Qazaqstangha tiyesili arhiv qorlary Reseyding Orynbor, Omby, Sankt-Peterburg, Moskva, Astrahan, Tashkent, Saratov, t.b. qalalardaghy arhivterde molynan. Búl búltartpas faktiler býgingi tanda erekshe toqtalyp ótuge bolatyn jeke mәsele retinde qarastyrugha súranyp túrghan taqyryp bolyp tabylady. 

Qazaqstanda arhiv qorynyng qúryluy 1921-1922 jyldary bastaldy. Qazaq AKSR Ortalyq ólkelik arhiv qorynyng bastauynda Orynbor arhiyvi túrghany belgili. Qalanyng 1735 jyly irgetasy qalanghan uaqytpen 1917 jylgha deyingi aralyqta Resey imperiyasy әkimshiligining әskery jәne әkimshilik punkti boldy. Orynborda saqtalghan arhiv qorynyng kóptegen bóligi joyylyp, talan-tarajgha týsui revolusiyagha deyin oryn alghan. Bir ókinishtisi Qazan tónkerisine deyingi patshalyq Resey arhivterinde qújattar úqypsyz saqtaldy. Taghy bir qynjylarlyq jәit birynghay әkimshilik-sayasy ortalyqtardyng bolmauy saldarynan halqymyzdyng basynan ótken tarihynyng әr kezenderin qamtityn tarihy qúndy qújattar Sankt-Peterburg, Moskva, Qazan, Ufa, Astrahan, Omby, Orynbor, Saratov, Tomsk, Tashkent qalalaryndaghy salalyq arhivterinde shashylyp, shashyrap qaldy. 

Elimizding tarihyna qatysty qújattardyng joyyluy azamat soghysy jyldarynda da odan әri órshidi. Orynbordaghy Ortalyq arhivte 1918 jylghy mәlimet boyynsha Orynbor general-gubernatorynyn, búrynghy Shekara komissiyasynyng jýz mynnan astam isteri saqtalghan. Kóptegen arhiv qoryndaghy ister qaladaghy Qonaq saraydyng bir bólmesine jinaqtalyp, dymqyl aua saldarynan azyp-tozyp, tyshqandardyng jemine ainalghan.

Kezinde Orynbor arhiv burosy 1913-1917 jyldardaghy qazaq tarihyna qatysty 251 pút 20 qadaq qújattar men 2006 kitapty 1923  jyly makulaturagha satqan. Sonda ol qanday qújattar desek, olar Orynbor general-gubernatorynyng 1888, 1890, 1893, 1894, 1889-1915 jylgha deyingi 20 jyldyq esepteri, ataqty ghalym A.E. Alektorovtyng 1794-1894 jyldardyng arasyn qamtityn qazaq arasynan jinaghan shejiresi, «Qazaqtardyng 1865, 1869 jyldary qonystarynan jer auuy», «Torghay oblysy boyynsha 1871 jylghy el sany», «1912-1915 jyldardaghy Torghay oblysy boyynsha sholular», t.b. qúndy derekter. Búlardyng bәri joyylghan. 

1925 jyly astana Orynbordan Qyzylordagha kóshken tústa memlekettik arhiv qoryn bólude kóptegen kelensiz jaghdaylargha oryn berilgen. Orynbordan Qyzylordagha jiberiluge tiyisti barlyghy 184 týk jinaqtalyp, buylyp týiilgenimen,  1927 jylgha deyin jiberilmey arhiv qoymasynda jatty. Osy jiberiluge tiyisti qorlardyng ishindegi keybir isterdi Qyzylordagha jibermeudi eskertip jәne qújattar ataularynyng astyn qyzyl qaryndashpen syzyp, belgi soqqandyghyn arhiv derekteri aighaqtaydy. 

Qazaqstan arhiv qorynyng jinaqtaluy óte kýrdeli de qarama-qayshylyqty jaghdaylarda jýrgizildi. Kóptegen qorlardy Orynbor guberniyasyndaghy orys  shovinizmimen auyratyn arhivisteri elimizding tarihyna qatysty qor qújattaryn Qazaqstangha jibermeudi oilastyryp, kóptegen isterding múqabasyndaghy taqyryptardyng attaryn qasaqana ózgertip nemese ol isterdi әdeyi sógip, basqa isterge qosyp, janadan basqa ister dayyndaghan. Sóitip, Qazaqstannan barghan arhivisterding kózin boyap, izden adastyryp, keybir qúndy qújattardy tizimnen shygharyp tastaydy.

Qazaqstan men Orynbor arhivteri arasyndaghy jinaqtalghan arhiv qoryn bólu kýn tәrtibinde jiyi-jii kóterilip otyrghan. 1927 jyldyng 27 mausymynda osy mәsele boyynsha Orynbor guberniyalyq arhiv burosynyng mengerushisi Orynbor guberniyasy atqaru komiytetining Prezidiumynda bayandama jasaghan.

Arhiv qoryn bólude «qatelikter» ketkendigin habarlay otyryp, 24 sәuirde Borisoglebskiy RKSFR Ortalyq arhiv basqarmasynda bayandama jasap, jiberilgen qatelikterdi jóndeuge ong sheshim qabyldanuyn  súraghan. 1927 jylghy 19 mamyrdaghy Ortalyqtyng qaulysymen qorlardy bólude jiberilgen qatelikting jartysy týzeldi dey kele, Shekara komissiyasy isi qory týktelip Qyzylordagha jiberuge dayyndalyp qoyylghanyn, biraq qor materialdaryn Qazaqstangha beruge qarsylyqtaryn ashyq bildirgen. 

Búnyng bәri sayyp kelgende jinaqtalyp jiberuge dayyndalghan qorlardyng Orynbordan Qyzylordagha jiberu ýshin poezgha tieu kezinde Orynbor arhiyvining qyzmetkerleri tarapynan birqatar qújattardy úrlap aluyna әkelip soqtyrghan. 1927 jyldyng 22 mausymynda Orynbor guberniyalyq arhiv mengerushisi Vasiliev jәne is jýrgizushi Fomina Orynbor Shekara komissiyasy men bóten dindegiler ekspedisiyasy qory materialdary 11 týkte 1925 jyly-aq jinaqtalghanymen әli de Orynborda ekendigin habarlay otyryp, búl jinaqtalghan týkten 7 týk materialdy tikeley Orynborgha qatysty dey kelip, qalghan 4 týktegi tizimdemelerdi komissiya arqyly qayta qaraugha úsynys etedi. Qordy jinaqtau kezinde isterding mazmúny qate bolghandyghyn jәne qate jinaqtalghanyn jazady.

Al Orynbor guberniyalyq arhiyvining ghylymy qyzmetkeri A.F. Ryazanov ózining qosymsha bayandamasynda jogharyda atalghan qorlardyng Qazaqstangha beriluine mýldem qarsy bolyp, isterding aralasyp ketkendigin, Orynbor Shekaralyq komissiyasy, Torghay, Oral oblystyq basqarmasy qorlarynyng Qazaqstangha ótip ketkendigine renish bildiredi. Qazaqstan arhivisteri óz taraptarynan Ortalyqqa Orynbor general-gubernatory qorynyng barlyq bólimderimen Orynborda qaldyryluyna qarsy pikirlerin bildirip hat jazghan bolatyn. Osyghan oray 1928 jyldyng 6 qantarynda Vasiliev, arhivist Choglokova, hatshy Bilyarskayanyng attarynan RKSFR Ortalyq arhiyvine № 366 bayandau haty jiberilip, kóshirmesi Orynbor guberniyalyq atqaru komiytetining nazaryna beriledi. Bayandau hattyng negizgi mazmúny Qazaqstanmen aradaghy arhiv qorynyng bólinui turaly boldy. Orynbor general-gubernatory qorynyng týgelimen Qazaqstangha ketuine qarsy bolghan olar búl qordy bóluge qarsylyqtaryn arhiv qoryn bóluge bolmaytyn prinsiypine sýiene otyryp bildirgen. Búl qordyng 3 bólimine tizimdeme jasalyp jatqandyghyn, egerde qordyng shekaralyq bóliminde Isatay Taymanovtyng jeke arhiyvi tabylghan jaghdayda Qazaq ólkelik arhiyvine beruge qarsylyqtarynyng joqtyghyn bildiredi (Orynbor oblystyq memlekettik arhiyvi, 1-qor, 1-tizim, 1085-is, 101-102 pp.).

1927 jyldan bastap Qazaqstan tarihyna qatysty materialdar  Astrahan, Omby, Orynbor, Leningrad (Sankt-Peterburg), Tashkent qalalaryndaghy arhivterden jinaqtala bastady. Qazaqstan arhivisterine tek Orynbor ghana emes, sonymen birge Omby, Tashkent jәne Astrahan arhivisterimen de arhiv qoryn bólisude qyzu pikirtalasqa týsuine tura keldi. 1927 jyldyng qantarynda Sibir ólkelik arhiyvining mengerushisi V.D. Vegman Aqmola guberniyasynyng ortalyghy Petropavl qalasyndaghy Júmysshy-sharua inspeksiyasyna joldaghan hatynda Aqmola guberniyasy arhiv burosynyng mengerushisi E.A. Krasnopersevtyng ótinishi boyynsha 1926 jyldyng 29 qyrkýieginde Qazaqstangha qatysty 196 arhiv isi materialdaryn alghanyn, keyin uaqytynda tapsyrylmaghanyn qaterge bere otyryp, materialdardy qaytarugha kómektesudi súraydy. Al E.A. Krasnopersev óz kezeginde RKSFR Ortalyq arhiv basqarmasynan barlyq Qazaqstangha qatysty materialdardy berudi ótinish etedi. E.A. Krasnopersevting ótinishin Qazaq ólkelik arhiv basqarmasy tolyghymen quattaydy. Sondyqtan da Aqmola guberniyalyq arhiv burosyna materialdardy bólu ýshin komissiya qúrugha kýsh saludy jәne mýshelikke Aqmola arhiv burosynan nemese Atqaru komiytetinen arhiv isin biletin belsendi de jigerli qyzmetkerdi bóludi qarastyrudy ótinedi. Sibir ólkelik arhiyvining mengerushisi V.D. Vegman RKSFR Ortalyq arhiv mengerushisining orynbasary V.V Maksakovtan Qazaq ólkelik arhiyvinen Kenesary Qasymovqa qatysty isterdi qaytarugha yqpal etudi súrady jәne ólke arhivisterin qasang da tayaz patriotizmmen ainalysty dep aiyptady.

Sonymen qatar, Qazaqstan tarapy Sibir ólkelik arhiyvining súranysyn qanaghattandyrmaghan jaghdayda kelisim komissiyasyna qatyspaytyndyghyn jәne Qazaqstangha birde-bir arhiv qaghazynyng berilmeytindigin aityp, astamshyldyq bildirdi (Qazaqstan Respublikasy Ortalyq memlekettik arhiyvi (QR OMA), 544-qor, 1-tizbe, 52-is, 107-107 syrtqy p.). Búl jaghdaydan úly orystyq shovinistik kózqaras arhiv isinde de algha shyqqandyghyn baghamdaugha bolady. Arhiv isterin bólude Qazaqstan jaghynan ókil bolyp qatynasqan Qazaqstan Ortalyq arhiyvining mengerushisi N.Ya. Bolotnikovtyng enbegi zor. Ol arhivist retinde isterding manyzdylyghyn jete týsinip, әrbir iske baylanysty qatang prinsip ústanghanymen erekshelenedi. Atap kórseter bolsaq, Omby oblysy basqarmasy isi, Shekara basqarmasy isi, Sibir qazaqtaryn basqaru isi, Aqmola oblystyq basqarmasy isi jәne Dala general-gubernatory isi qyzu aitys-tartys tudyrdy. Osyghan baylanysty Sibir ólkelik arhiv burosynyng ókili A.A. Chernyh búl isterding kópshiligi orys ýkimetining jalpy sayasy isterine qatysty ekendigin dәleldep-aq baqty. Degenmen de, N.Ya. Bolotnikov búl arhiv qorynyng Qazaqstan tarihyna qatysty jaqtaryn komissiyagha jan-jaqty dәleldep bere bildi. Ortalyq arhiv basqarmasy alqasy Qazaq ólkelik Ortalyq arhiyvining Sibir ólkelik arhiyvi  arasyndaghy isterge baylanysty  ústanghan baghytyn qoldamay dóreki, jónsiz jolsyzdyq  qatynas jasauda dep aiyptady.

Ortalyq sonymen qatar Omby arhivisterine arhiv qoryndaghy Alash Orda ýkimetine qatysty baghaly qordyng qayda saqtaluyn sheshudi mindettep, Qazaq AKSR tarapynan búl materialdardy keninen paydalanudy tapsyrady jәne Qazaq AKSR Ortalyq Atqaru Komiyteti Prezidiumynyng 1927 jylghy 14 sәuirdegi №5 hattamasynda kórsetilgenindey Omby, Astrahan, Tashkent, t.b qalalardaghy arhivterde Qazaqstangha qatysty materialdar bolsa, Qazaqstan tarapyna túraqty paydalanugha berude asa saq boludy eskertedi. 

1927 jyldyng 6 qazanynda Qazaq AKSR Ortalyq Atqaru Komiyteti Prezidiumynyng mәjilisinde Tashkentte ornalasqan  búrynghy Syrdariya oblysyna qarasty mekemeler qújattarynyng ghylymy jәne tәjiriybelik manyzynyng qazaq tarihyna da erekshe qatysty ekendigin eskere otyryp, Qazaqstan arhiyvi qory qoymasyna saqtaugha jәne  sol uaqytta Qyzylorda qalasynda búl arhiv qorlaryn saqtaytyn ghimarattyng bolmauyna oray, tez arada Qyzylordagha jetkizudi Qazaqstan óz tarapynan qatang talap etpeytindigi jóninde mәsele qozghaldy. Búrynghy Syrdariya oblysy arhiyvi qoryn aludy Qazaq AKSR arhiv organdary Ózbek KSR Ortalyq Atqaru Komiytetimen ózara kelisim mәseleleri arqyly sheshudi maqsat tútty.

Qazaq AKSR Ortalyq Atqaru Komiyteti tarapynan Qazaq Ortalyq arhiyvine RKFSR Ortalyq arhiv basqarmasyna tómendegidey mәselelermen shyghugha tapsyrma berildi: Búrynghy Syrdariya oblysy arhiyvi qorlaryn Qazaqstangha beru; Omby qalasyndaghy búrynghy Dala general-gubernatory arhiyvindegi ólkege qatysty qorlardy beru; Qazaq AKSR-ning ghylymy jәne tәjiriybelik maqsaty ýshin búrynghy Týrkistan general-gubernatory qorynyng materialdaryn paydalanu joldaryn qarastyru. Qaulyda kórsetilgen mәselelerdi oryndaudy Qazaq AKSR Ortalyq arhiyvi mengerushisi N.Ya. Bolotnikovke tapsyrady.

Ókinishke oray, keyin Tashkenttegi kóptegen arhiv materialdary Qazaqstangha tikeley qatysty bolghanymen, ózbek jaghy búl materialdardy professorlar men studentter paydalanuda degen әrtýrli syltau, sebepter aityp bermedi. N.Ya. Bolotnikov 1927 jyldyng sonynda RKFSR Ortalyq arhiv basqarmasyna Qazaq Ortalyq Atqaru Komiyteti Prezidiumynyng 6 qazandaghy qaulysynyng kóshirmesin qosa jiberip, búrynghy Syrdariya oblysy arhiyvi qorynyng Qazaqstangha dausyz tiyesili ekendigin tabandylyqpen sheshudi talap etti jәne búrynghy Dala general-gubernatorynyng qoryna qatysty pikirlerin aitudy, ondaghy qorlardy Almaty qalasyndaghy jana ghimaratqa ornalastyrudy josparlap otyrghandyghyn jetkizdi. Tashkent uniyversiytetining professorlary men studentterine Týrkistan general-gubernatory arhiyvi qorynyng materialdarynyng ózi-aq paydalanugha jetetindigin qaterge berip, eger olar Qazaqstan arhiyvi qorlaryndaghy materialdar arqyly zertteu júmystarymen ainalysqysy kelse, olardyng shaqyrylatyndyghyn jәne tek búrynghy Syrdariya oblysy arhiyvi qorymen ghana emes, basqa da qorlarmen júmys jasaularyna jaghday jasalatyndyghyn habarlady. Sol kezende Qazaqstangha qatysty kóptegen arhiv qorlary Moskva, Leningrad, Ashhabad, Qazan, Saratov qalalarynda molynan boldy.

1927 jyldyng 28 shildesi kýni RKFSR Ortalyq arhiv basqarmasy Qazaq AKSR Ortalyq arhiyvine, kóshirmesin Astrahan guberniyasy arhiyvine joldaghan qatynas qaghazynda kórsetilgenindey, Qazaq ólkelik arhiyvine arhiyv  qoryn shoghyrlandyru maqsatymen jәne qabyldanatyn jospargha say Astrahan arhiyvindegi Qazaqstangha qatysty qorlardy engizudi qaterge berdi: Torghay oblystyq basqarmasy qory (1836-1876 jj.) - 127 is, Orynbor general-gubernatory kensesi (1842-1876 jj.) - 166 is, Orynbor shekara komissiyasy qory (1830-1859 jj.) - 775 is, Orynbor qyrghyzdary (qazaqtary - A.A) oblystyq basqarmasy (1850-1868 jj.). Búl qorlar Qazaqstan jaghynan N.Ya.Bolotnikov, Astrahan okrugtik atqaru komiytetining tóraghasy Rasoluk jәne Astrahan okrugtik arhiv burosy mengerushisining orynbasary Kuznesov qatysqan komissiyanyng sheshimimen Qazaqstangha aldyryldy. Degenmen de Orynbor Shekara komissiyasy qorynda kórsetilgenindey 775 is emes 759 is, yaghny 16 is kem bolsa, Orynbor qyrghyzdary (qazaqtary) oblystyq basqarmasynyng qoryndaghy 445 is, kerisinshe 495 iske artqandyghy anyqtalyp,  jana 50 is tabylghan. Búl isterding anyqtaluynan shyghatyn qorytyndy kóptegen qorlardaghy ister dúrys tekserilmey atýsti tizimdemeler jasalyp, әrtýrli syltaular aitylyp, qorlardyng naqtylanbaghanyn kóremiz. Eskerte ketetin bir jaghday, 1929 jyly astana Almatygha kóshirilgen uaqytta arhiv qory poyyzben Shu beketine deyin jetkizilip, odan әri at arbamen tasylghan. Osy saparda Qorday asuynda on jәshik is-qújattar úrlanyp, qoldy bolghany turaly da derek saqtalghan.

Sol jyldary arhiv qorlaryn saqtaytyn talapqa say qoymalardyng bolmauy saldarynan basqa qalalardan kóptegen arhiv qorlary jetkizilmey qaldy. Sondyqtan da elimizding tarihyna qatysty arhiv qorlarynyng arhiv isin qalyptastyru jyldarynda tolyq jinaqtalmauynyng nәtiyjesinde tól tarihymyzgha qatysty «aqtandaq better» qalyptasty. Sverdlovsk (qazirgi Ekaterinburg), Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Kuybyshev (qazirgi Samara), Qazan, Moskva, Leningrad (qazirgi Sankt-Peterburg), Ufa, Tashkent t.b. qalalardyng arhivterinde Qazaqstannyng ótken tarihyna qatysty kóptegen materialdar bar ekendigi jәne ol kýni býginge deyin óz manyzyn joymaghandyghy aiqyn bolyp otyr.

Aqqaly Ahmet,

H.Dosmúhamedov atyndaghy Atyrau uniyversiyteti tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor

Abai.kz