Qazaqqa islam dinin jetkizgen qojalar emes
Reseylik iyezuydterding zymiyan sayasaty Týrgesh qaghanatyndaghy qazaq halqyn «karluk» dep búrmalap engizgen tariyhqa. Arab әripterining jazylu úqsastyqtary olargha solay búrmalaugha mýmkindik berdi (arabsha jazyluy: كزاق – kazaq, كرلق – karluq). Osylaysha 751 jylghy Talas (Atlah) shayqasynda músylman arab әskerimen qosylyp Sin әskerin talqandaghan qazaq emes, qarluqtar bolyp shygha keldi.
Qytay jazbalarynda «karluk» degen sóz joq, orystar qytay jazbasyna «gelolu» dep engen ataudy «karluk» dep týsindiruge mәjbýr boldy. Shyndyghynda, «gelolu» – «Kereyler» degen ataudyng qytaysha búrmalanuy («r» dybysy joq qytaylar «kereyler» degen sózdi «gelolu» deuge mәjbýr bolghan). Gelolu qúramyndaghy «moluo», «chisy», «tashiliy» degen rular – kerey taypasynyng qazirgi molqy, sherushi, taryshy rulary. Sol gelolu taypasy mekendegen aimaqta әli kýnge deyin qazaqtyn Kerey taypasy otyr. Al Qarluq pen Qarahanidy degen ataularmen esh ru nemese el saqtalmaghan, olar iz-týzsiz joq boldy. Qaydan saqtalsyn, onday ataumen tarihta esh el nemese taypa bolmasa, ol ataular qazaqtyng bolghanyn jasyrumen ainalysqan reseylikterding qalamynan tughan. Tarazdaghy Qarahan baba kesenesi Qarahanidiylerding bolghanyna dәlel emes. Óitkeni, onyng HIH ghasyrda salynghany belgili, ony Qarahanidy dinastiyasynyng tarihta bolghanyn dәleldeu ýshin túrghyzghan. Osynday sebepten Taraz qalasyn HIH ghasyrda Áuliye-Ata dep atatqyzghan.
Talas shayqasyna qatysqan kóshpeli týrkiler qazaq halqy, ony jasyru ýshin arap deregindegi «kazaq» atauyn «karluq» dep búrmalaghan jәne sol qazaq halqynyn memleketin Karluq qaghanaty etip tariyhqa engizgen Resey sayasaty. Sol Qazaq memleketi hanynyng IX ghasyrda Islam dinin qabyldaghanyn kórsetken arap dereginde búrmalaghan, ondaghy «Qazaqhan» atauyn «Qarahakan» dep orysshalaghan jәne memleket atauyn Qarahanidy etip tariyhqa engizgende Resey imperiyasy.
Halqymyzdyng shynayy tarihynan syr shertetin әri Resey iydeologtary tarapynan búrmalanbaghan Ibn әl Asir jazba múrasyn múhiyat zerdelep kórsek:
«V etom (750 g) possorilisi ihshid Fergany y sari Shasha. Ihshid poprosil pomoshy u sarya Sina, y dal emu podkreplenie iz 100 tysyach voinov, sarya Shasha okrujili, y on sdalsya na milosti sarya Sina, y tot ne prichinil zla ny emu, ny ego pribliyjennym. Izvestie ob etom dostiglo Abu Muslima, y on vyslal na voynu s nimy Ziyada ibn Saliha. Ony vstretilisi na reke Taraza, y musulimane pobedily iyh, perebily 50 tysyach y vzyaly v plen okolo 20 tysyach, ostalinye bejaly v Siyn. Bitva proizoshla v zulhidjja v tridsati, tretiem godu (751 g)».
Shash – qazirgi Tashkent qalasy, al Taraz degeni – qazirgi Talas ózeni. Shash qalasyn 750 jyly Sin patshasy basyp alghanyn estigen halif Ábu Muslima ol jaqqa qosymsha әsker jibergen. Yaghni, Tashkent pen Taraz halqy VIII ghasyrdyng basynda músylman bolghan (halif músylman jerin kәpirlerden qorghaugha mindetti, sol sebepten Tashkent pen Taraz aimaghyna qosysha әsker jibergen). Ol aimaqqa Islam dinin jetkizgen arabtar sol mangha ornyghyp qaldy. Óitkeni, arabtardyng barghan jerine ornyghyp, islam dinin jaidy maqsat etkeni belgili. Ózge aimaqtarda biyleushi bolyp arab qolbasshylary saylandy, tek týrkiler otyrghan aimaqtarda olay bolmaghan. Óitkeni, sonau Huni imperiyasy zamanynan bastap, kýni keshege deyin týrkiler әleminde tek Asylúya dinastiyasy úrpaghyn ghana patsha dep tanityn dәstýr saqtalyp keldi. Sondyqtan músylman arab halifteri týrkilerding patshalyq dәstýrin búzugha tyryspady, týrki patshalarynyng halifatqa tәueldi ekenin moyyndauy olar ýshin jetkilikti bolghan (tipti, týrki patshalaryna músylman arap-parsy әlemi moyynúsynghanyna Osman Halifaty tarihy kuә). Islam dinine shaqyru ýshin kóshpeli qazaq halqymen aralasqan arabtar kóp úzamay qazaqqa sinip ketti. Búdan kóshpeli týrki (qazaq) taypalarymen birigip Talas shayqasyna qatysqan arabtar men qojalar bir emes ekenin úghamyz.
Ibn әl Asir qojalar jayly mynaday asa manyzdy aqparat beredi: «Y nastupil god sto tretiy (722 g)... Yavilsya dvoirodnyy brat sarya Fergany k [Harashi] y skazal emu, chto sogdiysy v Hodjente. Soobshil emu ob ih polojeniy y dobaviyl: «Nagonyay iyh, poka ne ushly v ushelie. Poka ne vyidet srok, ot nas im ne budet pomoshiy... Harashy okrujil ih y naselil na nih stenobitnye mashiny. Y podnyalsya voin iz arabov y brevnom stal lomitisya v vorota Hodjenta. Y vorota otvorilisi.... Sabit Kutna, vspominaya kazni znatnyh, govoriyt: «Poradovala dushu kazni Karzandja, Kashkira, uchasti Beyada. Y Divashti, a takje uchasti Halandja v Hodjentskoy sitadeli, gde ony pogibly y propaliy.... Y nastupil god chetyresta devyanosto shestoy (1103 god)... V etom godu v Ree byl ubit Abu-l Muzaffar ibn al-Hudjandiy. Rod Hudjandy proishodit iz goroda Hodjenta, raspolojennogo v Maverannahre. Ony svoe proishojdenie k Muhallabu ibn Abu Sufra».
Osy derekten Ábu Muzaffar degen imam-qojanyng HII ghasyrdyng basynda qaytys bolghanyn, qoja ruy qazirgi Hudjant qalasynda qalyptasqanyn, olar óz ruynyng negizin qalaghan Muhallab ibn Ábu Sufra dep týsingenin kóremiz. Muhallab ibn Ábu Sufra – VII ghasyrdyng sony men VIII ghasyrdyng basynda ómir sýrgen tabighin músylman, Iran aumaghyn 20 jyl biylegen әl-Hadjjadj ibn Yusuf degen arabtyng әsker basshysy bolghan. Tarihta osy eki adamnyng esimi qatar kezdesedi. Ál-Hadjjadj ibn Yusuf Mekke qalasy manyndaghy Tayfte dýniyege kelgen, esimindegi al-Hadjjadj atauynyng maghynasy – tughan jeri qajylyq aimaq boluymen baylanysty (mysaly, Búharadan shyqqan ghalym «әl-Búhariy», Tarazdan shyqqan adam «әl-Tarazi» dep ataldy). Onyng qol astyndaghy әskeri de sol qajylyq aimaqtan shyqqan araptar, olar da ózderin «hadjjadj» dep ataghandy únatqan deu oryndy. Ál-Hadjjadj ibn Yusufting Horasan biyleushisi etip Muhallab ibn Ábu Sufranytaghayyndaghany mәlim (Irannyng qazirgi Meshhed qalasy ornalasqan aimaghy). Onyng әskeri hadjjadj arabtarynan qúralghan jәne ózi 703 jyly qaytys bolghan. Jogharydaghy derekte 722 jyly Harashy bastaghan arabtardyng Hodjent qalasyn qalay basyp alghany qamtylghan. Osy Harashiy qolbasshy әl-Hadjjadj әskerinde shyndalghan jauynger dep kórsetiledi. Yaghni, Hodjent qalasyn basyp alghandar Hadjjadj araptary bolyp tabylady (Ibn әl Asir hadjjadj araptary Hodjent qalasyn Ferghana hanynyng kelisimimen jaulap alghanyn kórsetken, olar tek sol qalany ghana jaulap alugha kelisim alghan). Olar jaulap alghan qala әuelde Qohand dep atalghan deu oryndy (túrghyndary kórshilerine qoqan-loqy jasaugha beyim, әri biylikke baghynudan bas tartqandyqtan Ferghana hany olardy hadjjadj araptary kómegimen joyghany bayqalady). Arabsha «Hodjend» pen «Hohand» óte úqsas jazylady (خحند – hohand, خجند – hodjend), osyny eskermegen orys audarmashylary arabtar kelgenge deyingi oqighalarda da qalany Hodjend atauymen kórsete bergen. Dúrysynda, VIII ghasyrda hadjjadj arabtary jaulap alyp, iyelengen qala – Hohand, sol hadjjadj araptar keyin, HI ghasyrda hodja degen ru-el bolyp qalyptasqanda qala «Hodjand» dep atalyp ketken deu oryndy. Al qalasynan airylghan soghdy-tәjikter sol aimaqta Hohand atauymen ózge qala túrghyzghan. Qazirgi Hudjand pen Hohand qalalary kórshi jatyr (arasy, shamamen 100 shaqyrymnan asady). Kóp úzamay Harashy qolbasshy halifting ashuyna úshyrap qaza tapqan. Sondyqtan halif hadjjadj arabtaryn 751 jylghy Talas shayqasyna tartpaghan dep tújyrym jasaghanymyz jón. Óitkeni, basqa derekte Talas shayqasyna qatysqan arab әskeri iyemendikter ekeni jazylghan.
Olay bolsa, qoja ruy Hodjend qalasyna qonystanghan Hadjadj arabtarynan VIII-HI ghasyrlarda qalyptasqan (shamamen 250 jylda), Ibn әl Asirde olardyng «otany» Hodjend qalasy ekenin kórsetken. Olar HI ghasyr sonynan bastap osy qaladan ózge aimaqtargha taralghan (Zakavkazie men Týrkiyadaghy Hodjaly qalalary, Qaraqalpaqstandaghy Hodjeli qalasy) deu oryndy. Ibn әl Asir derekteri Qarahanidy delinetin memleketti týrkilik әulet biylegenin (arap emes), qazirgi qazaq dalasyndaghy týrkiler IX ghasyrdan músylman ekenin, olardyng eng songhylary (soltýstik batystaghylary) XI ghasyr basynda músylmandyqqa tolyq ótkenin anyq kórsetedi. Ibn әl Asir jazbasynyng orysshasynda qazirgi qazaq dalasyn mekendegen halyq «turk» dep kórsetiledi. Arapsha jazyluynda «qazak» pen «turk» sózderi óte úqsas: قزك – qazak, ترك – turk. Soghan qaraghanda, arabsha týpnúsqada halyq atauy «qazak» bolyp jazylghan. Qazaqtyng erteden bar ekenin jasyru ýshin ony orysshagha «turk» dep audarghan deu oryndy. Demek, qazaq óz otanynda erteden bar, qazaq halqy Islam dinin qoja atauly el qalyptaspay túrghan zamanda qabyldap qoyghanyna Ibn әl Asir derekteri kuә.
Olay bolsa, VIII ghasyrda Tashkent pen Taraz aimaqtaryna ornyqqan músylman arabtar qazaqtar pen ózbekter qúramynda boluy tiyis. Ózbekter – ru-taypalaryn әldeqashan úmytqan otyryqshy halyq, sondyqtan qay ózbekting atasy arabtan taraytynyn anyqtau mýmkin emes. Qazaqtar – kóne huni-saq zamanynan beri ru-taypa bolyp tәrtiptelu dәstýrinen esh ainymaghan halyq. Qazaqta Ramadan degen taypa bar. Olardyng basym bóligi batysta – Kishi jýz qúramynda bolghanymen, edәuir bóligi Qazaqstannyng ontýstiginde otyr. Olardyng ata qonysy ertede Tashkent aimaghy bolghanyn dәleldeytin derekter bar. «Ramadan» atauy taza arab sózi ekeni anyq, búl taypanyng tanbasy dulat taypasy tanbasymen birdey. Osy derekter VIII ghasyrda kelgen arab músylmandary dula (dulat) taypasy qyzdaryna ýilenip, qazaq halqy qúramyna «ramadan» atauymen jeke ru bolyp singenin kórsetedi. Sol kelgen arabtar arasynda Múhammed payghambarmen (s.gh.s.) rulas adamdar da bolghan. Olardy ózge músylmandar «seyd» (myrza) dep ataghany, tәjik elindegiler әli de «seyd» dep atalatyny jәne qojalar arasynda da eng bedeldisi seyd qojalar ekeni belgili. Sol seyd arabtar ramadan taypasynda bolsa jeke ru atauymen saqtalar edi. Demek, seyd arabtar ózge qazaq taypasy qúramynda qalghan. Oshaqty taypasyndaghy seyit ruy sol qúrmetti músylman arabtardan qalyptasuy mýmkin. Óitkeni, ol ruda ata-babasynan moldalyqty, din jolyn ústanyp kelgen әuletter kóp kezdesedi. Sonymen ramadan taypasy men seyit ruy VIII ghasyrda Tashkent pen Taraz aimaqtaryna ornyqqan arabtardan bastau alghan dep bilemiz.
Al qazirgi Qaraqalpaqstangha VIII ghasyrda ornyqqan arabtar nókis ruy bolyp qalyptasty jәne ondaghy Nókis qalasy atauyn solar ornyqtyrghan. Keyin sol nókis ruynyn Shymkent aimaghyna yghysqandary dulat taypasy qúramyna endi (olar arghy tekteri arabtan ekenin úmytqan joq).
Payghambarymyz Múhammed (s.gh.s), araptyng arap emesten esh artyqshylyghy joq ekenin, artyqshylyq tek imanynyng myqtylyghymen baylanysty ekenin eskertken. Bizding dalagha Islam dinin jetkizgen arap músylmandary ony jaqsy týsingen, sondyqtan olar qazaq pen ózbekke din taratyp sinisip ketti. Al ózderin «aqsýiek», ózgeni «qara» dep tanu, sol sebepten qaramen qúdalasudan bas tartu Payghambarymyzdyng (s.gh.s) jolynan emes. Onday dәstýr tәkәparlyqtyng belgisi, al tәkәppargha júmaq haram delingen. Qojalar qazaq arasyna tek XII ghasyrdan keyin ghana ene bastaghanyn, olardyng sopylyq joldy alyp kelgenin tarihy derekter bayqatady.
Olay bolsa qazaq halqyna Islam dinin jetkizgen arap músylmandar әldeqashan qazaqqa sinisip ketken. Qazaqty asyl dinmen qauyshtyrghan araptar men qoja ruynyng esh baylanysy joq deu oryndy.
(Jalghasy bar)
Bekjan Ádenúly
Abai.kz