Túrsynbek Kәkishev. Sәken men Troskiy
- Osy Sәken men Troskiyding arasy qanday bolghan? Oghan aqynnyng óleng ghana emes, tútas jinaq arnaghanynyng syry nede?
L.D.Troskiy S.Seyfullinmen kezdesti me, joq pa, ony dәleldeytin derek qolymyzda joq. Troskiyding múraghaty biz týgili, mәskeulikterding de qolyna әli tie qoymasa kerek. Birqydyru aghayyndar, әsirese, evreyler ony әuliyege ainaldyrmaq bolyp jantalasqandaryna edәuir uaqyt boldy. Orys shovinizmi ony onsha qalamaydy. Stalindi qaralau qajet bolghanda ghana Troskiyding aruaghyn eriksiz shulatyp jatady. Al, qazaqtar onyng 1927 jyly jer audarylyp, Almatygha kelgende kóshede it jetektep jýrgenin bilgennen әrige bara qoyghan joq. Onyng aty 30-jyldardaghy qyzyl qyrghyn túsynda aiyptaugha negiz bolghandyqtan, «ash qúlaqtan tiysh qúlaq, sol pәlennen aulaq» dep bet sipay salghan siyaqtymyz. Óitpeske amal da joq. Mәskeu bәrin bilip-kórip otyrdy.
- Osy Sәken men Troskiyding arasy qanday bolghan? Oghan aqynnyng óleng ghana emes, tútas jinaq arnaghanynyng syry nede?
L.D.Troskiy S.Seyfullinmen kezdesti me, joq pa, ony dәleldeytin derek qolymyzda joq. Troskiyding múraghaty biz týgili, mәskeulikterding de qolyna әli tie qoymasa kerek. Birqydyru aghayyndar, әsirese, evreyler ony әuliyege ainaldyrmaq bolyp jantalasqandaryna edәuir uaqyt boldy. Orys shovinizmi ony onsha qalamaydy. Stalindi qaralau qajet bolghanda ghana Troskiyding aruaghyn eriksiz shulatyp jatady. Al, qazaqtar onyng 1927 jyly jer audarylyp, Almatygha kelgende kóshede it jetektep jýrgenin bilgennen әrige bara qoyghan joq. Onyng aty 30-jyldardaghy qyzyl qyrghyn túsynda aiyptaugha negiz bolghandyqtan, «ash qúlaqtan tiysh qúlaq, sol pәlennen aulaq» dep bet sipay salghan siyaqtymyz. Óitpeske amal da joq. Mәskeu bәrin bilip-kórip otyrdy.
KPSS Ortalyq Komiyteti, onyng jaghympaz basshylary «VKP(b) tariyhy (qysqasha kurs)» jariyalanghannan keyin Troskiyding atqarghan qyzmeti bylay túrsyn, atynyng ózin auyzgha alugha tyiym saldy. Áldeqalay atala qalsa, qaralap kórsetuge tiyis boldyq. Sonau 1918 jylghy Brest bitimi túsynda-aq «Iuda Troskiy» degen ataq alyp, azamat soghysyndaghy bassyzdyqtary men raqymsyzdyghy qaulay kelip, kósemdik talasqa úlasqan bolatyn. IY.V.Stalin partiyanyng bas hatshysy bolyp saylanghannan keyin baqtalastyq kýsheyip, talay qoghamdyq-әleumettik mәselelerde troskiyshildik syr bergen edi.
Qazan tónkerisin sanaly týrde qabyldaghan, 1920 jyly Qazaq ASSR Atqaru Komiytetining Prezidium mýshesi retinde «Enbekshi qazaq» gazetining jauapty redaktory, sovetterding 1922 jylghy ýshinshi sezinde Halyq Komiyssarlary Kenesining tóraghasy bolyp saylanghan S.Seyfullin Mәskeude, jogharghy jaqta ne bolyp jatqannan habarsyz edi deuge bolmas. Óngeden búryn gazet pen ýkimet basshysy әrbir is-әreketti elden búryn bilip, mәn berip, elendeytinin eskerer bolsaq, onda Sәken oilanbay ot basqan, әr qadamyn jete anghara almaytyn pende dey almayyq.
Qoghamdyq әleumettik mәselelerde odaqtasa ketip, týtinderi bir baghytta shalqityn A.V.Lunacharskiyding ózining qandykóilek joldasy jayyndaghy: «Troskiy chrezvychayno dorojit svoey iystoricheskoy roliu y gotov byl by, veroyatno, priynesty kakie ugodno lichnye jertvy, ne iskluchaya svoey jizni, dlya togo, chtoby ostatisya v pamyaty chelovechestva v oreole tragicheskogo vojdya. Vlastolubie ego nosit tot je harakter, chto y u Lenina, s toi razniysey, chto on chashe sposoben oshibatisya. Ne nado dumati, chto vtoroy velikiy vojdi russkoy revolusiy vo vsem ustupaet svoemu kollege, esti storony, v kotoryh Troskiy bessporno prevoshodit ego: on bolee blestyash, on bolee yarok, on bolee podviyjen. Net cheloveka, kotoryy mog by zameniti v etom otnosheniy Troskogo», - degen minezdemeni Sәken estimedi, bilmedi dep aitu qiyn. Óitkeni, «Qara býrkit» (Arystan Dәuitúly Troskiyge arnaymyn) atty 1922 jylghy ólende osy siypattamanyng biraz kórinisi bar.
Biyikte boyyn bezep taranady,
Kýnbatys, Kýnshyghysqa qaranady.
Aynadan jerding jýzin anyq kórip,
Álemdi kózben sanap aralady, - degen minezdemeni naqtylaghanda «aybatty, týsi suyq, qasyn kergen» dep surettey kelip, Europa iymperialiysterining «Gaaga, Lozanna degen qalalarda biyl Europanyng qazirgi jalmauyz súm, súghanaq ýkimetteri Aziya, Kýnshyghys halyqtaryn sypayylap, tiridey qalay jútyp qoyamyz dep keneskenin» aityp keledi de:
Sanqyldap saldy úran, kókirek kernep,
Úshugha ontaylandy qanat sermep,
Tolghandy ondy-soldy kýshin jiyp,
Ne ólmek, ne jalpy azattyqty kórmek!
- bolghan «qara býrkittin» minez-qylyghyn da, is-әreketin de L.D.Troskiyge úqsatady. Sóitedi de:
Qyranym! Topshyndy ji, qanat qomda!
Úrandy qattyraq sal ondy, solgha.
Jauyng kóp alysta da, jaqynda da
Úshsang da, otyrsang da qamsyz bolma!
- dep ózining tilektestigin bildirip, Troskiy siyaqty әlemdik revolusiyanyng bolatynyna senetinin sezdiredi. Búl ballada «Enbekshi qazaq» gazetinde 1923 jyly 14 qantarda, sodan song «Qyzyl Qazaqstan» jurnalynyng 14-sanynda jariyalandy.
Men búl derekti әdeyi keltirip otyrmyn. 1923 jyly nauryz aiynda ótken Qazaqstan kommunisterining III konferensiyasynda Sәkenning «Aziya (Evropagha)» degen óleni ýlken aighay-shu shygharghan bolatyn.
Sәken Halyq Komissarlary Kenesining tóraghasy bolyp 1922 jyly qarasha aiynda saylandy. Sol jyly onyng «Asau túlpar» atty ólender jiynaghy men «Qyzyl súnqarlar», «Baqyt jolynda» piesalary jeke kitap bolyp shyqqanda, «Sholpan» jәne «Temirqazyq» jurnaldary myqtap synaghan bolatyn.
Biraq, oghan aiylyn jinamaghan Sәkendi endi sayasy jaqtan shalu kerek dep, mәn-maghynasy eki úshtylau «Aziya (Evropagha)» balladasyna jabysqan-dy. Ol shygharma 1922 jyly 1 mausymda jazylyp, 8 mausymda «Enbekshi qazaq» gazetinde jariyalandy. Onan keyin 3 qyrkýiekte «Tilshi» kóshirip basty. 1922 jyly 13 qazanda shygha bastaghan «Sholpan» jurnaly ózining 1-sanynda Sәkenning osy ólenine iltipat bildirip, qysqartpay tolyq basyp shyghardy. Demek, ballada kópshilikting kónilinen shyghady dey qoymaghanmen, tayau arada jarylatyn mina baryn sezgen siyaqty.
Orynborgha kelgenge deyin be, kelgennen song ba, әiteuir, Múhtar Samatov audarghan óleng VKP(b) Ortalyq Komiytetining ókili E. Yaroslavskiyding qolyna tiyip, ol negizgi bayandamasynda ony últ respublikalaryndaghy, әsirese, Kiyrgiziyadaghy (1925 jylgha deyin osylay atanghan bolatynbyz) kommunisterdi últshyldyqpen aiyptaugha kerekti material dep tapty.
«Últshyldyq, panaziattyq «uklonnyn» ne ekenin anyq bayqatu ýshin jergilikti joldas jazghan «Aziya-Evropa» degen ólendi mysalgha keltireyin. Múnda belgili bir iydeologiyanyng salqyny bar. Búl taptyq kýres emes, últtar kýresi. Búl - mәseleni marksistik túrghydan týsinu emes», - dedi E.Yaroslavskiy. Alma Orazbaeva sóilegen sezinde Sәken Troskiy joldasty «banda» dedi dep pәle japty. «Bende» degen sózdi «banda» dep týsindirdi. Ángime qyza týsti. 14 qazaq kommuniysi Sәkendi búlay synaugha bolmaydy, «s pervogo momenta otkrytiya III vsekirgizskoy partiynoy konferensiy nabludaetsya opredelennoe techeniye, napravlennoe k obviynenii kirgizskih kommunistov v nasionalizme. Niyjepodpisavshiyesya kirgizskie kommunisty kategorichesky protestuem protiv prediyavlennyh obviyneniy v nasionalizme» dep jazbasha mәlimdeme jasady.
Sonda da keulep te kerip kele jatqan shovinistik kózqaras aiylyn jimay, E.Yaroslovskiy: «Búl óleng jayyndaghy pikirdi men daladan alghanym joq. Toqtybaevtyng maqalasynan oqydym, onda avtor iydeyalyq qatelikterdi («Aziya», «Ivan men Myrzabek») atap kórsetken. Ony aitqan Toqtybaev, men emes. Kirgiziyanyng jaghdayyn jaqsy biletin joldas osylay dep aityp otyrsa, ony men nege aita almaymyn? Últshyldyq pen halyqshyldyqtyng yqpaly bar, revolusiyalyq ólendermen qatar taza últshyldyq baghyttaghy ólender de bar dep aita alghanda, men nege aita almaymyn?» - dep bet qaratpay qoyghan bolatyn. Múnyng bәri 1937 jyly Sәkendi aiyptaugha negiz boldy.
Sәkenning qiyndyq kórse shyndala týsetin, syngha úshyrasa shamyrqana týsetin minezi osynday sayasy mәseleden de aiqyn kórinedi. Konferensiyadan keyin, 29 nauryzda «Últshyldyq pen otarshyldyq shovinizm» degen ashy maqala jazyp, 1923 jyldyng 14 qantarynda «Enbekshi qazaq» gazetinde jariyalady. 15 aqpanda «Qazaqty qazaq deyik, qateni týzeteyik» dep respublika atyn ózgertudi úsyndy. Kókek aiynan bastap Halyq Komissarlary Kenesinde kense isterin qazaq tilinde jýrgizu jayyn eptep barlap kórdi de 25 mausymda «Kenselerde isti qazaq tilinde jýrgizuge kirisu» turaly aibyndy maqala jazdy. Ýlken mәjilis-jiyndarda, sessiyalarda ýzbey sóilep, gazet-jurnaldarda 8 maqala shyghardy. Ortalyq Atqaru Komiytetining tóraghasy Seyitqaly Mendeshev pen hatshy Janaydar Saduaqasovtyng bylqyldatuyna, jan-jaqqa sekemdene qarauyna jol qaldyrmay, 1923 jyly 22 qarashada qazaq tiline memlekettik status beretin dekretti qabyldatty. 1924 jyldyng 1 qantarynan bastap KASSR-ining barlyq qazaq bolystary, 1924 jyldyng 1 shildesinen bylay qaray barlyq uezder men guberniyalar qazaq tilinde is jýrgizuge kóshiriledi degen sheshim Sәken ýshin onaylyqqa týspegenin qazirding ózinde anyq sezinuge bolghanday.
Osynday úly maqsattyng jolynda jýrgende, býkilodaqtyq kólemde kәsipodaqtardyng róli, jana ekonomika sayasatyn jýrgizu, eldi industriyalandyru, basqa da irili-uaqty mәseleler jayynda, әsirese, V. I. Lenin dýnie salghannan keyin partiyanyng bas hatshysy IY.V.Stalinge shabuyldy kýsheytken L.D.Troskiyge Sәkenning qúrmeti azaya qoyghan joq siyaqty. 1924 jyly shygharghan «Dombyra» atty ólender jinaghyn týgeldey Arystan Dәuitúly Troskiyge arnap qana qoymay, ózining bar oi-pikirin bildiretin arnayy óleng jazyp, jinaqtyng birinshi betine bastyrdy. Ol óleng mynau:
Arystan Dәuitúly
Payghambar jalyn sózi iman bergen,
Sansyz er jolynda ólmek sonyna ergen.
Tilinen baly tamghan, aqyn búlbúl,
Mýlt ketpes til men qoly birdey mergen.
Tarihtyng úly dýbir arystany,
Qyraghy ótkir, zeyin danyshpany.
Dýbiri jer men kókti solqyldatqan
San jaumen zor maydangha alysqany.
Qayralghan ótkir almas, tili sheshen
Tarihtan shyqqan jeke ýzdik kósem.
Qol bastap, ózgeriste alyp ótken
Tar joldan, tayghaq keshu aman-esen.
Arystan jalbyr qara aruaqty
Aybyny qaltyratqan altyn taqty.
Jol bastap, jalpy adamzat baqytyna
Kórsetken ainaday qyp bolashaqty.
Arystan hәm payghambar segiz qyrly,
Ilimi jalshy baqyt, jalghyz syrly.
Sýiinip, shalqyp seni jyr qylmasa
Ne qylad sorly aqyndar ólen-jyrdy?!
Tarihtyng zor qamytyn moynyna artqan
Ýlgi alghan oryn basyp, ýlken qarttan.
Keyingi jalpy elding jas buyny
Shattanyp jyrlar talay erip arttan.
1924 jyl, mart
Osy shumaqtar әlginde ghana mysalgha alghan A.V.Lunacharskiy oilarynyng qazaq tilinde ólenge ainalghanyn anghartqanday. Al, 1924 jyl Troskiyding talay qate oy aityp, u-shudy kóbeytip jatqan kezi ekeni tarihtan belgili.
Elge airyqsha kerekti isterdi jýzege asyryp jýrgende, Sәkenning aldynan bәri japyryla bermegenin, qarsy shyghatyn kýsh tabylghanyn, ony hod-hodtap otyrghan biylikti oryn tabylghanyn Sәken jasyrmaydy. Óitkeni, búl Sәbit Múqanovtyng sendirui jәne bizding zertteu enbegimizde rastalghan bir shyndyq. Sәkenning «eshuaqytta ótirik degendi bilmeytin adam» (S. Múqanov) bolghany 1929 jylghy «Mening qateligim turaly» degen zorlyqpen jazylghan mәlimdemesinen-aq kórinedi.
«Bir jyldan song (yaghny 1923 jyl ortasynan bylay qaray - T.K.) biz Mendeshúlyna, onyng jana qúrylghan jigine jәne Korostolevke qarsy kýres bastadyq. Onda biz Mendeshúlyn jaghymtalshyl (kóttәki), tabandy pikiri joq, baylausyz jәne «solaqay» dep, Korostolevti otarshylyqqa ymyrashyldyq qylady (otarshyldyqpen jóndep kýrespeydi) dep aiyptadyq», - degenderdi ashyq aita kelip, ózining Troskiyge óleng arnaghanyn esine alady. «Partiyanyng bas jaghynan qynyr minezder tabylyp (qatelikter deuge qimaydy - T.K.), sony ashyp, ol qynyr minezge týskender bir kezde bәrimiz senip, әspettegen kósemder bolghanyn (kósemder bolghanda, әriyne, Qazaqstan kósemderi emes) kórgende Kenes ókimetining jaulary shoq-shoq dep masattanyp, kýlip túrghan tәrizdendi», - dep sary uayymy qalyng ólender jazghanyn moyyndaydy, ashyq aitady.
Sәkenning Troskiyge arnap shygharylghan ólenderi eshuaqytta úmytylghan emes. «Seyfullinshildikke» qarsy maqala jazghandar bismillәni Troskiyden bastap, sovet әdebiyetining negizin qalaushy emes, nebәri odaqtas dep tapqany, QazAPP túsynda kóz asha almaghany, onyng 1932 jylghy 1 sezde jasaghan bayandamasynda Mústafa Qayypnazarov: «Sәken kýni keshege deyin últshyldyqty, aqsýiektikti jyrlap keldi. «Asau túlpar», «Dombyra» jinaqtaryndaghy kóp ólenderining qateleri tabylyp, júrtshylyq birneshe ret talqylady. Kóbinde troskiyshildikti jyrlaydy. Ásirese, «Dombyrada», «Ekspress», «Ayt», «Aziyada» týrik birligin kókseydi. Rasynda Sәken proletariat aqyny bolyp kórgen emes» (Qazaq proletariat әdebiyetining jay-kýii men aldaghy mindetteri. 1932 jyl, 16-bet) degennen keyin shygharghan qaulynyng da әuselesi belgili. Sәkenning «shygharmalarynda bay, feodal salt-sanasy, jergilikti últshyldyq, tónkeriske qarsy troskizm saryndary bar». («Ádebiyet maydany. 1932 jyl, №4, 13-bet) degennen kóz ashpay, 1934 jylghy kenes jazushylarynyng birinshi sezinde osy pikir qylang bergende, «Sәken bir kezde Troskiydi maqtaghan» deydi. «Mening shygharmalarymdy syngha alghandardyng keybireuleri osy sózdi qayta-qayta aita beredi. «Kóp shaynaghan qartanyng dәmi ketedi» degendey, osy bir әbden dәmi ketken sóz. Ras, men ol kezde Troskiydi maqtap óleng jazdym», - dep ashyq aityp, osy jóninde búdan bylay «kýisey berudi» (Sәken sózi) qoy kerektigin tilegen edi.
Amal ne, 1937 jyly Troskiy pәlesi búrynghydan kýsheye týsti. Ony da ózimizding aghayyndar jii eske alyp, maqalalarynda kósilte jazdy. F. Berezovskiy 1936 jyly Minskide ótken jazushylardyng I plenumynda: «Seyfullinning «Qyzyl at» poemasy men birneshe tuyndysynda troskizmge ish tartatyn sayasy qateler bar» dese, T.Eleuov degen: «Nasionalisticheskie vzglyady S. Seyfullina v svoe vremya tesno perepletalisi s yavno troskizmom», dedi. «Qazaq әdebiyeti» gazetining «Ádebiyettegi troskist-buharinshil, últshyl-fashist ziyankesterin jerine jete qúrtu kerek» (13. 08. 37) dep dýniyeni shulatuy tegin ketpedi.
1937 jyly 24 qyrkýiekte Sәken tútqyndaldy. Onyng «shyn mәnindegi» troskiyshildigin dәleldeu ýshin Mәskeuden ilik izdestirip, troskiylik ortalyqpen tikeley baylanysy bolghan dep kórsetu ýshin orystyng ýlken jazushysy Galina Iosifovna Serebryakovany Sәkenning tergeu isine iyinin tauyp aralastyrady. Ol jóninde «Sәken jәne Serebryakova» degen essemde de, «Kommunist Sәkenning últjandylyghy» degen maqalamda da jazghanmyn. NKVD tergeushisi ózi jazghan «hiykayada» Sәkendi bylaysha moyyndatady: «Ya deystviytelino yavlyaiysi uchastnikom antisovetskoy nasionalisticheskoy organizasiiy... Ya davno yavlyaiysi storonnikom Troskogo, kak odnogo iz organizatorov boriby s VKP(b). Eshe v 1922-24 gg. vospel ego v svoih proizvedeniyah. Ya podderjival antisovetskie razgovory s Serebryakovoy y so svoey storony proyavil nasionalisticheskie nastroeniya», degendi aitty degizip, osy tezisti býkil aiyptau materialynyn, sot ýkimining eng negizgi babyna ainaldyryp jiberdi.
Ómirinde eki ret kezdesu, birinshisi Aleksandr Fadeevting júmys kabiynetinde, ekinshisi Sәbit Múqanov pen Sәkendi sayajayyna shaqyryp, qonaq qylu rәsimi Galina Serebryakovanyng 20 jyl azap-beynet sheguine sebepker bolghanyn jazushy «Smerch» («Qara qúiyn») degen romanynda bylay bayandaydy.
«Na kones mne prediyavily obviyneniye. Edinstvennym sviydetelem protiv menya okazalsya, k velichayshemu moemu izumlenii - staryy bolishevik y priyznannyy osnovopolojnik sovetskoy kazahskoy liyteratury Saken Seyfulliyn. Etogo cheloveka ya uspela uje zabyti, tak kak viydela dva raza v jizniy... Otnyne y dolgie gody v moem dele poyavlyalosi iymenno eto obviynenie y toliko v 1956 godu v avguste, na zasedaniy buro Djambuliskogo obkoma, gde menya vosstanovily v pravah chlena partii, ya uznala vse, chto uje togda, v 1939 godu, bylo izvestno sledstvii. Mne zachitaly poslednee, predsmertnoe zayavlenie Sakena Seyfullina, sdelannoe im na zasedaniy vyezdnoy sessiy Voennoy kollegiy Verhovnogo suda, vnesshey emu smertnyy prigovor.
«Ya, Saken Seyfulliyn, zayavlyaiy, chto ne vyderjav fizicheskih pytok, priymenennyh ko mne, ogovoril pisatelinisu Galinu Serebryakovu. Nikogda ya ne iymel s ney nikakogo kontrrevolusionnogo razgovora y ne viydel ee muja Sokolinikova», dep jazghanyn tebirenbey oqy almaysyn. Osynday zúlymdyqqa barghandargha ne derindi bilmeysin. Qanshama qahar tókkenmen, olar óz degenderin istep ketkenin sottyng mynaday ýkiminen bilemiz.
Sәkendi aiyptau qorytyndysynda: «S.Seyfullin s 1922 goda yavlyalsya skrytym troskistom, razdelyal kontrrevolusionnui programmu Troskogo, chto v selyah populyarizasiy Troskogo, on vystupal v pechati, posvyashal emu svoy proizvedeniya y vel troskistskui agitasii sredy nasionalistov. Vypolnyaya ustanovky sentra antisovetskoy organizasii, Seyfullin provodil bolishui antisovetskui rabotu v oblasty liyteratury y vel verbovochnuy deyatelinosti», degendi kóshpeli sot sessiyasy: «Seyfullin s 1922 goda razdelyal troskistskie vzglyady y provodil troskistskui deyatelinosti», dep qysqa qayyryp, 2 minuttyng ishinde qayran azamatty ólim jazasyna kesti de jiberdi.
Mine, 1922 jylghy «Aziya (Evropagha)», «Qara býrkit» balladalary men 1924 jylghy «Dombyra» jinaghyn Troskiyge arnap, nauryz aiynda jazghan «Arystan Dәuitúly» ólenining әleumettik mәni osynday. Qazirgi uaqytta qazaq aqyndary kimge ólen-jyr, poema arnamay jatyr, olardyng taghdyry Sәken shygharmalarynday bolsa, aqyndyqtyng manynan jýretin adam tabylmay qaluy ghajap emes. Biraq, ómir toqtamaytyny siyaqty, tarihta iz qaldyratyn mәndi shygharmalardyng dýniyege kelgenine ne jetsin. Qanshama qasiretti bolsa da, Sәkendey úly azamattarymyzdyng qazaq poeziyasynda jaryq júldyz bolyp ótkenin, artyna ghibratty da danghyl jol salyp ketkenin qadirlep, qúrmettey bileyik.
Túrsynbek KÁKIShEV, professor
«Egemen Qazaqstan» gazeti