Orys әdebiyetining klassiygi M.iy.Lermontov múrasynyng qazaq әdebiyetinde alar orny erekshe. Búl әsirese, HIH ghasyrdyng ayaghyndaghy úly Abay audarmalarymen qúndy.

Qazaqtyng birtuar perzenti, úly aqyn Abay orys әdebiyetin 1882 jyldan bastap audarghan. Ol Lermontov ólenderin Pushkin men qatar qoyyp, sýiip oqyp qana qoyghan joq nemese úly aqynnyng ólenderin ózining ana tiline audarudy ghana maqsat etip qoyghan joq, óz halqynyng qiyan-keski taghdyryn oilap, búldyr bolashaghynan sanylau izdep oi-sanasymen arpalysqan Abay - orystyng búl dana aqynyn - halqyna da, óz janyna da ruhany serik, syrshyl dos etkisi keldi. Eng birinshi audarmasy - «Borodino» atty patriottyq óleninen ýzindi. Eng songhysy - Lermontovtyng «Vadiym» atty úzaq әngimesining jelisin, oqighasyn alyp, qysqartyp jazghan poema.

Orys әdebiyetining klassiygi M.iy.Lermontov múrasynyng qazaq әdebiyetinde alar orny erekshe. Búl әsirese, HIH ghasyrdyng ayaghyndaghy úly Abay audarmalarymen qúndy.

Qazaqtyng birtuar perzenti, úly aqyn Abay orys әdebiyetin 1882 jyldan bastap audarghan. Ol Lermontov ólenderin Pushkin men qatar qoyyp, sýiip oqyp qana qoyghan joq nemese úly aqynnyng ólenderin ózining ana tiline audarudy ghana maqsat etip qoyghan joq, óz halqynyng qiyan-keski taghdyryn oilap, búldyr bolashaghynan sanylau izdep oi-sanasymen arpalysqan Abay - orystyng búl dana aqynyn - halqyna da, óz janyna da ruhany serik, syrshyl dos etkisi keldi. Eng birinshi audarmasy - «Borodino» atty patriottyq óleninen ýzindi. Eng songhysy - Lermontovtyng «Vadiym» atty úzaq әngimesining jelisin, oqighasyn alyp, qysqartyp jazghan poema.

Abaydyng audarmalaryna jalpy sholu jasasaq, ol ýnemi tandap, talghap audarghan. Abaydyng Lermontovtan audarghan ólenderi ne adamgershilik taqyrybyna baylanysty jaman minez-qúlyqty sheneu, jaqsylyqqa ýndeu, ne patriottyq ýlken iydeyany kóksegen ólender, ne tereng oy - filosofiya, ne ýzdik kórkem ólender bolyp keledi.  Sondyqtan úly aqyndardyng ólenderindegi iydeyalyq-mazmúndyq úqsastyqtar men kórkemdik boyau naqyshtary jýrekke jaghymdy keledi. «Abay Lermontov ólenderin asa bir úqyptylyqpen әri erekshe sýiispenshilikpen audardy. Ásirese «Qanjar», «Jolgha shyqtym bir jym-jyrt týnde jalghyz», «Terekting syiy», «Jelken» siyaqty Lermontov shygharmalarynyng eng ýzdigin alyp audarghan. Al búlardyng bәri orys klassikterining ishinde sheberlik jaghynan tendesi joq tuyndylar bolyp otyr» degen eken Abay audarmalary turaly kezinde Múhtar Áuezov. Lermontov әueni Abay shygharmashylyghynda jarasymdy ýndestik tapqan.

Abay nelikten Lermontovqa sonshama den qoydy eken? Zertteushiler búl mәselege mәn bermey keledi.

Abay Lermontov ólenderin audaru barysynda әleumettik-estetikalyq tanymy men shygharmashylyq nysanyn bildiretin úghymdardyng attaryn audaruda yqshamdau prinsiypin ústanady. Týpnúsqanyng negizgi mazmúnyn, maghynalyq ózegin saqtauda, sóitip avtordyng oiyn jinaqtap jetkizude búl prinsip ontayly jәne edәuir tiyimdi kórkemdik qyzmet atqarady. Múnday sipatty audarmada týpnúsqa mәtindegi tikeley audarugha bolmaytyn úghymdardy sózbe-sóz nemese sipattay audaru audarmanyng mazmúny men maghynasy arasyndaghy kelisim men jarasymgha kólenkesin týsirui ghajap emes. Týpnúsqada ýlken maghynalyq jýk kóterip túrghan múnday tildik qúraldardyng sózbe-sóz audarmasy audarma mәtini jýiesindegi «bóten sózben bylghanuyna» alyp keledi. Osy túrghydan kelgende, audarmada yqshamdau, jinaqtau prinsiypin qoldanu da bir jaghynan tiyimdi jәne múnyng ózi aitarlyqtay shygharmashylyq nәtiyjege alyp keletinin Abay audarmalarynan bayqauymyzgha bolady.

Abay audarmalaryndaghy mazmúny dәlme-dәl audarylghan «Mening syrym, jigitter, emes onay» («Ya ne hochu chtoby svet uznal») degen ólenining kólemderi eki tilde de 16 joldan. Búlay audaru ýlken sheberlikti tanytady. Ayta berse, Abay audarmalary shetinen asqan talant iyesi ekenin dәleldeydi.

«Kónilim mening qaranghy, bol-bol aqyl» shygharmasy da osynday әserli ólenderining biri. Búl - Bayronnyng «Moya dusha temna» atty tuyndysyn erkin audarghan Lermontov núsqasy. Oryssha núsqasy aqynnyng kózi tirisinde «Otechestvennye zapiski» jurnalynda basylyp, keyin ózining jinaqtarynda basylghan.

Abay osy ólenning alghashqy segiz jolyn ghana audarghan. 1933 jylgha deyingi jinaqtarda «bol,bol aqyn» «búlbúl aqyn» bolyp basylyp kelgen eken [2,261]. Alghashqy basylymdarda «Evrey kýii» dep berilse, keyingi basylymdardyng barlyghynda Lermontovtan dep qana berilip jýr.

Mәtinderdi salystyratyn bolsaq.

Týpnúsqada:

Dusha moya mrachna! Skorey, peves, skorey!

Vot arfa zolotaya:

Puskay persty tvoy, promchavcheysya po ney,

Probudyat v strunah zvuky raya.

Y esly ne navek nadejdy rok unes,

Ony v grudy moey prosnutsya,

Y esly esti v ochkah zastyvshih kaplya slez -

Ony rastayt y proliutsya.

Audarmada:

Kónilim mening qaranghy. Bol, bol, aqyn!

Altyndy dombyranmen kelshi jaqyn.

Ishek boylap on sausaq jorghalasa,

Beyishting ýni shyghar qonyr salqyn.

Eger sorym týbimen әketpese,

Kerek qoy kónildi ýmit tebirentse.

Qatyp qalghan kózimde bir tamshy jas

Tógilmey me, boy jylyp, ol da erse?!

Audarmanyng sәttiligin aitpasa da týsinikti. Lermontovtyng oiy, kónil-kýii audarmada anyq, dәl týpnúsqadaghyday. Abay «arfa» sózin «dombyramen», «zvuky raya» tirkesin «beyishting ýni» dep qazaq oqyrmanynyng tiline say etip óte jatyq audarypty. «Puskay persty tvoy, promchavcheysya po ney» - «Ishek boylap on sausaq jorghalasa» degen tarmaqtyng da balamasyn úiqasqa qaray da, maghynagha qaray da tauyp qoldanghan.

Abay audarmalaryna ghalymdar qay kezde de ong pikirlerin berip keledi. Mysaly, Q.Bekqojin búl turaly bylay deydi: «Ety y podobnye im Abaevskie perevody vosproizvodyat hudojestvennye osobennosty Lermontovskih tvoreniy, sohranyayt po vozmojnosty tochno ih soderjaniye. «Kinjal», «Plenniyk», «Dary Tereka», «Duma», «V alibom», «Bolinoe serdse bietsya tiho» -  eto te perevody, v kotoryh my mojem osobenno silino pochustvovati silu talanta Abaya, tonkosti ego hudojestvennogo vospriyatiya, istinno poeticheskui sennosti perevedennyh im proizvedeniy». Q.Bekqojin osynday oidan keyin, Lermontovty audaru arqyly Abay qazaq poeziyasynda jana klassikalyq ýlgini damytqanyn aitady.

Abaydyng aqyndyq tolghamdaryn saralap qarasaq, iydeyalyq mazmún men lirikalyq tebirenis tarapynan ýsh-tórt saryngha jikteler edi. Meninshe, birinshi baghytta - halyqtyng taghdyryn, zamannyng bet-beynesi ózekti oryn alsa, ekinshi tarapta - halyqtyng minez-qúlqyn týzetu ýshin aqyl aitu, yaghny didaktikalyq saryn jәne salt sipatyndaghy toghysharlyqty mineu, satira әueni jatady. Sodan keyin osy baghyttaghy ónege, ósiyet jyrlary men shyndyqtan janghyryq tappaghandyqtan - óz zamandastarynan, óz ortasynan týnilu, toryghu, qasiret shegu sazdary ózinshe bir arna bolyp tolqidy. Sahara bozbalasynyng lirikasy - bir sala. Al Abay poeziyasynyng tebirenisi basym әuender - óz ortasynan, topas qauymnan týnilu, zamandastarynyng әsirese, túsyndaghy jas tolqynnyng nadandyghyn, bilimsizdigin kórip toryghu. Jalghyzdyq japa shegu saryndarynyng Lermontov әuenderine ýndes kelip túrghandyghy tang qaldyrady.

Aldymen, Lermontovtyng osy sarynyna berile ýn qosuyn aitpastan búryn Abay ózge de keleli shygharmalaryn audarmauynyng sebebi ne eken? degen  súraq tuyndaydy. Lermontov shygharmashylyghyndaghy basty saryn - bas bostandyghy bolsa, Abay audarmalarynda múnday ereuildi әuender kezdespeydi. Tek, «Jartastan qyz qúlapty tereng sugha» degeni bolmasa. Abay zamanynda, tipti qazaq qoghamynda, әiel mәselesi bolmasa, jeke bastyng bostandyghy aiyryqsha oryn alarlyq kýide bolghan joq. Qúldyq, krepostnoylyq sekildi súmdyqtardy Abay kórmese kerek. Sondyqtan múnday saryn Abaydy tebirentpese kerek. Abaygha keregi, jýregine jaqyny, jalghyzdyq, halyq qamy:

Jarly emespin, zarlymyn,

Ony da oila tolghanyp,

Júrtym deuge arlymyn

Ózge júrttan úyalyp...

dep «Otanymdy sýiemin men ózgeshe» nemese «Qosh, Rossiya sorynan arylmaghan» degen Lermontov sarynymen sabaqtas kýnirenedi.

Mysaly, «Qaranghy týnde tau qalyp» ólenindegi Abay dәl bere bilgen tústardan ýzindi keltirsek:

Vyhoju odin ya na dorogu:

Skvozi tuman kremnistyy puti blestiyt

Nochi tiha. Pustynya vnemlet bogu

Y zvezda so zvezdoY govorit -

degendi Abay bylay audarghan:

Jolgha shyqtym bir jym-jyrt týnde jalghyz,

Tasty jol jarqyraydy búgha amalsyz

Elsiz jer túrghanday bop haqqa mýlgip,

Sóilesip, ymdasqanday kókte júldyz.

Abay ózining audarmasynda aqynnyng oiyn, jan-sezimining sәulesin, qúbylysyn erkin týsinip jetkizip bere alghan. Múnda «pustynya» sózin «elsiz jer» dep sәtti qoldanghan.

Abay audarmalaryn negizinde eki týrli deuge bolady. Birinshisi - dәl audarma, ekinshisi - erikti audarma. Dәl audarmalary shumaq, bunaq, buyn úiqastaryna qaray ózara jәne ekige bólinedi. Keybir ólenderdi audarghanda Abay shumaghyn da, úiqas týrlerin de berik saqtaydy. Orys ólenderining yrghaq, buyndary qazaq óleng buyndaryna dәl kele bermeydi. Óitkeni orys óleni - tonikalyq ne sillabo-tonikalyq óleng qúrylysyna jatady da, qazaqtiki - sillobikalyq óleng qúrylysyna jatady.

Shygharma orys aqynynda da, qazaq aqynynda da 20 jol. Ómirge oy kózimen qaray biludin, tereng sezimtaldyq, syrshyldyqtyng ýlgisi bolarlyqtay lirikalyq tuyndy. Aqyn jaryq týnde jalghyz jolgha shyqqanyn aita otyryp, aspan men jerdin, jogharyda jylt-jylt etip kóringen júldyzdardyng ghajayyp әdemiligin tamashalap, gharyshtyq kenistikti bar janymen sezingendey bolady. Sondyqtan onyng óz kónil-kýiin qozghaytyn әr sózi erekshe salmaqty, mәndi bolyp shyqqan. Ólendegi múndy saryn da, tynyshtyq, azattyq izdeu de adamdy jadyratatynday  әser beredi. Osy ólenning iydeyalyq ózegi, tiregi bolghan ómirge qúshtarlyq:

"Kókiregimde ómirding kýshi túryp,

Izdeymin dem alysty ýzbegenin..." -

degen sózderden әsirese aiqyn tanylady.

Abaydyng óleni Lermontov núsqasyna jolma-jol sәikes kelip otyrady, maghynasy jaghynan әbden jaqyn jәne kórkemdigi de óte joghary. Lermontovta:

V nebesah torjestvenno y chudno!

Spit zemlya v siyanie golubom...

Chto je mne bolino y tak trudno?

Jdu li chego? Jaley ly ochem?

Uj ne jdu ot jizny nichego ya,

Y ne jali proshlogo ne chuti;

Ya ishu svobody y pokoya!

Ya b hotel zabytisya y zasnuti", -

dep kelse, Abay búl eki shumaqty bylay tәrjimalaghan:

"Men kórdim kókting ghajap jasalghanyn,

Jer úiyqtap, kókshil shyqpen bu alghanyn.

Mening ne múnsha qapa, qysylghanym?

Ýmit pe, ókinish pe oilaghanym?

Dýniyeden ýmitim joq mening deymin,

Ómirge ótken tittey ókinbeymin.

Azattyq pen tynyshtyq kóksegenim,

Úiyqtamaq pen úmytpaq dep izdeymin..."

Tek songhy shumaq qana erkin audarylghan.

"Chtob vsu nochi, vesi deni moy sluh leleya,

Pro lubovi mne sladkiy golos pel.

Nado mnoy chtob, vechno zeleneya,

Temnyy dub sklonyalsya y shumel" - dep, Lermontov mahabbat jyry men aghash sybdyryn ansasa, Abay tamyljyghan tabighattyng demimen, jylylyqpen, dostyqpen ónip óskenning madaqtaluyn armandaydy:

"Su syldyrlap, jel gulep, kýn shuaqtap,

Jylylyq pen dostyqty túrsyn maqtap.

Óngen, ósken jaqsy dep emen aghash,

Tenselip aityp túrsa ol shayqaqtap..."

Tuyndy 11 buyndy qara óleng úiqasymen jazylghan. Alghashqy ret 1909 jyly Sankt-Peterburgte jaryq kórgen "Qazaq aqyny Ibrahim Qúnanbayúghylynyng óleni" atty jinaqta jariyalanghan. Óleng basylymdarynda azdaghan tekstologiyalyq ózgerister kezdesedi. 1945 jylghy basylymda 1-shi shumaqtyng 2-shi joly "Tasty jol jarqyraydy bugha amalsyz" delinse, keyingi basylymdarda 1909 jylghy jinaq boyynsha búl jol "Tastaq jol jarqyraydy bugha amalsyz" dep alynghan. 1945, 1954 jylghy jinaqtarda 2-shi shumaqtyng 3-4-shi joldary "Menin de múnsha qapa, qysylghanym, Ýmit pe, ókinish pe oilaghanym", 4-shi shumaqtyng 2-shi joly "Úiqy, tynyshtyq, úmytu - bir degenim" bolsa, keyingi basylymdarda búl joldar 1909 jylghy jinaq negizinde "Menin ne múnsha qapa qysylghanym", "Ýmit pe, ókinish pe oilanghanym?" "Úiqy, tynyshtyq, úmytu - ber degenim" bolyp qabyldanghan. Ólenge kompozitor I. Jaqanov әn shygharghan.

Sondyqtan Abay audarghan ólenderining buynyn qazaqsha dәl beruge mýmkin bolmasa da, sany jaghynan soghan jaqyn keletin ólenmen audarady. Keyde úqsastaryn, keyde tipti obrazdaryn da dәlme-dәl shygharady:

Qazaqshasy:

"Qaranghy týnde tau qalghyp,

Úiqygha keter balbyrap,

Dalany jym-jyrt del-sal ghyp,

Týn basady salbyrap.

Shanday almas jol-daghy,

Sybdyrlamas japyraq.

Tynshygharsyng sen-daghy...

Sabyr qylsang azyraq..."

Orysshasy:

Gornye vershiny

Spyat vo time nochnoy,

Tihie doliny

Polny svejey mgloy.

Ne pylit doroga,

Ne drojat listy;

Podojdy nemnogo -

Otdohneshi y ty

Osy ólennin, әsirese, songhy tórt jolyn alsaq, orysshasyna dәlme-dәl. Áriyne, aldynghy joldaryn da dәl emes deuge bolmaydy. Lermontov poeziyasynyn  qúdiretti kýshi de, ór minezi, yzgharly yzasy, ot lepti kýrsinu de audarmada dәl berilgen.

Abay audarmalarynyng jogharydaghyday ýzdik boluynyn, meninshe, ýsh týrli sebebi bar: 1) ózining ýlken talanttyghy; 2) orys tilindegi ólenderde qoldanylatyn sózderding tek jay mәnin ghana emes, kórkemdik qasiyetterin tereng úghynuy; 3) qazaqtyng óz tiline aqynnyng meylinshe baylyghy.

Týgeldey alghanda óte erkin audarylghandyqtan Abaydyng búl óleni ózining tól shygharmasy sanalyp kelgen. Óitkeni, búl týgeldey alghanda nәzira dәstýrimen jarysa jazylghan óleng degen bagha berilgen.

Jalpy Abay audarmalaryndaghy erekshelik ýnemi tolyghyp, damyp, býtindey baylanysyp otyrady.  Eki halyqtyng eki úly túlghasynyng poeziyasyndaghy ýndestik, jalghastyq - olardyng asqan talant iyeleri ekendigin tanytady.

Qoryta aitqanda, Lermontovtyng asyl múrasyn tereng tanyghan, aqyndyghyna berik den qoyghan, orystyng dana aqynyn ózine ústaz tútqan Abay audarmalarynyng tarihiy-әleumettik mәni ýlken. Sondyqtan, úly aqyndar arasyndaghy shygharmashylyq baylanys pen poeziyalyq ýndestikti audarma núsqalar arqyly tanu býginde en  manyzdy zertteu mәselelerding biri bolmaq.

 

 

 

Áygerim Álimjan, әl-Faraby atyndaghy QazÚU-dyng izdenushisi