Qazaq halqynyng qalyptasuy sandaghan ghasyrlargha sozylghan úzaq etnikalyq ýderisterden túrady. Onyng songhy kezenine nazar audarar bolsaq, Altyn Orda ydyray bastaghanda qarauyndaghy týrkitildes halyqtar ýsh týrli ýlken etnoqauymdastyqqa bólinip ketti. Olar - tatarlar, ózbekter jәne noghaylar qauymdastyghy edi. Alghashqylar Qazan, Qyrym jәne Astrahan handyqtarynda yqpaldy bolghan bolsa, al ekinshiler Kók Orda men Aq Orda aimaghynda basym boldy. Alayda «ózbek» atanghandardyng ózderi de ishtey ýsh etnoqauymdastyqqa bólinip ómir sýrdi. Noghay úlysy aimaghyndaghylar «manghyttar» atalsa, al búrynghy Kók Orda aimaghyndaghylar - «tatar-ózbekter» (shaybandyqtar), al bayyrghy Aq Orda aimaghyndaghylar «ózbek-qazaqtar» ataularyna ie boldy.

Qazaq halqynyng qalyptasuy sandaghan ghasyrlargha sozylghan úzaq etnikalyq ýderisterden túrady. Onyng songhy kezenine nazar audarar bolsaq, Altyn Orda ydyray bastaghanda qarauyndaghy týrkitildes halyqtar ýsh týrli ýlken etnoqauymdastyqqa bólinip ketti. Olar - tatarlar, ózbekter jәne noghaylar qauymdastyghy edi. Alghashqylar Qazan, Qyrym jәne Astrahan handyqtarynda yqpaldy bolghan bolsa, al ekinshiler Kók Orda men Aq Orda aimaghynda basym boldy. Alayda «ózbek» atanghandardyng ózderi de ishtey ýsh etnoqauymdastyqqa bólinip ómir sýrdi. Noghay úlysy aimaghyndaghylar «manghyttar» atalsa, al búrynghy Kók Orda aimaghyndaghylar - «tatar-ózbekter» (shaybandyqtar), al bayyrghy Aq Orda aimaghyndaghylar «ózbek-qazaqtar» ataularyna ie boldy.

Alghash Ózbek úlysynda taypalar ózderining etnikalyq tútastyqtaryn saqtap, ózderining rularyn shashyratpay kóship-qonyp jýrgen bolsa, jana halyqtargha jiktelu barysynda jogharydan biyler men súltandar qalyptastyrghan etnosayasy jaghdaygha baylanysty keybir rularynan ajyrap qaldy. Múny naqty mysaldarmen týsindirer bolsaq, mysaly, Qypshaq rularynyng Aytaly-qypshaq, Atalyúly-qypshaq, Borghan-qypshaq, Egiltay-qypshaq, Qara-qypshaq, Qaraghash-qypshaq, Qúlybay-qypshaq, Qúrtlu-qypshaq, Sary-qypshaq, Tude-qypshaq degen rulary birtindep noghaylargha qosyldy. Múnda Qazaq qúramyndaghy Mýiizdi saryabyz atadan taraytyn Qytay-qypshaq, Tory-qypshaq, Qúlan-qypshaq tәrizdi rulardyng joq ekendigin bayqau qiyn emes.
Qazaqtyng noghaydan jәne «Kóshpeli ózbekter» etnoqauymdastyghynan bólinip shyghuynda noghay­lardyng Edisan (Jetisan) jәne Altyúl taypalyq etno­birlestikterine qarsy birikken «Alty san Alash» (jalayyr, qonyrat, alshyn, arghyn, nayman, qypshaq) etnoqauymdastyghynyng manyzy asa zor bolghanyn úmytpauymyz kerek. «Alty san Alash­tyn» qalyptasuy asa kýrdeli etnosayasy ahualdardy bastan ótkizip baryp, ýlken qiynshylyqpen qalyptasty. Ony qúraghan taypalardyng keybir rulary noghaylar qúramynan bәribir qaytpay, solargha sinisip ketti. Desek te, alghashqy qazaq handary Jәnibek pen Kereydi Noghaylargha jәne ózbekterge qarsy kýreste kýsheytip jibergen de osy «Alty san Alashtyn» birtindep olardyng jaghyna shyghulary edi. Búl birlestik HV ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysy men HVI ghasyrdyng sonyna qaray qalyptasyp, qazaq halqynyng etnikalyq yadrosyn qúrady.
HV ghasyrdyng alghashqy jartysyna deyin búl etnoqauymdastyqqa kirgen taypalar búrynghy Aq Orda úlysy aimaghyndaghy Ózbek taypalary retinde belgili edi. 1428 jyly Aq Ordanyng songhy biyleushisi Baraqtyng qaytys boluyna baylanys­ty ataqty Edigening úly Mansúr biydi Baraqtyng óltiruin manghyttar (noghaylar) keshire almady. Batystaghy Altyn Ordanyng hany Kishi Múhammedke qashyp barghan Mansúrdyng inileri Ghazy men Nauryz han әskerining qoldauymen Baraqty jenip, shyghys Qypshaq dalasyndaghy taq iyesiz qaldy. Biylikke kelgen noghay myrzalary ózderining Joshy әuleti taghyna otyrugha eshqanday da qúqyghy joq ekendigin týsinip, aitqandy tyndap, aidaghangha jýretin «quyrshaq han» izdestirdi. Ol, әriyne, manghyttardyng (noghaylardyn) ata jauy Baraqtyng túqymynan bolmauy tiyis edi.
Onyng ýstine әlsiregen Aq Orda jәne Kók Orda memleketine baghynudan qalyp, ózara biylikke talasqan jәne úsaq úlystargha biylik jýrgizuge daghdylanyp alghan manghyt myrzalary taqqa otyr­ghyzu ýshin qalyptasqan kәnigi sayasatkerdi emes, el bas­qarudyng aila әreketterine әli de qanygha qoy­maghan saryauyz balang jasty izdestirdi. Múnday tandau Shayban túqymy, on jeti jastaghy Ábilqayyrgha týsti. Osylaysha, endi Deshti Qypshaqtaghy taqqa Ábil­qayyr otyrdy. Ony han saylaghan belsendi on segiz taypa negizinen tatar-ózbek qauymdastyghyna jatatyn bayyrghy shaybandyq taypalar edi. Ras, olardyng arasynda, jogharyda aityp ketkenimizdey, keyinirek qazaqty qúraghan naymandardyng keybir rulary, ókiresh naymandar, qonyrat taypasynyng ýlken bóligi bar edi. Olar da múnday әreketke amalsyzdan, ózderining kóshu joldary Ózbekstan (shyghys derekterinde Qypshaq dalasy osylay ataldy) aimaghynda jatqandyqtan bardy.
Al arghyn, qypshaq, jalayyr, alshyn tәrizdi búl tústa jekelegen rulary jana handy qoldaushy manghyttar qúramyna qosylyp ketken taypalyq birlestikter Ábilqayyrdyng han bolyp saylanuyna ashyq qarsylyq bildire alghan joq, biraq búghan ishtey narazy boldy. Ony Oqas by bastaghan manghyttardyng quatty birlestigining jәne bayyrghy shaybaniylik taypalardyng qoldauy jәne qonyrat, ókiresh nayman rularynyng solardyng yqpalynda bolulary, sonday-aq Ejen túqymynan osy tústa Ábilqayyrgha qarsy taypalardy úiymdastyryp, taqqa otyra qoyatynday tarihy túlghanyng tabyla qoymauy «Alty san Alash» qauymdastyghyn qúray bastaghan taypalardyng qolyn baylady. Ol tústa mýlde jas bolghan Jәnibek pen Kerey arada jiyrma jyl ótken song ghana Ejennen taraghan súltandardyng basyn biriktiretin túlghalargha ainala bastady.
Jas Ábilqayyr taqqa otyrghan song tez eseydi jәne ózin qoldaghan manghyttardyng ózderine de ózining ýstemdigin tana bastady. 1449 jyly Oqas by qaytys bolghan son, onyng úldary Ábilqayyrgha baghynudan bәribir bas tartty. Degenmen de Sary Shiman bastaghan manghyttardyng birazy Ábilqayyrdan bәribir qol ýze qoyghan joq. Onyng ýstine «jyghylghangha - jú­dyryq» demekshi, 1457 jyly Ábilqayyr han Ýz-temir bas­taghan qalmaqtardan ózining astanasy Syghanaqtyng týbinde onbay jenildi. Búl jenilisting saldarlaryn auyrlata týsken taghy bir manyzdy nәrse, jengen qal­maqtardyng kepildikke ýsh jastaghy Ábilqayyrdyng tughan nemeresin alyp ketuleri búrynghy Joshy úlysy aimaghynda Ábilqayyrdyng yqpalyn kýrt әlsiretti. Múny onyng qarsylastary orda-ejendik súltandar paydalanyp, kóp keshikpey-aq Ózbek handyghynan bólinip, kórshi Mogholstangha dýrlige kóshti. Ayta keter taghy bir mәsele, býkil Deshti Qypshaqqa әigili bolghan Arghyndardyng basshysy Aqjol biydi noghaylardy qoldaytyn Qara-qypshaq taypasynyng әigili batyry Qobylandynyng óltirui de janjaldy órshitip, kóshti jyldamdatyp jiberdi. Búl kóshti Jәnibek pen Kerey súltandar basqardy.
Tarihy derekterdi taldau Mogholstangha Jәnibek pen Kereyge ilesip, 1459 jyly kóship kelgender qatarynda alghashqy kezde arghyndar, jalayyrlar, naymandardyng bir bóligi bolghan dep aitugha jeteleydi. Al 1469 jyly Ábilqayyr qaytys bolghannan keyin Ózbek úlysynda býlinshilik bastalyp, alghashqy qazaq súltandaryna qanly, qonyrat, nayman, qypshaq, tama, kereyt taypalarynyng keybir rulary kelip qosylyp, endi ózbek-qazaqtar sany eki jýz myng adamgha jetti. Osylaysha o basta ózbek-qazaq atalghan halyqtyng alghashqy etnikalyq negizderi qalandy.

Talas Omarbekov,
әl-Faraby atyndaghy QazÚU-dyng Qazaqstan
tarihy kafedrasynyng mengerushisi

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