan jenilgen kósem eki balasymen jәne soghystan aman qalghandarmen birge Ornah súltangha qashyp barady. Súltan onyng ózine kezinde jasaghan әreketterin keshirmey, kósemdi dargha asady, al halyqty ózining biyligine baghyndyrady. Vituttyng eki úly tez arada qashyp shyghyp, túratyn baspanasy bolmaghandyqtan, ózderin jәne ata-anasyn tonaghan jogharyda atalghan Guregke qaytyp keledi. Ol ashulanyp, ýlkenin jylqynyng túyaghyna tastap óltiredi. Al kishisi jogharyda atalghan tatarlardyng kósemi Gurgutke qashyp kelip, ózining aghasyn óltirip, ata-anasyn tonaghan Guregten kek alu ýshin kósemnen kómek súraydy. Búl ótinishi oryndalyp, jeniske jetken jas jigit qaytadan Gurgut kósemnen әkesining ayanyshty ólimi men qúldyqta qalghan halqy ýshin Ornah súltangha kegin qaytarugha kómektesuin súraydy. Eki ese jeniske jetip qúmarlanghan ol jas jigitting búiymtayyna kelisip, súltangha qarsy soghysta danqty jeniske jetedi. Sonymen, barlyq jerde layyqty jenisting madaqtaryna ie bolghan jogharyda atalghan tatarlardyng kósemi Gurgut barlyq әskery kýshimen, kezindegi qayshylyqtar ýshin, parsylargha qarsy shyqty. Sol jerde ol danqty jeniske jetip, ózine parsy patshalyghyn baghyndyrdy[10, 237-238]. Múndaghy Gureg - Yuriy Konchakovich, Ornah súltan - Horezmshah, al Gurgutta - Shynghys han ekenine kelisuge bolady. Múnda Vituttyng úly - әkesi men ýlken aghasynyng kegin qylmyskerlerden qaytarugha ýmittenip, Shynghys hannyng bodandyghyn erikti týrde qabyldaghan kypshaqtyng kósemi bolyp tabylady.

 2. Ennuveyry ózining ensiklopediyasyndaghy mәlimetterde «Týrikterding isi turaly» tarauynda: Onyng (Beybarys) aituynsha olar 626 jylgha deyin óz jerlerine qonystanugha, baspanalaryna taraudy toqtatqan joq. Bir kýni Durut taypasyndaghy Kotyannyng úly Mangush esimdi jigit ang aulaugha shyqqanda, oghan Toqsoba taypasynyng Akkúbúl esimdi jigiti jolyghady, (?) —  eki (taypanyn) arasynda búrynan beri baqtalas bolghandyqtan, ony tútqyngha alyp, óltiredi. Mangush turaly habar jetpegendikten әkesi men onyng adamdary Djamgar (nemese Djalangar)esimdi bir adamdy anyqtap keluge jiberedi. Búl qaytyp kelip, onyng óltirilgendigin jetkizedi. Mangushtyng әkesi óz taypasyndaghy adamdaryn jinap, Aqqúbúlgha qarsy attanady. Aqqúbúl ózine qarsy shyqqan taypanyng joryghy turaly habar jetkende, olarmen (Duruttarmen) shayqasqa dayyndalady. Olar kezdesip shayqasyp; biraq jenis Durut taypasyna tiydi. Aqqúbúl ózi jaralanyp, onyng әskeri jan-jaqqa bytyraydy. Sol kezde ol ózining aghasyn Ansardy (nemese Unsur) Dushihangha yaghny Shynghyshannyng taghynda otyrghan, Soltustik elderde әskeri bar Ukedeyge jiberedi. Ol (Aqqúbúldyng aghasy) oghan (Dushiygha) onyng halqyn Kypshaq taypasy Duruttyng jaulap alghanyn jәne eger ol (Dushi) barsa, Duruttan basqa halyqtardyng qarsy shyqpaytynyn aitady. Sol kezde (Dushi) ózining әskerimen olargha shabuyl jasap jәne kóp bóligin úryp-soghyp, tútqyngha alady. Osy uaqytta tútqyn halyqty saudagerler satyp alyp, әrtýrli elder men jerlerge alyp ketedi [5, 65]. R.ng.Pochekaevting oiynsha, Dushy esimdi adamnyng Batu ekenin, al vengrlerge ketken Kotyannyng ózi Kotyangha úqsas kelmeytinin aitady [16,110]. Sonday-aq, R.y.Pochekaev A.G.yrchenkonyng Kotyan Terken-qatynnyng tuysy bolghany turaly núsqasyn qoldaydy [16,108]. Búl Kotyan arab derekterindegi kóp jyldar boyy mongholdardyng jauy bolyp kelgen Kotyan Sutoevichke úqsas keletinin biz aldynda jazghanbyz. Biraq, Kotyan Durut taypasynan shyqqandyqtan, ol Uran (Kay) әuletinen shyqqan Terken-hannyng tuysy boluy mýmkin emes [19,181]. Sonymen qatar, biz әuelde búl oqighanyng Sýbedey men Jebening Kotyandy jengen Qalqa ózenining manynda boldy dep boljadyq [19,181]. Qazir biz óz kózqarasymyzdy ózgertip, búl oqighanyng (Aqqúbyl men Kotyannyng shayqasy) 1227-1228 jyldary bolghan dep sanaymyz. S.T.Katanchiyev Toqsoba taypasy XII ghasyrdyng sonynda Don alabynda ornalasqanyn, Qalqa shayqasy kezinde olar Edil boyy jәne Dnestr ónirine kóshkenin atap kórsetedi [7,54]. S.A.Pletnevanyng oiynsha, Aqqúbyldyng ótinishi mongholdardyng 1228-1229 jyldardaghy qypshaqqa qarsy joryghyn úiymdastyrugha sebep boldy [15, 69-170], V.A.Zlygostev kómek kórsetu turaly ótinishti 1227-1228 jyldar dep kórsetip, búl pikirmen kelisti [4,195]. Ya.V.Pilipchuk Aqqúbyldy Sharukanid [12,194], yaghny Yuriy Konchakovichting dәl ózi dep esepteydi (Aqqúbyl – qypshaq esimi, al Yuriy – shoqyndyru kezindegi esimi) [13,91]. Sonday aq, búl jerde 626 hijra jyly boyynsha  06.12.1228 jyldan bastap 25.11.1229 jylgha deyin bólingenin eskere ketken jón. Barlyghy atap kórsetkendey, Aqqúbyldyng ótinishi shynynda 1229 jyly 30 myng әskerding Deshti Qypshaqqa attanuyna sebep bolghanyn aiqyndaydy [17,109], [18,67]. Búl jerde taghy bir jaghdaydy kórsetken jón. 635 hijra jyldaryna (31.08.1237-20.08.1238) tenistirilgen it jylynda Berke qypshaqtargha joryqqa attanyp, Ardjumak, Kuranbas, Kaparandy, Berkutting әskerbasshylaryn tútqyngha aldy [6, 86]. Bizding oiymyzsha, búl jerde Berkut esiminining astarynda batys qypshaqtardyng biyleushisi Kotyan hannyng esimi jasyryn jatyr. Er degen teneui bar (batyr) Berkut (Yerkuti) turaly jazylghan jazbanyng Er-Kotyan dep ózgertilgen jazbasy ekeni anyq. Ya.V.Pilipchuk qypshaqtardyng Vengriyagha qonys audaruyn 1239 jylghy Pasha dep (1239 jylghy nauryz-sәuir?) kórsetedi [12,202]. Matvey Parijskiy men Rodjer Bekon Kotyan Vengriyagha mongholdardan jenilgennen keyin ketkenin aitady [10,295], [10,391], Ya.V.Pilipchuk búnymen kelisedi [12,194]. Sonymen, Berke Kotyan әskerin oisyrata jenip, onyng Ardjumak Kuranbas jәne Kaparan taypasynan shyqqan әskerbasshylaryn tútqyngha alghannan keyin, Kotyan Vengriyagha ketuge mәjbýr boldy dep boljam jasaugha bolady. 

3. Bashqúrt shejirelerinde Mýiten (Toqsabanyng úly nemese Toqsaba ruynan shyqqan) Shynghyshangha kezdesuge baryp, onyng bodandyghyn qabyldap, Jayyq boyy, Sakmare jerlerin iyelikke alghany kórsetilgen [9,336]. IY.V.Antonovtyng pikiri boyynsha Muyten-biy «Sakmardan Dongha deyin» jetip, Batystyq joryqqa qatysyp, Shynghyshannyng emes, Batudyng zamandasy boldy [1,88-89]. Bashqúrt shejirelerine sәikes, Mýiten biyding Ýsergan esimdi úly bolghan, bashqúrttardyng Usergan taypasy osydan taraydy, Usergenning Shaghaly degen úly bar (Sheyhali) [3,84-85]. Ýserganning úrany Toqsoba atauy boldy [3,201]. Búl jerde Ennuveyriyding habarlamasymen qatarlasa sәikestendirgen jón: eki habarlamada da qypshaqtardyng Toqsoba taypasy (tek taypa biyleushilerining esimderi erekshelenedi: Mýiten men Aqqúbúl) turaly aitylady. Biraq osymen birge Ýsergan (Mýiten biyding úly) jәne Ansar (Unsar) (Aqqúbúldyng aghasy) esimderining úqsastyghyn angharugha bolady. Aqqúbúl men Unsardyng (Usergan) Shynghyshannyng zamandasy bolghan, shamamen bir mezgilde qaytys bolghan Mýiten biyding balalary dep tolyghymen joramaldaugha bolady. Osylaysha, nelikten mongholdardyng Aqqúbúldyng ótinishin oryndaugha tez keliskenin onay týsindiruge bolady. Ol әkesi Muyten biyding orynyna mirasqa ie bolyp, olardyng vassaly boldy. Búdan basqa, búl eki habarlamany Yuliananyng habarlamasymen sәikes keltiruge bolatynyn aitugha bolady. Shynghyshangha qoldau izdep kelgen Vituttyng kishi úly - Toqsoba taypasynan shyqqan Muytenning boluy әbden mýmkin. Onda Muyten men onyng úrpaghynyng Shynghyshangha adal qarym-qatynasyn onay týsindiruge bolady. Mýiten óz әkesi (Horezmshahqa kegi ýshin) men aghasynyng (ngrii Konchakovichke) ólimi ýshin Shynghyshannyng kek qaytaruyna kómek kórsetkenine alghysyn bildirdi. Al onyng úly Aqqúbúl 1223 jyly mongholdargha qarsy Qalqada soghysqan, mongholdardyng taghy bir basty jauy Kotyanmen kezdesip, vassal retinde mongholdardyng kómegine jýginuge qúqyly boldy.

4. Yuani Shiyding Tutuk biografiyasynda onyng arghy atalary turaly tәptishtep kórsetilgen: Inasynyng Húlúsúman (Urusman?) esimdi úly bolghan, Húlúsúmannyng Banduch (Tutuktyng әkesi) esimdi úly Húlúsúmannyng ainalasyn iyemdenuge bas salghan Menguge (R.P.Hrapachevskiy sanaghanday, Inasy memleketi emes) Ýgedeyge óz erkimen baghynyshty bolugha kelisimin bildirip elshi jiberedi. Banducha óz halqyn kóterip, Menguge qarsy shyghyp, oghan baghynady. Keyin Banducha Mengu әskerining qúramynda Magasty (alandardyng astanasy) qorshaugha qatysady [22,46-47]. R.P.Hrapachevskiyding oiynsha, qypshaq-kundarynyng bir bóligi búrynghy Inasy hannyng ordasynan suun- kipsaktardyng arghy babalary bolyp sanalatyn bashqúrttargha qashyp barghan [22,36]. Búl jerde R.P.Hrapachevskiy Tutuk dinastiyasynyn  (jәne onyng arghy atasy Inasy) shyghu tegi kun taypasynan ekenin dәleldeuge talpynysy negizsizdigin atap ótken jón [22,22-25]. R.P.Hrapachevskiy bir naqtylyqty nazardan tys qldyrghanyn atap ótu qajet. P.Pellio kezinde Inasy men Inalchukty (Terken-hatunnyng nemere aghasy jәne Otyrar oqighasynyng sebepkeri) tendestirgen, búnymen Ya.V.Pilipchuk te tolyqtay kelisti [14,260]. Sonymen, Tutuk Inalchuktyng shóberesi, al Inalchuktyng úly men nemeresi (Húlúsúman men Banducha) tek 1236 jyldar shamasynda (Batys joryghynyng basy) Mengu әskerining qysymymen monghol bodandyghyn qabyldady degen boljam jasaugha bolady. Oghan deyin Inalchuktyng balalary әkelerining ólimine kek alu ýshin monghol әskerlerine barynsha qarsylyq kórsetip otyrghan, tek qarsylas kýshting basymdyghynan jeniliske úshyrauy mýmkin. S.M.Aqynjanovtyng Húlúsúman men Bachmandy tenestirui [2,237], bizding pikirimizshe, osal dәleldengen, alayda Bachman Húlúsúmannyng tuysy ekenin boljaugha bolady. Inalchuk (Inasy), bizding oiymyzsha, kun ruyna jatpaydy. S.M.Aqynjanov Terken hatun Inalchuktyng nemera apasy (olardyng әkeleri birge tughan) [2,220], bayaut (Nasavy mәlimeti boyynsha) taypasynan shyqqanyn atap kórsetedi [2,206]. Al Tutuktyng nemeresi, Yuani dinastiyasynyng songhy monghol imperatory Tug-Temurdyng әieli kypshaq taypasy bayauttan shyqqan (P.Pellio men Yuani Shy mәlimetterine say) [2,207]. Tutuktyng arghy atasy Inasy Terken qatynnyng nemere aghasy boluyn eskere otyryp, biz olardyng ekeui de qypshaq taypasynyng bayaut ruyna qatysty ekenin aita alamyz. 

Maqalany qorytyndylay kele, birinshi bolyp mongholdargha óz erkimen baghynghan alghashqy qypshaq taypasy ol - biz Toqsoba taypasynyng kósemimen tendestirgen, Muyten biyding әkesi, Vitut taypasy bolghanyn atap kórsetuge bolady. Vitut Yuriy Konchakovichten (Gureg) jenilip, Ýrgenishke qashyp, onda Horezmshahtyng qolynan qaza tabady. Onyng eki balasy óz Otanyna qaytyp kelip, onyng bireuin Yuriy Konchakovich óltiredi. Ekinshisi (boljam boyynsha Mýiten-biy) Horezmshah pen Yuriy Konchakovichten kegin qaytaru ýshin Shynghyshannan kómek súraydy. Mýiten by Shynghyshannan mol tartu alyp, mongholdardyng vassalyna ainalady. Horezmshahtyng qúldyrauy men Inalchuktyng óliminen keyin, Jebe jәne Sýbedey jasaghy shabuyl jasap, Yuriy Konchakovichty óltiredi, sóitip Vitut úlynyng (Muyten-biy) kegin qaytarady. Keyin búl jasaq Qalqada Kotyan әskeri men orys knyazderining әskerin oisyrata jenedi. Kóp keshikpey Shynghyshan ólimimen bir uaqytta Toqsaba taypasynan shyqqan Muyten by qaytys boldy. Onyng artynda Aqqúbúl men Ansar (Usergan) esimdi úldary qaldy. Aqqúbúl bir qaqtyghysta Durut taypasynan shyqqan Kotyannyng úly Mogushty óltiredi. Kotyan Aqqúbúlgha shabuyl jasap, ol aghasy Unsardy mongholdardan kómek súraugha jiberedi. 1229 jyly Edil boyyna Sýbedey men Kokoshaya jasaghy (Kuky kiyat) mongholdardan kelgen "kómek" retinde keledi. Biraq búl jasaq qypshaqtardy baghyndyruda ýlken jetistikterge jetken joq. Búrynghy Inalchuk han (Bayaut әuletinen shyqqan onyng úly Húlúsúman) ordasynan shyqqan qypshaqtardyng bir bóligi Toqsoba taypasynan shyqqan qypshaqtarmen birigip, 1236 jyly Batys joryghy bastalghangha deyin mongholdarmen soghysady. Tek Menguding kelui Húlúsúmannyng jeniluine әkeldi. Onyng úly Banducha Mengu jasaghynda amanat bolady. Banducha Batys joryghy ayaqtaluynyng birinshi bóliginde Menguding jasaghymen birge Qytaygha ketedi. Banduchanyng úly Tutuk Menguding aghasy Húbylaygha qyzmet etedi.

Jaqsylyq  SÁBITOV.

Abay.kz

Qoldanylghan әdebiyetter tizimi: 

1. Antonov I. V. Srednevekovye bashkiry. Ufa. 2013. 192 s.

2. Ahinjanov S. M. «Kypchaky v istoriy srednevekovogo Kazahstana» Almaty. Gylym, 1995. 296 c.

3. Bashkirskie shejere. Ufa. 1960. 305 s.

4. Zlygostev V.A. Subedey. Vsadniyk, pokoryavshiy vselennuy. Ufa. Dizayn Poligraf Serviys. 2011. 396 s.

5. Istoriya Kazahstana v arabskih istochnikah. Tom 1. Almaty. Dayk-press. 2005. 711 c.

6. Istoriya Kazahstana v persidskih istochnikah. Tom 4. Almaty. 2006 620 s.

7. Katanchiyev S. T. Aleksandr Nevskiy — pravnuk kypchakskogo (poloveskogo) hana Kotyana. Nalichiyk: Elibrus, 2008. 248 s.

8. Kuzembaev N.E. Mongoliskoe zavoevanie kypchakskih plemen vostochnogo Desht-y Kypchaka y sudiby kypchakskoy elity v sostave mongoliskoy imperiy y za ee predelamiy//Kypchaky Evrazii: istoriya, yazyk y pisimennye pamyatniki. Sbornik materialov mejdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferensii, posvyashennoy 1100-letii Kiymekskogo gosudarstva v ramkah Dney turskskoy pisimennosty y kulitury. Astana, 2013. S. 131-151. 

9. Majitov N.A., Sultanova A.N. Istoriya Bashkortostana: Drevnosti. Srednevekovie. Ufa. Kitap. 2010. 496 s.

10. Obrazovanie Zolotoy Ordy. Ulus Djuchy Velikoy Mongoliskoy imperiy (1207-1266). Kazani. Tatarskoe knijnoe izdatelistvo. 2008. 480 c.

11. Ollsen T.T. Preludiya k zapadnym pohodam: mongoliskie voennye operasiy v Volgo-Uraliskom regione v 1217-1237 godah//Stepy Evropy v epohu srednevekoviya. T. 6. Zolotoordynskoe vremya. Sb. nauch. rabot. Donesk, 2008. S.351-362.

12. Pilipchuk Ya.V. Zavoevanie mongolamy vostochnoevropeyskih stepey (1237–1242 gg.)// Zolotoordynskaya sivilizasiya. Sbornik statey. Vypusk 4. – Kazani: OOO «Foliant», Institut istoriy iym. Sh.Mardjany AN RT, 2011. C. 187-206.

13. Pilipchuk Ya.V. Etnopolitichnyy rozvitok Dasht-i Kypchak u IX-XIII st. Kiyiv. 2013. 288 s.

14. Pilipchuk Ya.V. Mongoliskoe zavoevanie kocheviy vostochnyh kypchakov// Turkologicheskiy sborniyk. 2009-2010. Turkskie narody Evraziy v drevnosty y srednevekovie. Moskva: «Vostochnaya liyteratura». 2011. S. 259-288.

15. Pletneva S.A. Polovsy. Moskva. Nauka 1990. 208 s

16. Pochekaev R.iy. «Batyi, han kotoryy ne stal hanom». Moskva. AST. 2006. 350 c.

17. Sabitov J.M. Mongoliskaya armiya v 1206-1259 gg.//Voprosy istoriy y arheologiy Zapadnogo Kazahstana. 2011. № 1.  S. 86-114.

18. Sabitov J.M. «O chislennosty mongoliskoy armiy v Zapadnom pohode (1235-1242)»//Voprosy istoriy y arheologiy Zapadnogo Kazahstana. №1. 2010. Uralisk. S.55-73

19. Sabitov J.M. Hronologiya Zapadnogo pohoda 1235-43 godov//Vestnik Evraziyskogo Nasionalinogo Uniyversiyteta. № 5 (84). 2011. S. 180-183.

20. Uskenbay K.Z. Vostochnyy Dashtiy-Kypchak v XIII-nachale XV veka. Problemy etnopoliticheskoy istoriy ulusa Djuchi. Kazani. 2013. 288 s.

21. Hrapachevskiy R.P. Armiya mongolov perioda zavoevaniya Drevney Rusi. Seriya: Zabytye voyny Rossii. Kvadriga. 2011. 280 s.

22. Hrapachevskiy R.P. Polovsy-kuny v Volgo-Uraliskom mejdurechie (po dannym kitayskih istochnikov). Istoriko-genealogicheskiy proekt `Suynovy`. Seriya `Materialy y issledovaniya po istoriy kochevnikov vostochnoevropeyskih stepey`. T. II. M.: SIVOI. 2013. 128 s.

23. Hrustalev D.G. Rusi y mongoliskoe nashestvie (20-50 gg. XIII v.) Sankt-Peterburg Evraziya 2013. 416 s.

24. Shihab ad-din an-Nasavi. Sirat as-sultan Djalal ad-Din Mankburny. Moskva. Vostochnaya liyteratura. 1996. 290 s.