Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng Preziydenti N.Á. Nazarbaev ózining «Qazaqstan jahandyq ahualda: ósim, reformalar, damu» atty 2015 jylghy 30 qarashadaghy Qazaqstan halqyna Joldauynda «Memlekettigimizding túghyryn myzghymastay nyghayta týsu ýshin bizge әli talay ótkeli kýrdeli, ókpegi kóp búralang joldardan ótuge tura keledi», - dep eskertken bolatyn. Ásirese, әrbir kýn terrorlyq aktiler men ondaghan adamdardyng qaza tapqandary turaly habarlardy  jetkizetindigin aita kelip, býginde halyqaralyq terrorizmning әlemge eleuli qater tóndirip túrghandyghyna ýlken alandaushylyghyn bildirdi. Elbasy aitqanday, jana jahandyq ómir shyndyghynyng syn-qaterlerine biz ózimizding naqty mýmkindikterimiz negizindegi birtútas is-qimyl strategiyasyn qarsy qoiymyz kerek. Búl rette әrbir Qazaqstandyq bey-jay qalmay, óz ýlesin qosqany jón.

Ýstimizdegi jyly Aqtóbede, Almatyda jan týnshigerlik oqighalar bolyp, jat aghymmen sanasy ulanghan key otandastarymyzdyng teris әreketterinen aptalday azamattar opat boldy. Jastardyng sanasynyng jat elding sayasatymen ulanuynan, aram pighyldy ortanyng yqpalynan shygha almay, óz dininde, dilinde joq әreketterge shimirikpey baruynan tәrbiyedegi aqtandaqtardyng saldaryn kóremiz. Osydan kelip, jastargha, әsirese býldirshinder men jetkinshekterge últtyq qúndylyqtarmen sugharylghan últtyq tәrbie beru kerek degen qaghidanyng dúrystyghy dәleldene týsedi.

Adam balasyn basqa tirshilik iyelerinen erekshelendirip túratyn qasiyetterding birine onyng qiyalday aluyn jatqyzugha bolady. Óitkeni adam qiyaldau arqyly syrtqy dýnie zattary men qúbylystarynyng subektivtik obrazdaryn qaytadan janartyp, óndep, adamgha ghana tәn psihikalyq ýderis túrghysynan modelidendire alady.

«Jaratylystyng qúshaghynda, meruert sebilgen kók shatyrdyng astynda, hosh iyisti jasyl kilem ýstinde, kýnmen birge kýlip, týnmen birge týnep, jelmen birge jýgirip, aldyndaghy malymen birge órip, sary sayran dalada túryp ósetin qazaq balasynyng qiyaly jýirik, ótkir, tereng bolugha tiyisti» dep Maghjan Júmabaev aitqanday, qazaq halqynyng qiyal әlemi nebir súlu da kesek beynelerdi ómirge әkeldi. Qiyal adamnyng barlyq psihikalyq qúbylystarymen úshtasyp jatady. Ol әsirese, oilau jәne erik tәrizdi ýderistermen tyghyz baylanysty. Óitkeni algha qoyghan maqsatty josparlap, jýzege asyrudyng joldaryn qiyalsyz izdeu mýmkin emes. Oilau belsendiligi adamdy shygharmashylyq әreketke jeteleydi. Al onday әreket qiyaldyng óte kýshti damuyn qajet etedi. Bala qiyalyndaghy fantastikalyq obrazdardyng ózi onyng tanymyn keneytetindigi, qoghamdyq tәjiriybeni mengeruge jaghday jasaytyny, múnyng ózi balanyng psihologiyasyna qatty әser etetini turaly psihologiyalyq zertteu enbekterinde aitylyp jýr [1].

Qazirgi tanda jalpy bilim beretin mektepterding damuynda jaghymdy ózgerister jәne oqytu men tәrbiyeleu isining útymdy jaqtary ashylyp jatqanymen, oqushylardyng jeke basynyng shygharmashylyq jaqtaryna tereng ýnile bermeymiz. Mektep oqushylaryna әdebiyettik oqu sabaqtarynda jazba júmystaryn orynday otyryp, tildik qúraldardy óz tәjiriybesinde paydalana biluding ghylymiy-әdistemelik joldaryn kórsetip, oiyn jýieli týrde dúrys aita jәne jaza alatynday etip ýiretu – býgingi zaman talaby. Múnyng sebebi, birinshiden, til – adam mәdeniyetinin, intellektisi men jan-jaqtylyghynyng kórsetkishi bolsa, ekinshiden, óz oiyn baylanystyryp aitu jәne jazu balanyng basqa adamdarmen erkin qarym-qatynas jasauyna mýmkindik beredi. Basqalarmen qarym-qatynastyng tartymdy, sәtti boluy adamnyng ózining oiyn qanshalyqty erkin,  tiyanaqty, jýieli týrde jetkizuine baylanysty.

Alayda, mektep oqushylarynyng qazaq tilin jetkilikti dәrejede mengermeui, auyzsha sóileumen birge tildik qatynastyng kýrdeli týri - jazbasha sóileudi qatar alyp jýre almauy jii kezdesetin qúbylysqa ainaldy. Múnyng basty sebebi retinde oqushynyng shygharmashylyq qabileti dengeyining tómendigin, qiyal ýderisining dúrys qalyptaspaghandyghyn ataghymyz keledi. Abay Qúnanbayúlynyng “…jan quaty әuelden kishkene ghana bolady. Eskerip baqqan adam ol quatyn zoraytady, eskerusiz qalsa, ol quattar joghalady, ne az-mәz nәrse bolmasa, ýlken eshnәrse jaramaytyn bolady. Adam iship-jep tәn quatyn ghana oilamay, jan quatyn da jetildirui ýshin qam jeui kerek” [2] - dep tújyrymdaghanynday, múghalim oqushynyng jan quatyn arttyrudyng joldaryn izdey bilgeni dúrys. Al oqushylardyng jan quatyn arttyratyn, halqymyzdyng san ghasyrlyq túrmys-tirshiliginen mәlimet beretin, últtyq mәdeniyetimizding dengeyin kórsetetin asyl qazynalarymyzdyng biri – foliklorlyq múralarymyz. Osy múralarymyzgha tereng boylaghan adam el tarihynan mol maghlúmat alady. Bir qaraghanda qiyal dýniyesi bolyp kórinetin foliklorlyq shygharmalarda halyqtyng tarihy, nanym-senimi, dýniyetanymy turaly qanshama qúndy mәlimet bar. Qarapayym, qiyal aralas kýide әsireley surettelu foliklorlyq shygharmalardyng ózindik ereksheligi bolyp tabylady. Alayda osy oqighalardyng týp negizinde jiti qaraghan adamgha ashylatyn tereng maghyna, qúpiya syr men astarly әlem jatyr.

Halyqtyng ruhyn kóterip, tilimiz ben dilimizdi saqtap qalugha kómektesetin qúraldardyng biregeyi – ata-babalarymyz miras etken mәdeny iygilikter.  Jas úrpaqty óz elining patrioty etip tәrbiyelep shygharu, jas órkenning shabyty men darynynyng ashyluyna jaghday jasau, sonday-aq olardy bәsekege qabiletti azamat etip dayyndau – agha buynnyng basty maqsaty.  Búl maqsatqa jetu ýshin beriletin tәrbie últtyq dәstýrlerge sýienip jýrgizilui tiyis. Últtyq qúndylyq mәselesi sóz bolghanda halyqtyng san ghasyrlar boyy jinaqtaghan altyn kómbesi – halyq auyz әdebiyetine toqtalmay ótu mýmkin emes. Óitkeni «sóz qadirin – óz qadirim» dep úqqan ata-babamyz tili men diline, úrpaq tәrbiyesine qatysty kórgen-týigenderin, nasihat-ónegesin halyq auyz әdebiyeti arqyly miras etip otyrghan. Aty aityp túrghanday, halyq auyz әdebiyetining altyn sandyghy atadan balagha auyzsha jetkizilip, asyl múranyng qasiyetti kilti jatqa aitu arqyly tabys etilip keldi. Bertin kele, el ishindegi kókirek kózi ashyq sauatty azamattar búl kómbeni hatqa týsirip, ghasyrlar qoynauynda jasyrynyp qalmaudyng janasha jolyn tapty.  Qazirgi elektrondy aqparat aludyng joldary keneyip, kitap oqu jaghy kenjelep otyrghan zamanda «el qazynasy – eski sózimizdi» zamana kóshimen birge alyp jýru ýshin tom-tom kitap shygharu jetkiliksiz. Býgingi foliklortanushylardyng aldynda qúndy múralarymyzdy jastardyng sanasyna sinirtuding janasha joldaryn tabu mindetteri túr.

Balanyng sanasyna mulitfilimder arqyly sinip jatqan jat obrazdar oiynshyq týrinde qolyna úsynylyp, qiyal әlemin jaulap alady. Balalargha arnalghan baspa ónimderindegi týrli-týsti suretter arqyly sәbiyding dýniyetanymyna aralasyp, sýiikti keyipkerine, elikteytin pirine ainalady. Hat tanyghan jetkinshek, әriyne, tәrbiyelik mәni zor qazaq foliklorynyng núsqalaryn emes, sәby kýninen sanasyna tanys bolghan keyipkerler turaly aqparattardy izdep oqidy. Sóitip týri qazaq bolghanmen, tanymy jat úrpaqtar legi qalyptasady

Ghylym men tehnika qaryshtap damyghan býgingi órkeniyetti zamanda ótken qúndylyqtarymyzdan qol ýze bastaghanymyz – ashy shyndyq. Múnyng bir sebebi qazaq foliklorlyq múralarynyng ghalamtor betinen, internet kenistiginen tiyisti ornyn ala almay jýrgendiginde. Innovasiyalyq tehnologiyalardyng jetistigin paydalana otyryp, qolda bar múralarymyzdy jastar arasynda nasihattau býgingi tandaghy ózekti mәselelerding biri bolyp tabylady.

Qazaqtyng últtyq  bolmysy, tili, mәdeniyeti, tarihy atadan-balagha miras bolyp kele jatqan batyrlar jyrlarynda, ghashyqtyq qissa dastandarynda, tarihy ólenderi men jyrlarynda saqtalghan. Foliklorlyq keyipkerlerding portretterin jasau jastardyng ghana emes, últtyng ruhany múrasyn tanyp-bilsem degen  kez kelgen adamnyng qiyal әlemin qanattandyrady.

El arasynda keng taraghan, qazaq foliklorynyng qúndy jәdigerleri bolyp tabylatyn batyrlyq jyrlar, ghashyqtyq jyrlar, tarihy jyrlarda jastargha ýlgi bolar birizdendiriletin bas qaharmandar jeterlik. Atap aitqanda, batyrlar jyry boyynsha «Alpamys batyr», «Qobylandy batyr», «Qambar batyr», «Er Targhyn», «Er Tóstik», ghashyqtyq jyrlar boyynsha «Qozy Kórpesh – Bayan súlu», «Qyz Jibek pen Tólegen», «Lәili-Mәjnýn», «Qalqaman-Mamyr», «Ayman-Sholpan», tarihy jyrlar boyynsha «Edige batyr», «Er Sayyn», «Shora batyr», «Arqalyq batyr», «Dosan batyr» turaly jyr-dastandar býgingi tanda ózining kórkemdik quatyn da, tәrbiyelik mәnin de, estetikalyq iydealyn da joyghan joq.

Batyrlar jyrynyng ghashyqtyq jyrlar men tarihy jyrlardan janry jaghynan ghana emes, keyipkerler portretin somdauy jaghynan da aitarlyqtay ereksheligi bar. Mәselen, batyrlyq jyrdaghy bas keyipkerding beynesin berude jyrshy batyr kelbetin onyng is-qimyly arqyly ghana emes, ghashyq jary, astyndaghy túlpary arqyly da ashady. Batyrdyng qarsylasy da osal jau emes.

Batyrlyq jyrlar oqyrmangha últtyq ruh berumen birge, etnografiyalyq aqparattardy da beredi. Keyipkerlerding kiygen kiyimin, qaru jaraghyn, túlparynyng er-túrman, әbzelderin sipattau arqyly jyrau oqyrmen nemese tyndarmandy sol tarihy dәuirge jeteleydi.

El arasynda taraghan ghashyqtyq jyrlar men qissa-dastandardyng kópshiligi shyghystyq saryndaghy tuyndylar. Sonyng biri - «Lәili-Mәjnýn» dastany. Onyng birneshe núsqalaryn shyghys shayyrlary jyrlaghan. Búl qissanyng qazaq tilindegi núsqalary da mol. Jyrdyng qazaqy núsqasynan sol kezdegi qazaqy tanymdy, elding diny nanymyn aiqyn angharugha bolady.

Al tarihy jyrlarmen tanysu arqyly tarihy shejireler men oqighalardyng tizbesi kóz aldynyzdan ótedi. Tarihy túlghalargha qazirgi berilip jýrgen baghanyng ara salmaghyn týsinuge jәrdemdesedi.

Qazaq folikloryndaghy bas qaharmandarmen óskeleng úrpaqty  tanystyru jastardyng kóne múrany biluge degen talpynysyn arttyryp qana qoymay týbi bir týrki әlemene de erkin boylauyna da jol ashady. Qazaq foliklorynyng qúndy múralaryn nasihattau halqymyzdyng qorshaghan әlemdegi zattar men tabighi, әleumettik qúbylystar turaly nanym-týsinigin býgingi úrpaq jatsynbay qabyldauyna septigin tiygizedi degen senimdemiz.

Saya Aghanasqyzy IYteghúlova, filologiya ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, Sh.Shayahmetov atyndaghy tilderdi damytudyng respublikalyq ýilestiru-әdistemelik ortalyghy Áleumettik lingvistika bólimining basshysy.

Abai.kz