Anyraqay shayqasyna – 290 jyl!
1723–1730 jyldarghy Otan soghysy әigili Anyraqay shayqasymen qorytyndylandy. 1730 jylghy sәuirde jonghar qontayshysy Galdan Serenmen (Qaldan Serenmen) beybit kelisimshart jasasu arqyly «Aqtaban shúbyryndy» qasiretinen beri órshy týsken qantógisti azattyq kýresine jenisti nýkte qoyyldy. Anyraqaydaghy úly jenis halqymyzdyng etnostyq birligin, birtútastyq sezimin arttyrdy. Jauyngerlik ruhty nyghaytty. Jýzder men ru-taypalar arasyndaghy auyzbirshilikting manyzdylyghyn pash etken sonau tarihy jeniske biyl 290 jyl tolyp otyr. Osy datagha oray sol kezenge qysqasha sholu jasayyq.
Jonghar handyghy әskerining 1723 jyly tútqiyldan shabuyldaghan qanqúily shapqynshylyghy ekpinine Qazaq handyghy tótep bere almay, barsha ontýstik jazira, qazaq elining astanasy Týrkistan, ónirdegi qalalardyng bәri jau qolynda qaldy. Júrt shúbyryp ketti. Eldi «Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama» qasireti jaylady. 1719 jyldan agha han mәrtebesindegi Ábilqayyr bahadýr az ghana jasaghymen Qaraqúm aumaghyna auysugha mәjbýr bolyp, sol aimaqtaghy jigitterden jana qol qúrghan. Biraq basqynshy jaylaghan ólkege emes, teristik-batysqa attanghan. Maqsaty – sol jaqtan tónip túrghan qaterding aldyn alu-tyn. Óitkeni ondaghy Qalmaq handyghy ýshin qansyrap jatqan qazaq elin op-onay shauyp alu mýmkindigi tughan edi. Sóitip júrtty qyryp-joyyp kele jatqan Jonghar handyghy әskerimen birigui, sóitip qazaqtardyng eldigin joyyp, eki qandas handyqtyng birtútas memlekettik qúruy yqtimal edi. Ábilqayyr han dúshpannyng osynday pighylynyng aldyn alyp, josparyn kýl-talqan etudi kózdegen. Áskery sharasy dittegenine jetti. Qalmaq qolynyng betin qaytardy. Sosyn úshqyr jasaghymen 1724 jyly Úly dala tósinde týstik-shyghys baghyty boyynsha qúiyndata shapqylady. Jolshybay týrli beketter salyp tastaghan jongharlarmen qiyan-keski úrys sala otyryp, ontýstikke aimaqqa búzyp-jaryp kirdi. Jaujýrek sarbazdarymen qazaq astanasyn sonda jaudan birden tazartqan. Ólkedegi basqynshy ayaghy astynda qalghan ózge qalalardy, barsha jer-sudy, úzyn sany otyz eki úlysty azat etken. Biraq aimaqtaghy osynau jenimpaz sheruin, ónirdi basqynshydan ózine qaytaryp alghan qandy shayqastardyng saltanatty nәtiyjesin bayandy ete almady. Alty-jeti aidan keyin, 1725 jyly, aimaqty qayta tastap ketuge mәjbýr boldy. Sondaghy joryqtaryn eske týsirip saralay kele, ordasy ornalasqan Týrkistan shahary men onyng ainalasyn jaudan bosatqan qalpy, túraqty ústap qala almauynyng sebebin izdedi. «Aqtaban shúbyryndy» saldarynan qalyptasqan jaghdayda eldi, jer-sudy saqtau jәne qorghaugha baylanysty ózining tarihy mindetin ol adal atqaryp kele jatqan. Qaramaghyndaghy әskery kýshting jaujýrektiginde, soghysu ónerine jaqsy mashyqtanghanynda, ondyq, jýzdik, myndyq toptardan jasaqtalghan qúrylymynyng ýilese әreket ete alghanynda kýmәni joq. Ol jauynger sarbazdary men sardarlaryna kinә arta almaydy. Solarmen birge sauyt sheshpey, attan týspey, jalpaq qazaq dalasyn teristik-batysy men ontýstik-shyghysy aralyghynda әrili-berili kóktey ótip әldeneshe әskery joryqtar jasady. Sol jenisti joryqtary barysynda el-júrtqa ózining agha han mәrtebesin is jýzinde moyyndatty. Endi ol qazaq memleketining basshysy, agha hany retinde, eldi jaudan tútastay azat etui tiyis-tin. Búl ýshin dýley basqynshygha qarsy býkil halyqty kóteru qajet. Bayandy kýresting kilti sonda. Osy uaqytqa deyingi jenisterin bayandy ete almauynyng sebebi men syry sol kiltti ózi men ýzengilesterining dúrys paydalana almaghandyqtarynda. Han jiberilgen qatelikterdi týzeu joldaryn paryqtady. Jaugha qarsy bir jaghadan bas, bir jennen qol shygharyp shayqasu mәselesin túnghysh ret 1710 jylghy Qaraqúm qúryltayy qozghaghan. Kәdimgi ózin aq kiyizge otyrghyzyp han kótergen qúryltay. Qazirgi jaghdayda tap sonday jana basqosu úiymdastyru qajet. Búl kezek kýttirmeytin shara bolugha kerek. Agha hannyng múnday kózqarasyn Orta jýz basy Sәmeke han birden qoldaydy. Ol batys pen soltýstiktegi jer-su kiykiljinderin sheshuge Ábilqayyr hannyng ózimen birge tikeley atsalysyp jýrgen. Sol shaqta ontýstik aumaq pen Jetisu ólkesi tolyghymen jongharlar qolastynda jatqan. Úly jýz biyleushisi Jolbarys han basqynshy әkimshilikke bodan retinde týrli alym-salyghyn berip, Tashkent syndy shaharda tәueldilik ahualda kýn kórip otyrghan. Osy toqtamdy soghan tez jetkizu kerek. Tek oghan emes, eng aldymen ordabiylerge, yaghny eldegi jýzder biylerine, sonday-aq aimaqtardaghy barlyq bi, batyr, rubasy, bas adamdargha jәne aqsaqaldargha. Agha han Ábilqayyr bahadýr bekem sheshim jasady. Ol elding agha hany lauazymymen 1719 jyly qazaq astanasy Týrkistangha ornyqqanda, soghynan batys ólkedegi Kishi jýzge qarasty el-júrt ishinen kóp auyl sol aumaqqa kóship kelip qonystanghan. Jaz ailarynda agha hannyng kóshpeli ordasy solardyng arasyna – Arys suynyng salasy Badam ózenining alqabyna tigiletin. Sol sebepti de sondaghy Ordabasy atalatyn jerdi jana býkilhalyqtyq qúryltay ótetin oryn etip belgiledi. Shúghyl týrde jan-jaqqa habarshylar attandyryldy...
Jonghar basqynshylyghyna qarsy kýrespek halyqtyng ahlaqy ruhyn nyghaytqan, sheshimtaldyqpen azattyq soghysyn jýrgizip, janqiyarlyqpen shayqasu ýshin ýsh jýzding birikken qolyn qúrugha bekem baylam jasaghan әigili mәjilis 1726 jylghy kýzde Ordabasyda ótti. Osy tarihy qúryltaygha baylanysty Tóle bi, Qazybek bi, Áyteke by syndy ýsh úly túlghanyng esimderi erekshe qúrmetpen aitylatyny mәlim. Olar barlyq qazaq ru-taypalaryn jongharlargha qarsy kýreske toptastyru mәselesin qarau ýshin Ordabasy qúryltayyn shaqyrdy delinedi. Qalyng búqaramen tyghyz baylanysta boludyng joly retinde, biylikke qara qazaq ókilderin tartu qajettigi Esim hannyng kezinen bastap moyyndalghany belgili. Onyng «Eski jol» atalghan zannamasynyng týpki mәni de sol bolatyn. Sony basshylyqqa alghan Tәuke hannyng túsynda belgili biyler eldi basqaru jәne zandardy sonau «Esim hannyng Eski joly» ýlgisimen jetildiru júmystaryna belsene qatystyryldy. Áygili «Jeti jarghy» osy ýsh jýz biylerining belsene atsalysuymen qabyldanghan. Mine, solar el basyna kýn tughan kýrdeli tarihy kezende jonghar shapqynshylyghyna el bop birlesip qarsy túru úranyn kóterdi. El sanasyna solay singen. Olardyng Úly jýzdegi on bir taypany, Orta jýzdegi alty taypany, Kishi jýzdegi jiyrma bes taypany biriktiretin ýsh jýz odaghyn ortaq mýddege úiystyrudaghy enbegin, әriyne, joghary baghalaymyz. Sonymen qatar, úly kenesti ótkizude osy asa kórnekti túlghalarymyz bas әmirshining bastamasyna say solay әreket etken degen pikirdi әdilettilik túrghysynan qisyndy kóremiz. Býkilhalyqtyq mәjilister men kenester asa joghary dәrejeli biyleushilerding qúzyrynda jýrgiziletinin tarihshylar joqqa shygharmaydy. Múnday jiyndardaghy biylerding sózi qashanda ótimdi keletin. Esim han zamanynan beri han biyligining ózi sol biyler kenesining sheshimine tәueldi bolatyn. Sondyqtan da qasiretti shaqta qol bastap, qazaq elining teristigine de, týstigine de tynymsyz azattyq joryqtaryn jasaghan Ábilqayyr han ataqty biylerding kómegine jýginudi jón kórgen. Atamekendi azat etu jolyndaghy kýresti óristetu ýshin kýlli el azamattarynyng kýsh biriktiruine qol jetkizude onyng de osynau ataqty biylerding kómegine sýiengeni tarihy shyndyqqa әbden say keledi. Jýzderding handary, jekelegen ru-taypalar men qalalardy basqaratyn kishi handar, súltandar, rubasylar, aimaqtardaghy biyler, aqsaqaldar, ózge de bas adamdar jәne, әriyne, batyrlar bas qosqan qúryltay basqynshydan otandy azat etu ýshin sarbazdardy jalpaq el ishinen jiidy birauyzdan qoldady. Qazaq birikken әskerining bas qolbasshysy mindetin agha han Ábilqayyr bahadýrge jýktedi. Qazirgi qalyptasqan kózqaras boyynsha – qúryltay Kishi jýz hany Ábilqayyrdy agha han lauazymyna emes, bas qolbasshy etip qana saylady delinedi. Múnday kózqarastaghylar qazaqtyng búl kezdegi agha hany Bolat han bolatyn dep sanaydy. Alayda bayypty ghylymy zertteuler Bolat hannyn, birinshiden, agha han emes, Orta jýz hany bolghanyn, ekinshiden, ol «Aqtaban shúbyryndy» bastalghanda dýnie salghanyn aitady. Demek, Bas qolbasshy retinde tandalghan Ábilqayyr bahadýrdi Ordabasy qúryltayynda agha han mәrtebesine saylaudyng qajeti joq edi, ol búl mәrtebege Tәuke hannyng izbasary Qayyp han qaza tapqannan beri, 1719 jyldan ie bolatyn. 1724 jyldan Orta jýz hany Sәmeke men 1720 jyldan Úly jýz hany Jolbarys ony ózderinen barlyq jaghynan joghary bolghandyqtan da moyyndaghan, ony kóne meritokratiyalyq tәrtipti basshylyqqa alghan biyler kenesi qoldaghan. Osylay ol jeti jyldan beri agha han sanalatyn. Eger búl bastapqy kezende zaty emes, tek aty ghana bar lauazym sanalsa, sondyqtan da ony júrt tek Kishi jýz hany dep qana qabyldaghan bolsa da, jonghardyng joyqyn shapqynshylyghynan bermengi kýlli qazaq dalasyn sharlap kórsetken jauyngerlik, qolbasylyq enbegi men erligi onyng is jýzinde agha han ekenin búltartpastay etip dәleldegen edi. Qazaq handyghynda taqta otyrghan әmirshi әdette әskerding de bas qolbasshysy bolatyn, demek, Ábilqayyrgha bas qolbasshylyqty beru onyng agha han ekenin moyyndaghandyqtan, el ýshin janyn otqa da, sugha da salghan janqiyarlyghyn baghalaghandyqtan jasalghan shara. 1710 jylghy Qaraqúm qúryltayynda da, 1726 jylghy Ordabasy qúryltayynda da ol ózine kórsetilgen senimdi aqtap, han dәrejesi mindetteytin qolbasylyqty adal atqardy. Ol ýsh jýzden jinalghan әigili batyrlarmen әskery kenes ótkizip, shúghyl sarbaz jinau, olardy soghys ónerine tezdetip ýiretu, sosyn eldi birtindep dúshpan ezgisinen azat etu josparyn qúrdy. Birinshi kezekte byltyrghy jenisti sheruden keyin qaytadan jau qolynda qalghan astanadan bastap, aimaqtaghy barlyq qalalardy jonghar biyliginen qútqaru mәselesi kýn tәrtibine shyqty. Birikken qazaq armiyasy soghys josparlaryna say úrystar jýrgizip, ontýstiktegi qalalardy birinen song birin azat ete bastady...
Jongharlar qazaq jerining shyghysy men Jetisudy jәne Syrdariyanyng orta aghysy ónirin basyp alghannan son Úlytaugha qaray bet búrghan. Ordabasy qúryltayy jigerlendirgen qazaq әskerleri Ábilqayyr hannyng qolbasshylyghymen Týrkistan–Tashkent alqabyndaghy ondaghan qazaq qalasyn qaytadan jaudan tazartyp, elding ortalyq aimaghyna bettegen jonghar qolyna sheshushi soqqy beruge әzirlendi. Bas qolbasshy Ábilqayyr hannyng basshylyghymen qazaq batyrlary 1726 jyldyng sonynda jәne 1727 jyly әskery qimyldardy ýilesimdi әri útymdy jýrgize otyryp, Torghay dalasynyng ontýstik-shyghys bóliginde iri jenisterge jetti. Úlytau manyndaghy Búlanty men Bileuti ózenderining angharlarynda ótken shayqas el aibynyn erekshe asqaqtatty. Qazaq jasaqtary jongharlarmen әueli Qarsaqpay qyrattarynan bastalatyn sol qos ózen qúiyp jatqan Shúbar-Teniz kóli manayynda soghysqan. Talqandalghan basqynshylar kólden әrmen qashqanda, atalghan eki ózen aralyghyndaghy Qarasiyr (ony «shoqy» maghynasyn beretin Qarasiyre dep te ataydy) jazyghynda olargha qatty soqqy berip, tamasha jeniske jetti. Dúshpan oisyray útylghan búl úrys tariyhqa Búlanty-Bileuti shayqasy degen atpen endi. Osy iri jenis nәtiyjesinde qazaq jasaqtary jonghar kýshin Úlytaugha jetkizbey toqtatty. Shayqasta Qanjyghaly Bógenbay, Qarakerey Qabanbay, Shaqshaq Jәnibek, Tama Eset, Bәsentiyin Malaysary, Taraqty Bayghozy, Taylaq, Sanyryq, Qabanbay, Derbisaly, Satay, Eset, Jәnibek, Tileuli syndy kórnekti qolbasshylar men kóptegen batyrlar, barsha sarbazdar kózsiz erlik kórsetti. Jongharlar zor shyghyngha úshyrap, keri qashty. Búlanty-Bileuti shayqasynyng tarihtaghy manyzy erekshe. Óitkeni ata jaudy talqandaghan osynau úrys halyqtyng ensesin kóterdi, azattyq ýshin, otan ýshin kýreske bir jaghadan bas, bir jennen bilek shygharyp, jappay kóteriluge jigerlendire týsti. Qazaq sarbazdary búdan keyin ahlaqy jәne ruhany ýstemdikke ie bolyp, jongharlar basyp alghan jer-sularyn birinen song birin azat ete bastady. Búl 1727 jyl edi. Osy jyly kenetten qontayshy Sevan Rabdan (Syban Raptan) dýnie saldy da, jongharlardyng qazaq jerindegi kýshterine arttarynan qosymsha kómek kelmey qaldy. Búl jaghday ruhy kýsheye týsken qazaq jasaqtarynyng jenisti sheruining sәtimen jalghasa beruine belgili dәrejede qolayly jaghday tughyzghan bolatyn. Qontayshy ólimi handyq ishinde dýrbeleng tughyzdy. Taqqa onyng ýlken úly Galdan Seren (Qaldan Seren) otyrghan. Ol әkesining oida joqta dýniyeden ketuin ógey sheshesi – han taghyna talasuy yqtimal inisi Lauzan Shononyng tughan anasy Seterjab pen sol shaqta Qalmaq handyghynan kelgen elshilerden kórdi. Qatygez jazalau sharalaryn jýrgizdi. Sosyn handyqtyng shyghys shekarasyna nazar audarugha mәjbýr boldy. Onda Siyn-Qytay әmirshileri ózgergen. Boghdyhandar auysqan. Imperator Kansy qaytys bolyp, taqqa Yunchjen otyrghan. Ol ózine deyin jasalghan uaghdalastyqty jiyp qoyyp, jongharlargha qaytadan qauip tóndire bastaghan edi. Soghan baylanysty Galdan Seren әskerining negizgi kýshin sol jaqqa shoghyrlandyrugha kiristi. Sodan kóp úzamay qytaylyqtarmen qarym-qatynas shiyelenisip ketti. Jongharlar olarmen jana soghysqa kirdi. Osynday jaghdayda Galdan Seren qazaq jerindegi armiyasynyng biraz bóligin jonghar handyghynyng shyghysyndaghy maydangha salu ýshin keri shaqyryp alghan. Búl kezde Ábilqayyr han qazaq elining Qaratau óniri men ontýstigin basqynshydan tazartu kýresinde jýrgen. Ol jana ahualdy múqiyat saralady. Sóitip 1730 jyldyng kókteminde jaugha Anyraqay dalasynda sheshushi soqqy bergen bolatyn. Osy shayqas Otan soghysynyng eng eleuli belesine ainaldy. Ol azattyq ýshin kýresting ruhty meylinshe kóterip, bolashaqqa degen senimdi bekite týsken jenisti shyny retinde óte oryndy týrde maqtan tútylady. Júrtshylyq sanasyna sinirilgen mәlimet boyynsha – Anyraqayda shartaraptan jinalghan qazaq sarbazdarynan birikken otyz myndyq qol qyryq myndyq jau әskerimen bir-bir jarym aiday uaqyt boyy soghysqan. Jeniske jetken. Biraq jenimpaz qazaq jasaqtary jýrgizgen shayqastar sonymen dogharylghan. Jaudy óz eline qaray týre qumaghan. Sebebi «shayqas sonynda Bolat han jaralanyp, qaytys bolghannan keyin» (taghy bir kóp taralghan qisyn boyynsha – «dimkәs Bolat han nauqasynan dýnie salghan son») bastalghan «taq ýshin talas» oghan kedergi keltiripti-mis, kópshilik «Bolat hannyng balasy jas Ábilmәmbetti qoldaghan» da, «búghan narazy bolghan Ábilqayyr maydan dalasyn tastap, Kishi jýzding qolyn batysqa, Orta jýz qolyn Sәmeke han soltýstikke» alyp ketipti-mis. Ghylymy zertteuler búl úigharymdardyng jansaqtyghyn kórsetedi. Óitkeni Bolat han 1723 jylghy «Aqtaban shúbyryndy» bastalghan shaqta ómirden ótken. 1730 jylghy Anyraqay shayqasynan keyin han saylauyn jasaugha qajettilik tughan joq. Sebebi soghysty jenisti shynyna jetkizgen bas qolbasshy Ábilqayyr bahadýr әri agha han da bolatyn. Onyng ýstine, Ábilqayyrmen taq talasyna týsip bәsekelesetindey dәreje, jas jaghynan da, bedel jaghynan da eshbir kishi handa bolghan emes. Eng bastysy, «Ábilqayyr men Sәmekenin maydan dalasyn tastap» ketui mýldem ózge sipatta jәne basqa jaghdaygha baylanysty oryn alghan-dy...
Qúramyna tarihshy, geolog-geomorfolog, etnograf, arheograf, paleoklimatolog, shyghystanushy, palinolog, geograf ghalymdar engen zertteushiler toby 2005–2007 jyldary Shu-Ile aimaghynyng ortanghy bóligine birneshe ret ekspedisiyagha shyqqan. Jasaghan dalalyq zertteuleri men izdenisterining nәtiyjelerin birneshe salalyq ghylymy institut qyzmetkerleri qatysuymen óndegen. Sóitip, ataqty shayqas ótken Anyraqay ónirine keshendi týrde jýrgizgen arnayy zertteu nәtiyjelerin syndarly ghylymy tilmen enbekterinde bayan qylyp, keybir qalyptasqan pikirlerge syn kózben qaraugha mәjbýr etetin qorytyndylar jasaghan bolatyn. Ekspedisiyalar kezinde tarihy oqigha aimaghy jer betinen, sonday-aq biyikten suretke týsirildi. Aumaqtaghy tabighy jәne әleumettik-ekonomikalyq nysandardy geografiyalyq, geometriyalyq túrghyda kórsetetin ghylymy syzbalar jasaldy. Jer bederi men su kózderining qazirgi syrt keskinine ghylymy zertteuler men esepteuler jýrgizilip, olardyng ýsh ghasyrgha jete-ghabyl uaqyt úshyratqan ózgeristerden búrynghy keypi jorymaly týrde elestetildi. Jer men meken-jaydyng tarihy ataulary, әr kezgi geografiyalyq kartalar, ólkeni mekendegen taypalardyng túrmystyq jәne mәdeny erekshelikteri, olardyng tirshiligi men qyzmetining bizding zamanymyzgha jetken materialdyq qaldyqtary, Anyraqay auyly túrghyndarynyng ekspedisiya mýshelerine bergen aqparattary qarastyryldy. Solardyng bәrin ólkening әskeriy-sayasy tarihymen tyghyz baylanystyryp qaray otyryp, aimaqtyng 1730 jylghy tabighaty men jorymaly beynesin jәne tarihy shayqastyng bas-ayaghy men ótu retin ghylymy әdispen qalpyna keltiru әreketi jasaldy. Qysqasy, ghalymdar zertteuge alynghan ónirding topografiyasyn, geomorfologiyasyn, landshafyn, paleoklimatyn, arheologiyasyn, tarihy toponimikasyn, kartografiyasy men etnografiyasyn, sol tústa oryn alghan sayasat pen jaugershilikter shejiresin jan-jaqty taldap, zerttey kele, alynghan derekterding pәnaralyq sintezi negizinde, Anyraqay shayqasynyng naqty bolghan jerin, dәl uaqytyn jәne sondaghy oqighalardyng qanday retpen ótkenin, qazaq әskery jasaqtarynyng Anyraqay tauy audanynda jongharlargha qarsy ústanghan shabuyldau strategiyasy men taktikasynyng ózindik erekshelikterin anyqtaghan. Irgeles ghylymdar ókilderin tarta otyryp, Anyraqay shayqasyna qatysty ýilesimdi sipatta jasalghan biregey zertteuler nәtiyjesinde otan tarihyn biluge qúmartushylar tanymynyng kókjiyegin keneyte týsetin tyng janalyqtar ashyldy. Foliklorlyq derek kózderine qaraghanda, Otan soghysynyng sheshushi shayqasy bolghan tarihy maydan dalasy Anyraqay jotalary men Alakól jazyghy aralyghynda, yaghniy, Anyraqay alqabynyng soltýstik-shyghys bóliginde jatyr. Osyny negizge alghan zertteushiler Anyraqay shayqasynyng tabighy shekarasy ontýstik-batysta – su bóletin sala men Anyraqay (kóne kartalarda – Kýmisti) jotalarynyng soltýstik-shyghys shoqylaryn, batysynda – Qopaly ózeni men Qarakemerding tarmaqtaryn, soltýstik-shyghysta – Beskól alqabyn, al shyghysta – Sarybúlaq ózenining angharyn alyp jatqan 210 sharshy shaqyrymdyq aumaq dep tapty. Jonghar basqynshylaryna kórsetilgen jalpyhalyqtyq qarsylyqtyng qorytyndy kezenindegi basty әskery qimyldar osy audanda ótti. Áygili shayqas dalasy aiqyn ýshbúrysh týrin elestetetini anyqtaldy. Ýshbúryshtyng tabanynda Anyraqay qyrqalarynyng soltýstik-shyghys baurayy, al qos qanatynda – biyik jarqabaqty Qopaly jәne Sarybúlaq ózenderi jatyr. Eki su ortasyndaghy Beskól alqabynda barlyq qorghanys sharalary eskerilip salynghan myqty bekinisti qamal (qazirgi Qalmaqtóbe) boy kótergen. (Jetisudaghy osy Qalmaqtóbe kesheni ondaghy qorghanys qamaly men óz әskerining úrys jýrgizuin jenildetudi, al dúshpannyng әreketin qiyndatudy kózdeytin barlyq fortifikasiyalyq qúrylysymen jәne oghan jәrdemin tiygizetin nysandarymen birge túnghysh ret 2005–2007 jyldary tarihshy Irina Erofeevanyng basshylyghymen ashylyp, ishinara zertteldi). «Qalmaqtóbe» jonghardyng ontýstik-shyghys shekaradaghy eng iri qarauyl beketi edi. Ony 1653–1666 jyldary belgili oirat noyony (Salqam Jәngirdi jekpe-jekte jengen delinetin) Galdamba saldyrghan bolatyn. Osy bekinis pen ýsh taraptaghy tabighy shekaralar sol aumaqty meken etken basqynshylardy qazaqtardyng yqtimal shabuylynan senimdi týrde qorghap túrghan. Tek soltýstik-shyghys jaghy (Qopaly, Qarakemer jәne Sarybúlaq alqaptarynyng eng tómen әri jazyq bólikteri ghana) birshama ashyq, yaghny syrtqy qaruly jasaqtardyng sol jerden ghana kire aluy yqtimal edi. Bekinisting shyghysynan 8–10 shaqyrymday jerden Ýlken Qalmaq joly ótetin. Osynau kósh jәne keruen joly Shu-Ile aimaghynyng ontýstik bóliginen Qazaq dalasynyng batys aimaghy men soltýstik-batysyna qaray sozylyp, Jonghar handyghyn Edil-Jayyq aralyghyndaghy Qalmaq handyghymen baylanystyryp jatatyn. Sondyqtan da onyng qazaq ýshin de, qalmaq ýshin de әskeriy-strategiyalyq manyzy eleuli edi. Jalpy, Shu men Talas ózenderi alabynan Shu-Ile taulary audanyna deyingi geografiyalyq kenistikte oirattar 19 әskeriy-qorghanys beketin salghan-tyn, olar 17-shi ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynan 18-shi ghasyrdyng alghashqy shiyregindegi Jonghar handyghynyng shekaralyq aimaghyn belgilep, oirat kóshterining negizgi bóligin Qazaq handyghynyng halqy ornalasqan aumaqtardan qorghap túrghan-dy. (Ábilqayyr han basqarghan azattyq shayqastary nәtiyjesinde jongharlardyng alghy shepterindegi әskeriy-qorghanys beketteri alynyp, ónirler dúshpannan tazartylghan, alghys sezimine bólengen qazaq halqy eldi azat etushi bas qolbasshygha rizashylyq bildirip, osy ónirlerdegi talay jer-su attaryn sol shaqtan-aq Ábilqayyr esimimen atady). Qazaq jerine salynghan jonghar bekinisterindegi qaruly jasaqtargha әskerbasy etip qontayshy Galdan Seren ózining kýieu balasy Laszan Serendi 1728 jyldyng ortasynda taghayyndaghan-tyn. Sol tәjiriybeli jonghar qolbasshysy basqarghan basqynshylargha qarsy sheshushi shayqasqa Birikken qazaq әskeri Otan soghysynyng Anyraqay maydanynda shyqty.
Sin imperiyasy Jonghar handyghyna qarsy 1729 jyly jana soghys ashqandyqtan, Galdan Seren qontayshy 1730 jyldyng basynda qazaq aimaghyn meken etken halqy ishinen soghysugha qabiletti oirattardyng kóbin shúghyl týrde ontýstik maydangha shaqyrugha mәjbýr bolghan. Jetisudaghy әskeriy-qorghanys beketterinde sany shaghyn qarauyl jasaqtaryn ghana qaldyrghan. Osy qolayly ahualdy Ábilqayyr han paydalanyp qalugha tyrysty. Ayaldamastan, әskery kýshterin Shu-Talas ózenderi aralyghynan Ontýstik-Batys Balqash many audanyna baghyttady. Sóitip, qazaq jerindegi jonghar әskeriy-sayasy jýiesining Beskól (Qalmaqtóbe) forpostyna qazaqtardyng birikken qoly sol kezgi әskery ilim-bilimning ozyq tәsilin qoldana otyryp, 1730 jylghy sәuirding basynda shabuyl jasady. Anyraqay ýshbúryshyna basty danghyl bolyp tabylatyn Ýlken qalmaq jolymen emes, qarama-qarsy eki baghyttan (Balqashtyng ontýstik-batys jaghasy men Shu alqabynan) keldi. Shabuyldyng negizgi maqsaty Anyraqaydyng soltýstik-shyghys búryshyndaghy Qalmaqtóbe bekinisine shoghyrlanghan 5-6 myndyq jonghar әskerin qorshap alyp, joyyp jiberu bolatyn. Bas qolbasshy Ábilqayyr han sheshushi shabuylda halyqtyng kópghasyrlyq dәstýri bar «dala soghysy» orayyndaghy әskery oigha, onyng «andy jan-jaghynan qaumalap aulau» әdisin qoldandy. Jauyngerlik soghys qimyldaryn әigili qazaq qolbasylary men batyrlary qatysqan ýsh atty jasaq jýzege asyrdy. Olardyng ekeui Sarybúlaq pen Qopalydaghy jaugha ótkel boluy yqtimal jazyq tústardy torydy әri Qalmaqtóbe bekinisin shabuyldady. Shaqpaqty, bilteli myltyqtarmen atqylay otyryp, әueli dúshpannyng qamalyn basyp aldy, sosyn bekinisting manyna toptasqan jәne ony tastap shyqqan oirattardy tyqsyra quyp, taugha qashugha mәjbýr etti. Qashqan jaudy Anyraqaydyng ortalyq shatqaldaryna bekingen sadaqshylar qarsy aldy... Búl 1723 jylghy «Aqtaban shúbyryndygha» úryndyrghan joyqyn shapqynshylyqtan beri tynymsyz jýrip kele jatqan, 1726 jylghy Ordabasy qúryltayynan keyin airyqsha serpin alghan Otan soghysyndaghy sheshushi shayqas boldy. Osy aumaqta qazaq halqy, qazaqtyng ýsh jýzining sarbazdarynan qúralghan halyq jasaghy basqynshy-jongharlardy birjolata jendi. Bayyrghy kýshti de qaharly qarsylasyn osyghan deyin jaulap alghan qazaq jerinen quyp shyqty. Sóitip, azattyq jolyndaghy qiyndyghy mol kýrdeli qaharmandyq dastandy is jýzinde saltanatty jenispen ayaqtady.
Kóshpendi handyqtar ishindegi asa quatty Jonghariyanyng әmirshisi Galdan Serendi jengen ataghy Ábilqayyr bahadýrdi sayasy túrghyda qazaqtyng agha hany mәrtebesinde tanyta týsti. Qadirli batyr-hanynyng esimin halyq jenisti shayqastar ótken tau, ózen, anghargha bergen. Ol óz júrtynda ghana emes, kórshi elderde de ýlken qúrmetke bólendi. Orta Aziya handyqtarynyng biyleushileri onymen tuystyq qarym-qatynasqa jetuge úmtyldy. Qolbasshy, әmirshi, sayasatker Ábilqayyr han Anyraqay shayqasynan keyingi jaghdaydy kóregendikpen saralay bilgendikten, jonghar qontayshysymen bitimge kelgen-di... Alayda búl tújyrymnyng tarihshylar arasynda: «Anyraqay shayqasynan keyin qazaq biyleushileri arasynda jik tudy» degen maghynada kópten qalyptasqan, tipti resmy «Qazaqstan tarihynyn» ýshinshi tomy elita ishinde «jogharghy biylik ýshin kýres» jýrgeni jayynda tanbalap qoyghan pikirge qayshy ekeni týsinikti. Resmy tariyh: «Tәukening úly, qaytys bolghan agha han Bolattyng ornyna Orta jýzden – Sәmeke, Kishi jýzden Ábilqayyr ýmittendi. Kópshilikting tandauy Ábilmәmbetke týsti. Sәmeke men Ábilqayyr ózderin eleusiz qaldyrdy dep tauyp, shayqas alanynan ketip qaldy, sol arqyly qazaq jerlerin jonghar basqynshylarynan azat etuding ortaq isine ondyrmay soqqy berdi», – dep habarlaydy. Elimizding eng basty tarih kitabynyng 2010 jyly jaryq kórgen songhy akademiyalyq basylymynyng tap osynday eskirgen maghlúmatty shegelep taratuy ókinishti-aq. Óitkeni sodan bir mýshel ilgeride, ótken ghasyrdyng songhy jyldarynda, jekelegen tarihshylar (aytalyq, I. Erofeeva) senimdi derekkózderdi ainalymgha tartu arqyly onday baylamnyng qate ekenin dәleldegen bolatyn. Bolat hannyng «Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama» qasiretining bastapqy jyldarynyng birinde dýniyeden ótkenin, onyng eshqashan agha han bolmaghanyn, agha han mәrtebesi 1715 jyly Qayypqa, 1719 jyly Ábilqayyrgha tiygenin, Anyraqay shayqasynan keyin eshqanday da agha han (úly han) saylauy ótkizilmegenin dәleldegen zertteulerin jariya etken edi. «Sәmeke men Ábilqayyr ózderin eleusiz qaldyrghandyqtan» emes, soghys ayaqtalyp, tiyisti bitim jasalghannan son, ózderine qarasty ru-taypalar mekendeytin aumaqtarda tughan ózekti mәselelerdi retteu ýshin ketken bolatyn. Demek, «shayqas alanynan» ketip qaldy deu de, «sol arqyly qazaq jerlerin jonghar basqynshylarynan azat etuding ortaq isine ondyrmay soqqy berdi» dep tújyrymdau da naqty tarihy shyndyqqa sәikes kelmeydi. Bas qolbasshy Ábilqayyr han ontýstikte belgili bir maqsatta, belgili bir mólsherde әskery kýsh qaldyrdy. Tәuelsizdikting alghashqy jyldary «Sin úly dinastiyasynyng hronikasy» degen atpen jariyalanghan qytay qújattary jinaghynda qazaq hany Ábilqayyr (Abuerhayli) qazaq jigitterining 70 myndyq әskerin óz búiryghymen inisi Búlqayyrgha (Buerhayli) basqartyp, jongharlargha qarsy joryqqa shyqty delinetin aqparat keltirilgen. Sonday-aq olardyng Shu-Talas jerinde túratyn oirattardyng myng shanyraghyn týgel basyp alghany jәne Jonghariyanyng ózge kóshi-qondarynan 2–3 myng at aidap әketkeni aitylghan. Búl oqigha imperator Yunchjen basqarghan merzimning 9-shy jylyndaghy 2-shi aida oryn aldy dep kórsetilgen. Ony bizding tarihshylar 1731 jylgha sәikesedi dep qate belgilep jýr. Imperator Yunchjen taqqa 1722 jyly otyrghan, demek onyng Qytay imperiyasyn basqarghan merzimining toghyzynshy (toghyz emes, 9-shy!) jyly 1730 jylgha, yaghny jongharlargha qarsy Otan soghysyn tamamdaghan Anyraqay shayqasy bolghan jylgha sәikes keledi. Demek Yunchjen jylnamasynyng 9-shy jylyndaghy 2-shi aida, yaghny 1730 jylghy 8 nauryz ben 6 sәuirding arasynda bas qolbasshy Ábilqayyr han Anyraqay ónirindegi jonghar kýshterimen sheshushi shayqasty sәtti jýrgizip, tәjiriybeli әskerbasy Laszan Seren basqarghan jonghar jasaqtaryn birjola jendi. Sodan song oirattardyng yqtimal shabuyldaryna toytarys beru ýshin Búlqayyr súltan qolbasshylyq jasaytyn әskerdi ónirde qaldyryp, ózi batys shekaragha attandy.
Sin boghdyhany Yunchjenning jylnamasynda «Galdan Serenning inisi Lobuszyan-Shunu (Lauzan Shono) qazaq hany Ábilqayyrdyng qyzyn әieldikke aldy, qazir, ynghayy, qazaq jerinde túrady» degen mәlimet bar. Biz múnyng aqiqaty qanday ekenin aita almaymyz, degenmen, Ábilqayyr hannyng bәibishesi qyzymen 1723 jyly tútqyndalyp, Týrkistandaghy ordasynan Jonghariyagha әketilgenin eske alsaq, Lauzan Shono han qyzyn aluy yqtimal dep payymdaymyz. Atalmysh qytay derekkózinde odan әri: «Lauzan Shono múrager retinde әkesining taghyna otyru mәselesin sheshu ýshin 1-shi aida óz jaushylaryn Galdan Serenge jiberdi» degen habar aitylady. Búl oqigha, shamasy, Sevan Rabdan dýniyeden kóshken 1727 jyldy menzese kerek. Galdan Seren әkesi Sevan Rabdannyng kenetten bolghan ólimin ózining ógey sheshesi, Lauzan Shononyng tughan anasy Seterjabtan kóredi de, ony balalarymen, sonday-aq sol tústa Qalmaqiyadan (bәlkim, qytay jylnamasynda aitylghanday maqsatpen Lauzan Shonodan) kelgen elshilerding keybirin óltiredi. Sondyqtan, boghdyhan sarayynyng shejiresinde odan әri aitylghanday, «Galdan Seren onyng anasyn, sonday-aq birge tughan inisi men qaryndasyn óltirgendikten», Lauzan Shono «Galdan Serennen ósh aludy qatty tilep jýr. Oghan әskery shabuyl jasaghysy keledi». Búnday ahual Ábilqayyr hannyng oirattarmen de, qalmaqtarmen de bitim jasauyna janama týrde bolsa da әser etken boluy mýmkin. (Tek Lauzan Shono «qazaq jerinde túrady» degeni jansaq, ol Qalmaq handyghynda túrghan. Qontayshy Galdan Seren ózining taghyna bәsekeles dúshpanyn ústap berudi qalmaq hany Seren Donduktan talap etken bolatyn). Anyraqay shayqasynan keyin jasalghan beybit kelisimshart eki jaqqa da tiyimdi edi. Galdan Seren qazaqtarmen bitimge kelu arqyly siyn-qytay jaghyndaghy shekarasyna әskery kýshterin toptastyrugha mýmkindik aldy. Qontayshy sol jyldyng ózinde qytay әskerin Barkól manynda tas-talqan etip, endi Altayda soghysugha әzirlik jýrgize bastady. Al jongharmen soghysty odan әri sozbay, bitim jasaudy maqúl kórgen Ábilqayyr han soltýstik-batys shekaragha jana shabuyldarymen qaytadan qauip-qater tóndirip túrghan kórshilermen – orys memleketine qarasty kazaktar qauymymen, qalmaq jәne bashqúrt elderimen ara-qatynasty retke keltiruge attanghan edi. Ol orys imperiyasymen shekaradaghy mazasyzdyqty tynyshtandyrugha kýsh saldy. 1730 jylghy mamyr aiynda Ábilqayyr hannyng Torghay ólkesindegi jazghy ordasyna Kishi jýz ben Orta jýzding bas adamdary bas qosty. Búl mәjiliste orys shekarasyna taqau kóship-qonatyn júrtqa qyrghiday tiyip jýrgen Jayyq jәne Sibir orys kazaktarynyn, Edil qalmaqtarynyng shapqynshylyqtary birshama rettelip, tynshyghanmen, týbi bir týrki bolsa da, jelkelerindegi otarshyl әkimderining astyrtyn aidap saluyna kónip, qazaq auyldaryna tútqiyldan jortuyldatyp airyqsha maza ketirip jýrgen bashqúrttar jayy talqygha týsti. Sol jiynnan bastau alghan taghdyrsheshti qadam jeke әngime ýlesinde...
Qazaq memlekettigi ghúmyryndaghy kýrt betbúrysqa serpin bergen sol jiyn óter aldynda jeti jylgha sozylghan Otan soghysyn qorytyndylaghan tarihy Anyraqay jenisine biyl 290 jyl tolyp otyr...
Beybit Qoyshybaev,
jazushy, tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty
Abai.kz