Jalghasy...

III. Ashtyq qúrbandary

Aldymen asharshylyqtyng sebebin anyqtap alayyq. Mústafa Shoqay «Turkestan pod vlastiu sovetov» degen enbeginde Jetisu qazaqtarynyng ashtan qyryla bastaghanyn, bolishevikterding solargha qol úshyn beruding ornyna solay bolghanyn qalaghanyn aita kelip, qyzyldar basshylarynyng biri Tobolin degenning sózin keltiredi: ol ashyqtan ashyq bylay deydi: «Kirgizy (kazahiy), kak ekonomicheskie slabye vse rovno doljny budut vymereti. Po etomu dlya refolusiy vajnee tratiti sredstva ne na boribu s golodom, a luchshe na podderjku frontov»

Múny Lenin men Stalinning baylamy dey alamyz ba? Olay deuge búltartpas dәlel joq.

Al búl orayda shetel ziyalylary ne deydi?

Aghylshyn professory V.Konnoly «Uraldyng arghy betinde. Kenes Aziyasyndaghy ekonomikalyq damu» dep atalatyn enbeginde asharshylyq otyryqshylandyru men kolhozdastyrudyng saldary ekenin atap kórsetken. Óz sózimmen aitsaq: «Qazaq kóshpelilerin otyryqshylyqqa auystyru prosesi men kolhozdastyru barysyndaghy dóreki әdister býkil Qazaqstan boyynsha adamdardyng qyrghyngha úshyrauyna, mal basynyng kýrt azangyna dushar etti... Qazaq dalasynyng jaghdayynda qysqa merzimde mal sharuashylyghymen ainalysudyng dәstýrli әdisterin otyryqshylyq sharuashylyqqa auystyru әreketi «ekonomikalyq essizdik edi». («Qazaqtar shetel әdebiyetinde», Almaty. 1994 j. 162-163 better).

Kanadalyq ghalym R.Pirsting baylamy da osyghan úqsas. Ol «1867-1917 jyldardaghy orystardyng Orta Aziyadaghy otarshyldyq sayasaty» zertteuinde: 1917 jylgha deyin bastalghan keybir progresshil tendensiyalardy» kýshtep jyldamdatu kóptegen adam qúrbandaryna úshyratty. Mysaly, kollektivtendiru barysynda qoldanylghan zorlyq pen otyryqshylandyru asharshylyqqa әkelip, bir millionnan astam adam qyryldy» – deydi.

Pikir, baylam osynday, ashtyqqa úryndyrghan – ekonomikalyq essizdik.

Bolishevik kósemderding sol tústa qazaq dalasynda jýrgizgen sayasaty kollektivtendiru barysyndaghy zorlyqtyng saldary ma, basqasha ma, nәtiyjesi elding qyryluyna әkelip soqqan son, onyng aty – qylmys. Mәsele, qanday qylmys ekendiginde. Qasaqana jasalghan ba, joq qate ekonomikalyq reformanyng «jemisi» me?

Asharshylyq, qarap otyrsanyz, qazaq halqy ghana kórgen nәubet emes, odan orys ta, ukrain da, belarusi pen moldavan da, qyrghyz ben basqalar da zardap shekti. Kommunister osylardyng bәrin qyrudy josparlaghan joq shyghar.

Eger bolishevik kósemder qazaq pen qyrghyzdy qasaqana qyryp salmaq bolsa, olar búl maqsattaryna jetetin edi. Sol tústa búlargha tosqauyl bolatyn kýsh joq-ty.

Sovet ýkimeti proletariat diktaturasynyng úrandy iydeyasyn jýzege asyrdy, jeke menshik ataulyny shúghyl qúrtty, bәrin memlekettik menshikke ótkizdi, kollektivtik sharuashylyq qúrdy.

Bar gәp – osy sharalardyng barynsha qysqa merzimde shekten shyqqan qatygezdikpen jýrgizilgendiginde.

Al atyshuly «Azyq-týlik salghyrtyna» kelsek, oghan revolusiya besigine ainalghan Petrograd pen Moskva, basqa da iri óndiris ortalyqtaryndaghy proletariattyng ashyghuy iytermeledi. Eger shynjyr búghaudan basqa joghaltary joq, bastan-ayaq qarulanghan, әbden jyrtqyshtanyp alghan milliondaghan jalantós taryqsa, qazan tónkerisining basqa tónkeriske ainala saluy әbden mýmkin-di. Sondyqtan Lenin ózi tónkerilmey túrghanda provinsiyalardaghy milliondaghan sharualar men shettegi últtardy proletariattyng qúrbany etuge bel baylady.

«Áskery kommunizmning sayasaty» dep atalatyn «Azyq-týlik» salghyrty Rossiyada 1919 jyldyng 11-qantarynda bastaldy. Sharualardyng astyqty, basqa da tagham týrlerin ózderi qoyghan baghagha erkin satuyna tiym salyndy. Olar qoldaghylaryn memleketke biylik belgilegen baghagha ótkizuge mәjbýr boldy. Sóitip elge qolaysyz búl sayasat pen astyq jәne et salyghy orys sharualaryn túralatty. Derevnyalarda ashtyq aranyn ashty.

Qazaq dalasyna búl nauqan 1920 jyly jetti. Áueli astyq, ile-shala mal jinaldy. Osy jyly ghana halyqtan 44 million pút biday men tary, 5 million pút et, 335 myng pút may tartyp alyndy.

Asharshylyq, mine osylay bastaldy. Zúlmat әueli Batys Qazaqstandy sharpydy. Tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, T.Qalenova «1921-1923 jyldardaghy ashtyq kezindegi qazaq halqynyng әleumettik-ekonomikalyq jaghdayy» atty maqalasynda bastapqyda Orynbor, Aqtóbe, Oral, Qostanay, Bókey guberniyalary men Aday uezinde qansha adam taryqqany turaly derekter keltiredi. «Orynborda – 437 776, Qostanayda – 252 816, Aqtóbede – 359 926, Oralda – 277 835, Bókeyde – 100 000, Aday uezinde – 75 000 adam ashtan búratylghan. Batys Qazaqstandaghy halyqtyng 31,4 payyzy qyrylghan. Eger osy ólkedegi bes guberniyada sol tústa 2 mln. 653 myng adam bolsa, sonyng 800 myngha juyghy kóz júmghan» – deydi («Qazaqstan múraghattary» 2008 j. №216).

Búl derekte ashtan ólgenderding qanshasy qazaq ekeni joq.

Mine, osynday qiyn jaghdayda Qazaq ólkelik atqaru komiyteti atynan Áliby Jangeldin men Kisiylev degen orys azamaty ashyqqan jergilikti halyqtyng jaghdayyn odan әri qiyndatpau ýshin basqa últ ókilderin, mәselen ukraindardy, óz respublikasyna qonys audaru turaly úsynys jasaydy. Biraq Mәskeu búl talapty maqúldamaghan.

Ashtyq asqynghanda Mirjaqyp Dulatov pen Jýsipbek Aymauytov ta qarap qalmapty. 1922 jyly Semey guberniyasynan 4 myng bas mal jinap, Torghaydaghy azyp-tozghan elge jetkizedi.

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Osy alghashqy ashtyqta respublikada qansha qandasymyz kóz júmghan?

Derekter әrkelki, birazy boljam, keybiri negizsiz emes. Sol kónilge qonymdylaryna toqtalsaq, 1921-1922 jyldary ashyqqandargha kómek kórsetu jónindegi komissiyanyng mýshesi bolghan Múhtar Áuezov Oral, Orynbor, Aqtóbe, Bókey, Qostanay, Semey, Aqmola ónirlerinde Azamat soghysynyn, tonau, maldyng 80 payyzyn aidap әketu, sýzekting saldarynan 1 million 700 myng adam óldi deydi. Búl jerde Jetisu, Syrdariya aimaghy joq.

Ólkelik partiya komiyteti odaqqa bergen esebinde 1 mln. 500 myng dep kórsetken. Anyghy osy ma, әlde 200 myndy býgip qalghan ba, belgisiz.

Osy tústa Týrkistan respublikasynyng komissary bolghan P.A.Kobozevting mәlimeti – 1 mln. 900 myn. Búl derekte Jetisu, Syr boyy qamtylghan siyaqty.

Osy kórsetkishterding әrkelkiligi óz aldyna, olarda qazaq halqynyng shyghyny dara aitylmaghan. Bәlkim 1920 jәne 1923 jyldary jýrgizilgen auyl sharuashylyghy sanaqtaryna, sonday-aq Qazaqstandaghy jerge ornalastyru mólsherin belgilegen ekspedisiyany basqarghan professor S.P.Shvesov qazaqtardyng qanshasy qyrylghanyn bóle-jara eseptegen bolar desek, onda da joq, elding 30 prosenti kóz júmdy dep jalpylama aitady.

Sonymen mәselening anyq-qanyghyna jetu ýshin ne isteu kerek? Eki sanaqtyn, 1917 jәne 1926 jyldardaghy halyq sanaghynyng qorytyndylaryn qarau kerek.

1917 jylghy sanaqta eldegi qazaq 4 mln. 980 myng delingen. 1926 jyly 3 mln. 627 myny qalypty. Sonda, osy aralyqtaghy qazaq shyghyny – 1 million 353 myn. Alghashqy ashtyq qúrbandary osynsha.

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Asharshylyq atty qyrghynnyng Qazaqstangha Goloshekin kelgen song asqyna týskeni belgili. Sәken Seyfullin «Jýnin júlghan qútyrghan buragha» tenegen onyng el ishinde ústanghan sayasatyn taghy bir evrey jendet L.Troskiy bylay sipattaghan: «Goloshekin orys derevnyalarynda әleumettik kelisimdi uaghyzdap, al qazaq auyldarynda azamat soghysyn qozdyruda».

Qanypezerligi erteden bayqalghan, qazaq dalasyna bәlkim sol qorqaulyghy ýshin jiberilgen ol elding qolyndaghysyn týgel sypyryp aldy. «Kishi Oktyabri» atty ekinshi tónkeriske bilek sybanyp kiristi.

Guver institutynyng agha ghylymy qyzmetkeri R.Konkvest «Rossiyadaghy tәjiriybeler. 1931 jyl» enbeginde bylay deydi: «1930-1933 jyldar aralyghynda 40 myng kulak sharuashylyghy tәrkilendi, keyin 15 myng sharuashylyq ózin ózi tәrkilep, beti aughan jaqtargha qashyp ketti. Basqasha aitqanda, tәrkileu qazaq jerinde jarty million adamdy qamtydy, 1924 jyly qazaqtardyng 1 mln. 233 myng sharuashylyghy bolsa, 1936 jyly 566 myny ghana qaldy».

Konkvesting qorytyndy esebi boyynsha 1929-1933 jyldar aralyghynda iri qara – 7 mln. 422 mynnan 1,6 milliongha deyin, qoy – 21 million 943 mynnan 1 million 724 myngha deyin kemigen.

Búl, BK (b) p Qazaq ólkelik komiytetining «Sharualardyng auqatty toptaryna qysymdy kýsheytu turaly» sheshimine sәikes 1928 jyldyng 27 tamyzynda QAKSR HKK әleumettik jaghynan taptyq belgileri bar sharualardy anyqtaudyng núsqauyn dayyndap jýzege asyrudyng nәtiyjesi. «Núsqaudyng birinshi tarauy boyynsha jer audarugha mynanday sharualar jatqyzyldy:

a) kóshpeli audandarda 400-den joghary iri qara maly bar, jartylay kóshpeli audandarda 150-den joghary iri qara maly bar adamdar, sonymen qatar jergilikti halyqqa ziyanyn tiygizip, ózining rulyq bedelin paydalanyp, ekonomikalyq ýstemdik ornatushylar jәne auyldy kenestendiruge kedergi keltirushiler;

b) iri qaragha shaqqanda mal sany kórsetilgen mólsherden az bolsa da jergilikti biylik ókilderi qoghamgha ziyandy, әleumettik jaghynan qauipti sanaghan adamdar». («1932-1933 jyldardaghy asharshylyq aqiqaty. Pravda o golode 1932-1933 godov». Liyter-M. 2012, 75-bet).

Osydan song Ólkelik atqaru komiyteti jer audarugha jatatyn sharualardyng tizimin jasap bekitti. Al OGPU organdary eldegi әleumettik jaghynan qauipti bay qojalyqtardy anyqtap, olardyng 91 payyzy kenes ókimetine dúshpandyq niyette dep tapty. Iri baylardyng 75 payyzy tәrkilenip, jer audaryldy.

Osynday zorlyq-zombylyq ashyndyryp, ashtyq túralatqan elding bir bóligi shekara asty. Goloshekin qarsylyq kórsetken, bas saughalaghan júrtty qangha boyaumen boldy. Stalin Kompartiyanyng HVI sezinde: «Repressiya shabuyldyng qajetti elementi bolyp tabylady» – dep qayrap salghan song odan әri qaghyndy, elge qyrghiday tiydi.

Búghan qazaq biyligindegi keybir azamattar qarsylyq bildirdi. Núrmaqov pen Myrzaghaliyev Býkilodaqtyq atqaru komiytetining prezidiumynda sóz sóilep, Goloshekindi synaydy, Qazaqstanda tekseru jýrgizudi ótinedi.

Is nasyrgha shauyp bara jatqanyn sezgen Goloshekin Stalinge hat jazady. «BK (b) P Ortalyq Komiytetining Bas hatshysy joldas Stalinge» – dep bastalatyn búl hattyng negizgi maqsaty – aqtalu, bar kinәni qazaq últshyldary men baylargha, asyra silteuge jol bergenderge audaru.

Osy maqsatyna jetu ýshin ol eldegi qiyn jaghdaydy ashyq aitugha deyin barghan.

Men Goloshekinning búl hatynyng kóshirmesin 1993 jyly Aqmola Pedagogika institutynyng oqytushysy, ghalym Beken Núrtazin aqsaqaldan alyp «Qaraótkel» gazetine tәrjimalap jariyalaghan edim.

«Qazaqstanda mal sharuashylyghynyng damuynda eki týrli qarama-qayshy prosester jýrip jatyr, – deydi Goloshekin Stalinge, – alghashqysy – jaghymsyz, mal basynyng apatty qúldyrauynan kórinude. Eger songhy ýsh jyldy alar bolsaq, mal basynyng kemui tómendegidey bolyp shyghady: 1929 jyly – 36 million bas, 1930 jyly – 20 million bas, 1931 jyly – 8,2 million bas. Últshyldar men opportunister búl shyghyndy mal dayyndaugha әkelip tireydi. Búl dúrys emes. Songhy eki jylda mal dayyndau jospary qalypty ósu qajettiligin eskergen kýnning ózinde asa ýlken. Ras, mal dayyndau kezindegi «Soyzmyaso» organdarynyng asyra silteuining saldarynan mal basynyng belgili bir bóligin qyryp-jong bolyp túrdy. Biraq negizgi sebepker múnda emes. Negizgi sebepter mynaghan tireledi.

a) Býkil odaqtaghy mal sharuashylyghynyng jaghdayyna yqpal etken jalpy sebepter, әsirese 30-ynshy jyldyng kóktemindegi kollektivtendiru salasyndaghy asyra silteuler;

b) Qazaqstan ýshin eng manyzdysy әri negizgisi, jekeshelerdin, kedeylerding jәne ortashalardyng kollektivti sharuashylyqqa ótuding erekshe qiyn jәne kýrdeli jaghdayynda tirshilik etuge qabiletsizdiginde. Búl qojalyqtar maldyng bir bóligin memlekettik dayyndaugha ótkizip, bir bóligin jyrtqyshtyqpen joyda».

Kórip otyrsyzdar, Goloshekin kollektivtendiru kezindegi asyra silteulerdi oghan eshqanday qatysy joq adam sekildi sypyra aiyptaydy.

Osynday qiyn-qystau kýnderde azyp-tozghan halyq qarsylyq kórsetse, ol da kollektivtendiru sayasatynyng saldary emes, baylardyng aidap saluynan dep jortaqtaydy.

«Shiyelenisken tap mýddesine bay sharuashylyqta, ruda óz ýstemdigi ýshin kýresip jatqanda, búl memlekettik dayyndaulargha, kollektivtendiruge, qazaq qojalyqtaryn otyryqshylandyrugha jantalasa qarsylasu týrinde kórinude jәne maldy jyrtqyshtyqpen qyryp-joigha, qúmgha aidap tastaugha, sonday-aq aua kóshulerge yqpal etude, – deydi әri qaray Goloshekiyn. – Songhy eki jyldyng ishinde iri bandalardyng 15 kóterilisi boldy. Olargha 34 myngha juyq adam qatysty.

Aua kóshulerding saldarynan 30-31 jyldarda halyqtyng 12-15 prosentke azayghany bayqalady. Qonystarynan aua kóshken el ózderimen birge, qoldaghy mәlimet boyynsha kem degende 1,5-2 million bas maldy aidap әketti.

Onyng ýstine eki týrli syipattaghy aua kóshudi kórip otyrmyz. Tómengi jәne Orta Edilge, Sibirge, Batys Qytaygha, Orta Aziyagha. Qytay ókimetining kómegine sýiengen Qytaydyng Shynjang provinsiyasyndaghy arnauly úiymdar aua kóshulerdi úiymdastyruda. Aua kóshulerding arnauly qaruly bandalaryn óz qaraularyna aluda. Keybir qújattar Orta Aziyada, Týrikmenstanda bastamashylyqpen baylanysty jәne Qazaqstannan aua kóshulerdi úiymdastyrushy arnayy úiymdar bar ekenin kórsetip otyr».

Hatta ashtyq jayynda bir auyz sóz joq. 64,2 million bas maldyng qúryp ketui elding túrmysyna eshqanday әser etpegendey. Elding 12-15 prosentke azangy da ashtyqtyng әseri emes, aua kóshuding saldary dep jaltarghan.

Kremli, yaghny Stalin qazaq dalasyndaghy ashtyqtyng sebebin Goloshekinshe týsingisi kelgen shyghar, oghan eskertu de jasamaghan. Onyng orynyna aua kóshulerdi toqtatu ýshin qatang shara qoldanudy tapsyrghan. Keregi osy bolghan jendet elge jәne ózin synaghandargha qanpezerlikpen shýilikti. Qudalau, atyp-shabu asqyna kele 37-ining jappay qughyn-sýrginge úlasty. Qazaq qanqaqsady.

Endi 1921-1923; 1931-1933 jyldary qansha qazaq kóz júmghanyn anyqtap kórelik. Derekter bir-birine ýilese qoymaydy. Osy zúlmatty úzaq uaqyt arnayy zerttegen belgili demograf Maqash Tәtimov 1921-1923 jyldardyng qúrbandaryn qosyp eseptegende 2 million 300 myngha jetkizedi.

Akademik Manat Qozybaevtyng dәleldeuinshe 1931-1933 jyldary 1 million 750 myng aghayyn qaza bolghan. Ol, sonday-aq, basqa últ ókilderining shyghynyn da eseptepti: ukraindar – 859, 4 mynnan 658,1 myngha, úighyrlar – 62,3 mynnan – 36,6 myngha, ózbekter – 282,4 mynnan 103,6 myngha kemipti.

1991 jyly Jogharghy Kenes qúrghan arnayy komissiya eki ashtyqtyng jigin ashyp kórsetpey, jalpy mәlimet úsynghan – 2 million 300 myn. Maqash Tәtimovtyng deregi de dәl osynday.

Amerika Qúrama Shtattary Meriylend uniyversiytetining assiysent professory Sara Kemeron – 2 million 400 myngha toqtalady.

N.E.Masanov, J.B.Abylghojiyn, IY.V.Erofeeva, A.N.Alekseenko, G.S.Baratovalar dayyndaghan «Istoriya Kazahstana. Narody y kulitury» enbeginde – 1 million 798 400. Búl 1926-1939 jyldardaghy sanaqtardyng qorytyndylary boyynsha jasalghan esep.

Avtorlar әr ónirding adam shyghynyn da taratyp beripti: Soltýstik Qazaqstanda (qazirgi Aqmola, Qostanay, Pavlodar, Soltýstik Qazaqstan oblystary) – 400 900; Batys Qazaqstanda (qazirgi Aqtóbe, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan, Manghystau oblystary) – 385 800; Ontýstik Qazaqstan (Almaty, Jambyl, Qyzylorda, Týrkistan oblystary) – 618 400; Qaraghandy oblysynda – 22,4 myng adam kóz júmghan. Shyghys Qazaqstan óniri halyqtyng 20,6 payyzynan aiyrylypty.

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Al endi osy derekterding qaysyna ayaldaymyz!

Eng aldymen 1917, 1920, 1923, 1926, 1939 jyldardaghy halyq sanaqtaryna jýginuge tiyispiz.

Demograf ghalymdar L.N.Asylbekov pen L.B.Galiyevterding aituynsha 1926 jәne 1939 jyldardaghy sanaqtarda auytqular bola qoymaghan.

1926 jylghy sanaq boyynsha elimizde 3 million 627 myng qazaq bolghan eken. 1939 jylghy sanaqta – 2 million 328 myn. Sonda 1926 jyldan bergi shyghyn – 1 million 299 myn.

Osyghan alghashqy ashtyqta qyrylghan 1 million 359 myng qazaqty qossanyz – 2 million 652 myn.

1921-1933 jyldardaghy qasiretting uday ashy shyndyghy, mine, osynday.

Búghan әrkimder әldebir derekterdi qualap jýz, eki jýz, ýsh jýz myndardy qosar, odan artyq ýstemeleu әsireqyzyldyq bolady. Ár derek múqiyat zerttelui, әr baylam últtyq jauapkershilikpen sarapqa salynuy  kerek.

Sol sekildi osy zúlmatqa sayasy bagha bergende de asyqpay, jan-jaqty zerdelegen jón.

Birikken Últtar Úiymynyng 1948 jylghy genosid turaly konvensiyasynda: «Belgili bir taypany, halyqty әdeyi qyryp tastaghan jaghdayda ony genosid dep aitu kerek» delingen.

Halyqaralyq sayasy úiymdar Qazaqstandaghy ashtyqqa múnday anyqtama berip otyrghan joq. Saldary eskerilmey jýrgizilgen ekonomikalyq reformanyng qasireti deumen keledi.

Kenes odaghynyng birneshe respublikasyn qamtyghan osy asharshylyqty Euroodaq Kenesining Parlamenttik Assambleyasy arnayy talqylap, óz halqyna qasaqana jasalghan qylmys degen týiinge toqtady.

Múny qay jaghynan alyp qarasanyz da genosid degen maghynada úghyna almaysyz. Osyny eskergen bolar, qazaq dalasynda kollektivtendiru jyldarynda jýzege asyrylghan sayasi-ekonomikalyq reformalardy zertteumen ainalysqan ghalymdar Q.Aldajúmanov pen J.Ábilghojin asharshylyqqa etnosid degen anyqtama beripti.

Etnosid degenimiz – belgili últty etnikalyq bolmysy men sanasynan aiyrugha baghyttalghan sayasat. Osynday qysymgha úshyraghan últ salt-dәstýrin, dini men tilin, ruhyn joghaltyp, ýstem últqa sinip ketedi.

Kommunistik rejim múnday sayasatty, yaghny etnosidti jetpis jyl boyy jýrgizdi. Soghan sәikes etnosidti jalghyz asharshylyqqa teluge bolmaydy.

Ashtyq-genosidtik pighylmen qasaqana jasalghan qylmys.

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