Atyrau qalasynyng tarihy 1640 jyldan bastala ma?
«Tamyry «Ýishikten» bastaldy, Atyrau qalasyna 376 jyl toldy» degen aidarmen ótken jyly búqaralyq aqparat qúraldary otarlau zamanynda әdeyi qúlaghymyzgha sinirilgen tirkesti taghy qaytalady. Sayyp kelgende múnyng ózi ótken tarihymyzdy tereng sezinbeuden tuyndaghan tújyrymdar ekeni býginde aitpasa da týsinikti. Óitkeni qazaq tarihyn Resey kózqarasymen zerdeleu sanamyzda әbden ornyqty. Sonda qazaqtyng san ghasyrly tarihy qayda, býgingi Atyrau qalasy tarihy 1640 jyly kópes Guriy Nazarov úldary Mihaiyl, Ivan jәne Andreymen birge Jayyq boyyna kelip qonystanyp, Jayyq ózeninen balyq aulauymen bastala ma?
Jalpy әlemdik tarihta qala bir kýnde, negizi joq eldi mekende payda bolmaydy. Mәselen Ukraina Respublikasynyng I.I. Mechnikov atyndaghy Odessa memlekettik uniyversiyteti tarih fakuliteti ghalymdarynyn Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporojiya, Kiyev, Odessa, Chernigov qalalarynyng jasyn anyqtaudy qayta qolgha aluy jәne ótken ghasyrlarda olardy saralauda týrli imperiyalyq jәne kenestik ústanymdardyng negiz bolghanyn algha tartuy qala tarihynda da birjaqty iydeologiyalyq kózqarastyng ýstem bolghanyn aighaqtaydy(Kak opredelyati vozrast gorodov yuga Ukrainy? // Vechernyaya Odessa. -2008. -№194 (8931). -23 dekabrya). Oghan kýni keshege deyin tarihyn 1854 jyldan bastaghan Almaty qalasynyng óz bastauyn myng jyl búryn, Astana qalasynyng 1830 jyldan emes VIII ghasyrda ómir sýrgen Bozoq qalasynan bastauyn atasaq kóp nәrse týsinikti bolady. Býginde Semey qalasy әkimiyaty da qala negizining 1718 jyly qalanghan әskery bekinisten bastalu mәselesin ghalymdargha múqiyat tapsyrdy. Óitkeni tarihshylar 840-940 jyldary kóne Semeyding Qimaqiya memleketining astanasy bolghanyn birneshe ret kóterdi. Ózimizben kórshiles Batys Qazaqstan oblysynyng sol kezdegi әkimi N.Noghaevtyng bastauymen 2012 jyldyng 21-22 qyrkýieginde «Oral ózeni alqabyndaghy ortaghasyrlyq qala mәdeniyeti jәne kóshpendiler órkeniyeti» atty halyqaralyq konferensiya úiymdastyryp, Oral qalasynyng tarihy 1613 jyldan emes, qala tarihy HIII ghasyrdan bastau alatyny ghylymy faktilermen dәleldendi. Sodan beri Oral tarihyn 400 jyldan asyra kazak-orystar qalaghan Jayyq qalashyghynan bastap toylau datasy toqtatyldy. Múnyng ózi keshegi kenestik zamanda Qazaqstandaghy qalalardyng deni orystardyng jaulap aluymen salyndy degen tújyrymyn joqqa shyghardy jәne tarihy shyndyqtyng ornyghuyna jol ashty. Óitkeni úlan-baytaq qazaq jerinde ata-babamyz tek kóship qana qoymady, ony qorghap shaghyn sauda-sattyqqa qajetti eldi-mekender saldy. Olar Altyn Orda túsynda sayasi-ekonomikalyq manyzdy ortalyqtar retinde tanyldy.
Sonymen Atyrau qalasy tarihy qay kezennen bastau alady?
Ólketanushy V.Afanasiev: «1950 jyldardyng ayaghynda geologiya institutynyng ghylymy qyzmetkeri Sapar Qarymsaqov maghan Guriev qalasynyng shyghysyna qaray 18 km. jerdegi Saqol (derekte osylay jazylghan – Á.M.) mekeni manynda ejelgi kalmaq qalashyghy turaly terilgen qaghazdy ústatty. Sodan Sapar ekeuimiz ony izdep taptyq. Osy eskertkishti alghash ret 1965 jyly arheolog M.S. Mershiyevke kórsettim. 1960 jyldar sonynda eskertkishpen KSRO GhA Arheologiya institutynyng ghylymy qyzmetkeri L.Galkin tanysty. Qorytyndysynda birlesip, tabylghan eskertkish materialdary negizinde qonystyng HIII-HIÝ ghasyrlarda bolghanyn dәleldep maqala jariyaladyq. Sodan L.Galkin 1977 jyly «Arheologicheskie otkrytiya 1977 goda» enbeginde Altyn orda qalashyghyn Pisigany kartasyna sýienip Laety qalasy dep atady. Sonymen janadan Laety atauy payda boldy» dep jazady (Afanasiev V.K. Reestr Arheologicheskih pamyatnikov oblasti. – Atyrau: Tipografiya AO «Almaz Injiniring», 1996. -S.56-57). Ólketanushy «Laeti» atauyn týrki sózderindegi «lay» nemese «laylanghan» sózderimen týsindiredi. Al Aqtóbe-Laety qalasynyng osy kýnge deyin saqtalmay joyyluy jóninde býginde eki pikir qalyptasqan. Onyng biri, Aqsaq Temirding 1396 jyly jaulap aluymen, ekinshisi, Kaspiy tenizining kóterilip ainalany basuy әserimen baylanystyrylady. Yaghni, Aqtóbe-Laety qalashyghy býgingi Atyrau qalasynyng aumaghynda ornalasyp, HÝ ghasyrda qala qiratylghan, ya joyylghan deuimizge әbden bolady. Ony belgili arheolog K.Baypaqovtyng «Jayyqtyng tómengi jaghynda taghy bir iri qalashyq tabylyp zertteldi. Aqtóbe qalashyghyndaghy qazba júmystar túrghyn ýilerding kan jýiesimen jylytylatynyn anyqtady» dey kele, Aqtóbeden biday saqtaytyn ydystar kezdesti, al tabylghan keramika men tiyndar qalashyqtyng HIII-HÝ ghasyrda ómir sýrgenin aighaqtaydy degeni dәleldey týsedi (Baypakov K.M. Goroda Kazahstana HIII-HÝ vv. // Srednevekovaya gorodskaya kulitura y kochevaya sivilizasiya basseyna reky Ural / Materialy mejdunarodnoy konferensii. / Pod obshey redaksiey professora Sdykova M.N. –Uralisk, 2012. -S.37).
Endigi qyzyqty materialdy 2015 jyly Tatarstan ghalymy numizmatik R.i. Reva úsyndy. R.i. Reva 2006 jyly Saratov qalasynan tabylghan Altyn ordalyq tiyndy oqyp, ony Qútlukent qalasynda soghylghanyn anyqtady. Onyng esebinshe Qútlukent Jayyq boyynda Atyraudan qashyq emes jerde ornalasqan eken (Reva R.y. (Res. Tatarstan). O chekanke monet y naymenovaniy nekotoryh gorodov v konse HIII - nachale XIV vv. v okrestnostyah sovremennogo Atyrau. // QAZAQ HANDYGhYNYNG 550 JYLDYGhYNA arnalghan «QAZAQ HANDYGhYNAN - EGEMEN QAZAQSTANGhA» atty halyqaralyq ghylymy - tәjiriybelik konferensiya materialdary. II bólim. -Atyrau – 2015. –S.248-251).
Atyraulyq arheolog M.Qasenov R.i.Revanyng janalyghymen tanysyp «Ol ókinishke oray Aqtóbe-Laety qalasyn bilmeydi. Onyng Qútlukent qalasy Aqtóbe-Laety qalasy boluy da mýmkin» degen oy bildiredi. Degenmen tatar ghalymynyng janalyghy nazar audarugha túrarlyq. Ol 1348 jyly qaytys bolghan Ibn Fadlallah әl Omariyding jazbasyn paydalanghan Reseylik shyghystanushy V.G. Tiyzengauzenning audarmasyndaghy «Horezm men Saray arasynda Hiua jәne Qútlukent qalalary bar» degen joldardy túpnúsqamen qayta saralaydy. Nәtiyjesinde zertteushi Horezmning astanasy Ýrgenish qalasy, sondyqtan Ýrgenish pen Saray arasyndaghy keruen jolyn Hiua jalghamaydy, óitkeni, Hiua keruen jolynda bolghanymen ol Saraydy Mavrennahrmen nemese Ýrgenishti Búharamen baylanystyrady, al Horezm men Saraydy jalghauy mýmkin emes degen toqtamgha keledi. R.y.Reva zertteui sonynda Ál Omary enbegindegi joldardy «Horezm men Saray arasynda Uchik (Ýishik býgingi Atyrau qalasy) jәne Qútlukent qalalary bar» dep oqudy úsynady. Ol Qútlukent qalasy Sarayshyq qalasynyng alghashqy atauy, iya bolmasa, әli tabylmaghan qala boluy mýmkin degen qorytyndy jasaydy. Ghalymnyng pikiri ghylym әleminde kenirek nasihattala qoymasa da tyng tújyrym ekeni belgili. Onyng ýstine HIÝ ghasyrdaghy Ál Omaridyng zertteuin janasha saralauy, sóz joq, biraz mәselege ózgeshe qarau qajettigin aighaqtaydy. Ony nazargha alsaq sonda Ýishik atauy Altyn orda zamanynan beri kele jatqanyn bayqaymyz. Olay bolsa L.Galkiyn, R.iy. Reva zertteulerindegi Aqtóbe-Laety – Ýishik – Qútlukent qalalary býgingi Atyrau qalasynyng bastauynda túrdy deuimizge tolyq qúqyghymyz bar. Al olardyng ornynda keyinirek jana qalashyqtyng salynuy tikeley Moskva patshalyghynyng Aziya baghytyndaghy otarlau tarihymen tikeley baylanysty. 1580-1581 jyldary Sarayshyq qalasynyng talqandaluy, kazak-orystardyng Moskvanyng qoldauymen Jayyq boylaryn basyp aluy, onyng yqpalymen Guriy Nazarovtyng Jayyq tarmaghyna ornalasuy Atyrau qalasynyng jana damu kezenin qúrady. Sonynda kóne qalashyq orny Jayyq ózenindegi qalashyq, keyin býgingi Oral qalasy ornynda Verhniy Yaiskiy (Joghary Jayyq) qalashyghynyng payda boluyna baylanysty Nijniy Yaiskiy (Tómengi Jayyq) qalashyghy atauyn iyelenedi. Aragha uaqyt sala Usti-Yaisk qalashyghy bolyp ózgeredi. 1848 jyly V.imatov «Orenburgskie gubernskie vedomosti» gazetinde osy mәseleni arnayy kóterip, qala 1708 jyldan bastap Guriev dep atala bastaghanyn jariyalady(imatov V. Issledovanie o nachale Gurieva goroda // Istoriya y kulitura Atyrau v russkih istochnikah (HÝIII-HH vv.). Tom Ý / Sost. M.K.Kipiyev // Nauch. red. R.A. Beknazarov. –Atyrau: «Atyrauskiy filial Soiza Pisateley Kazahstana», 2016. –S.43-44). Múny bayqaghan V.Foss 1868 jylghy «Ocherkiy Gurieva-gorodka» enbeginde: «Qala ertede, HÝIII ghasyrgha deyin Jayyq qalashyghy nemese Jayyq ózeni saghasyndaghy qalashyq, key kezde tas qalashyq ataldy. Qalashyq HÝII ghasyrdyng alghashqy jartysynda (1640-1645 jyldar aralyghynda) qalandy» dep jazady. Orys patshasynyng 1708 jylghy 18 jeltoqsandaghy jarlyghynda Qazan guberniyasyna baghynatyn Astrahan qalasy qaramaghyna «Guriev, Yaiskiy (býgingi Oral – Á.M.), Krasnyy y Chernyy Yar» qalalary berilgen. 1732 jyly Astrahannan Hiua men Búharagha baryp qaytqan IY.G.Gerber óz jazbasynda Guriev qalashyghynda bolyp qalanyng patshagha baghynuy ýshin salynghanyn rastaydy (Gerber IY.G. Jurnal o puteshestviy iz Astrahany v Hivu y Buharu 1732 g. // Istoriya y kulitura Atyrau v russkih istochnikah (HÝIII-HH vv.). Tom I / Sost. M.K.Kipiyev // Nauch.red. J.Shalgynbay. –Atyrau: IP «Siysengaliyev J.M.», 2014. –s.88). 1734 jyly qalashyq G.Nazarov esimine resmi bekitiledi (Karimov T. Mihail Guriev // proza.ru/2012/07/06/1715kopiya). Múnyng ózi patsha ýkimetining óz tapsyrmasyn oryndaushylargha degen erekshe qúrmetin kórsetse kerek. Sonymen orys patshasynyng Qazaqstandy otarlauy barysynda Atyrau qalasy Jayyq – Tómengi Jayyq - tas Jayyq - Usti-Yaisk – Guriev qalashyghy bolyp ózgertiledi.
Qazan tónkerisinen song ornaghan Kenestik biylik túsynda 1920 jyly Guriev qalasy qyzyl komandir V. Chapaev esimine berilgenimen, jarty jyldan song Guriev atauy keri qaytarylady. Búl arada bolisheviktik biylikting otarlaushylar qalyptastyrghan ataudan asa almaghany bayqalady. Al 1991 jyly 4 qazanda el tәuelsizdigi qarsanynda Guriev qalasy halyq deputattary kenesi Gurievti Atyrau atauyna auystyryp tarihy aqiqatty qalpyna keltirdi. Sonymen býgingi Atyrau qalasy tarihy HIII ghasyrdaghy Aqtóbe-Laety – Ýishik – Qútlukent - Jayyq - Tómengi Jayyq - Usti-Yaisk – Guriev – Chapaev - Guriev qalalarynan bastau alady. Olay bolsa qala tarihyn HIII ghasyrdan bastaudy úsynamyz. Múnyng ózi Atyraudyng bay tarihyn dәleldep qana qoymaydy, sonymen birge san-ghasyrlyq úrpaqtar sabaqtastyghynyng esh ýzilmegenin aighaqtaydy. Al qala kýni búrynghysynsha ýirenshikti qazan aiynda atap ótile berse bolady. Bizdinshe, qalamyzdyng Ruhany janghyruy osydan bastalmaq.
Ábilseyit Múqtar – tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor
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