Qytay tarihy mýmkindikti sәtti paydalandy
AQSh-tyng «Ýndi-Tynyq múhiyt» strategiyasy
(basy)
AQSh pen Qytay arasyndaghy diplomatiyalyq baylanys 1979 jyly ornaghan. BÚÚ men AQSh osyghan deyin ózderi Qytaydyng zandy múrageri sanap kelgen Tayvanimen bolghan diplomatiyasyn toqtatty da, Pekinmen resmy týrde diplomatiyalyq baylanys ornatty әri ony damytty. AQSh-tyng Qytaydyng bilim beru salasyna granttar bóluden bastaghan qoldauy ýlken investisiyagha, mol qarjylyq nesiyeler beruge jalghasty. Qytay basshysy Den Syaopin de oraydy myqty ústap, ekonomikalyq damu ýshin – AQSh-tyng manyzyn basty oryngha qoydy.
AQSh sayasatkerlerining aituynsha, 1988 jyldan bastap AQSh-tyng Qytaygha ústanghan strategiyalyq sayasaty shatasa bastaghan. AQSh Ýkimeti «Qytay ekonomikalyq damu arqyly ghana sayasy qúrlymynyng ózgeriske evalusiyalyq jolmen keletin bolady...» degen illuziyagha sendi әri oghan dәlel retinde Japoniya men Ontýstik Koreyany eske aludan ary aspady. 1989 jyly Pekindegi studentterding demokratiyalyq tolquyn janyshtaghanda da AQSh ýkimeti týsinistik tanytqanday mәmilede boldy. Qytay AQSh-tyng tamyryn ústap, is-әreketke kóshe berdi. 1991 jylghy AQSh-tyn Iraqqa qarsy «Qúmdaghy dauyl» joryghy da Qytay ýshin iygilikke ainaldy. «Álemning qanshalyq tynyshsyz, aumaly-tókpeli bolghany – Qytay ýshin iygilik. Óitkeni AQSh-tyng bizdi qadaghalaugha múrshasy bolmaydy» degen Qytay ústanymynyng aiy onynan tudy. Batystyng Qytaydaghy demokratiyalyq ýderister men qúndylyqtardy qadaghalau mýmkindigi keyinge qala berdi.
Qytay ekonomikalyq jaqta, әsirese shetel investisiyasyn tartyp, óndiris ashugha barynsha jenildik jasau sayasatyn ústandy. Arzan enbek kýsh, ýlken naryq – shetel investorlaryn qatty baurady. Tútas Batys әlemi Qytaymen ekonomikalyq iygilikterdi bólisumen ghana boldy da, Batystyng әuelgi qúndylyghy – erkindik pen demokratiya qaghidattary ekinshi oryngha ysyryldy. Qytay AQSh-tyn, tipti, tútas Batystyng ekonomikalyq jenildikterdikterining bәrine qol jetkizdi. Ekonomikasy kýrt kóterilip, eksporty eselendi. 2001 jylgha jetkende DSÚ-nyng sharttaryna tolmasa da, uәdeni ýiip-tógip, úiymgha resmy mýshelikke ótti.
Mine, osy jyldan bastap Qytay eksporty kýrt eselendi. Investorlar aghylyp, Qytay – «әlem fabrikasyna» ainaldy. Qytay shetel valutalyq ($) rezervi boyynsha әlemde aldynghy oryngha shyqty (4 trln $). JIÓ kólemi Japoniyany basyp ozyp, әlemning ekinshi ekonomikasyna ainaldy.
Búl – Qytaydyng geosayasi embisiyasynyng kóteriluine negiz boldy.
AQSh-tyng geosayasy strategiyalyq basty baghyttan adasuy
2001 jylghy AQSh-taghy 11 qyrkýiek uaqighasy – AQSh-tyng strategiyalyq syrtqy geosayasatyn Aziya-Tynyq múhit aimaghynan Tayau Shyghysqa auystyryp, músylman әleminen «terror» aulaugha baghyttaghan jyldary – Qytay men Reseyding «et alyp, kýsh jinauyna» mýmkindikter tudyrdy. Aydahar men Aydyng ylghy da Batystyn, әsirese, AQSh-tyng bastamalaryna qarsy qareketterimen qalyptasqan pozisiyalary AQSh-tyng Tayau Shyghystan «terror» aulau stategiyasyna kelgende, kýrt ózgerip, qolday ketedi. Nәtiyjesinde, AQSh-tyn «terror» oporasiyasyn Qytay men Resey óz paydalaryna jaratty. Bir kezdegi Pekinning ekonomikasyn kóteru ýshin, Batystyng «adam qúqyghy» turaly talaptary endigi jerde úmyt qalady. Qytay da qarap jatqan joq, óz elindegi azshylyq últtardy «terror» statiyasy arqyly qalauynsha retke salyp ýlgerse, Mәskeu energetikalyq resurstaryn joghary baghagha saudalap, kýsh shinaudan tys, Kavkazdaghy últtyq embisiyaly shaghyn qauymdardy janyshtap, ornyna qoyyp aldy. Búl kez – AQSh, jýieden tútas Batystyng «adam qúqyghy, demokratiya» atty әsilgi qúndylyqtarynan kóz jazyp qalghan qasyretti jyldary boldy. Búl da Qytay men Reseydin geosayasy ambisiyasynyng kýshengine aitarlyqtay әser etti.
Joghardaghyday, Batystyng geostrategiyalyq qatelikteri Qytay men Reseyding es jinauyna mýmkindik tudyrdy da býginde sonyng zardabyn ózi tarta bastady.
Qytay ekonomikalyq jetistikteri әskerining kýshengin, tehnologiyasynyng tez janaruyn tezdetti. Ishki mәselelerin rettep ýlgergen Pekin biyligi endigi jerde Aziyadaghy strategiyalyq aimaqtardy nysanagha aldy. Tayvanidy kýshpen qosyp alugha әrekettene bastady, Japoniya menshigi delinetin Diaoyu aralyna talasty. Ontýstik Tenizdegi araldardy óziniki sanap, kýshpen infraqúrylymdar túrghyzyp aldy. Filippin óz aralynyng qúqyghyn Halqaralyq sotta qorghap shyqqanymen, sot sheshimin Pekin biyligi moyyndamady. Shyghys-Ontýstik Aziyadaghy kórshilerin aqshamen bopsalap, kýshpen yqtyryp otyrdy. Búl aimaqtyng geosayasy manyzy, Qytay ýshin de, әlem ýshin de manyzy tym zor ekeni belgili. Sondyqtan, Qytay men AQSh qanday bodau bergenimen, Qytay búl strategiyalyq aimaqqqa bolghan qojalyghyn saqtap qaludy kózderi anyq. Ýndi-Tynyq múhity týiilisindegi Malaka (Strait of Malacca) búghazy arqyly ótetin jýk tasymaly әlemning tenizdegi jýk tasymalynyn 60 %-tin ústaytyny, Qytay importynyn 80%-ti osy búghaz arqyly keletini belgili. Sondyqtan, Qytay ýshin de, aimaq ýshin de búl ótkelding strategiyalyq manyzy óte zor. Qytaydy tizgindeudi kózdeytinder ýshin, Malaka búghazyna qojalyq etu – basty maqsat bolmaq.
Malaka búghazy arqyly keletin negizgi múnay kózinen tys, Qytay Ontýstyng Aziyadaghy kórshisi Nepal arqyly da Ýndi múhityn jalghaytyn ýlken strategiyalyq múnay qúbyryn salyp, balama energiya tasymalyn iske qosyp, energetikalyq qauypsizdigine basa mәn berude. Yaghni, osy qúbyr arqyly arab-parsy ónirinen energiya tasymalyn jýzege asyruda.
Qytay Orta Aziya arqyly Qazaqstannan qúbyr arqyly shiyki múnay jәne ABC jelisi arqyly qazaq-ózbek-týrkimen tabighy gazyn tasymaldaytyn qúbyrlar salyp tastaghan.
Búdan tys, Qytay men Qazaqstan arasyndaghy Batys Qytay-Batys Europa avto joly men Temir jol logistikasy da Qytaydyng strategiyalyq tasymaly ýshin júmys isteude.
Qytaydyn qúrlyqtan tasityn eng ýlken múnay-gaz tasymaly Reseyding Qiyr Shyghysynan Qytaygha tartylghan múnay-gaz qúbyrlary arqyly iske asuda. Búl – eng qauipsiz energotasymal kózderining biri ekeni belgili.
Mine, osynday energetikalyq tasymal kózderi – Qytay alyp óndiristerining negizgi quaty әri kepili sanalady. Osy strategiyalyq tasymal kózderin saqtau – Qytay qauypsizdigining kepili ispetti.
Qytay qajetti energetikanyng 70%-in shetten tasymaldaytyn el.
Osy tórt energiya tasymal kózderinning qauypsizdigi – Qytay ýshin óte manyzdy. Sol sebepti, Qytay ýshin búl aimaqtardyng tynyshtyghy óte qymbat.
Qytaydyng qúrlyqtan tasymaldanar energiya kózderi býginshe AQSh-tyng yqpalynan alystau nemese AQSh-tyng súghyna tóte ilingen joq.
Qytaydyng ekonomikalyq, әskery jәne sayasy yqpalynyng artuynyng týbinde quatty ekonomikasy jatsa, sol ekonomikanyng lokomotiyvi, әriyne, znergetika. Týbi, Qytaydy tejeu ýshin oghan keletin energetika kózderine tosqauyl qoyyluy yqtimal.
Pekin biyligi Batystyng selqostyghyn sәtti paydalanyp, 20 jyl ishinde tórt qúbylasy teng quatty elge ainalyp, býgin Aziya-Tynyq múhiyt aimaghynyng eng yqpaldy eli sanalsa, ertengi kýnderi әlemning qojalyghyn AQSh-pen bólisudi kózdeytin ambisiyasyn anghartyp qoydy. «Adamzattyng ortaq taghdyry» atty qytaylyq arman-múrat úranyn ortagha tastady. Ári ony jýzege asyrudyng ekonomikalyq-qoghamdyq tetigi retinde «Bir beldeu, bir jol» jobasyn úsyndy.
«BBBJ» jobasy arqyly Aziya, Afrika men Ontýstik Amerikadaghy avtaritarly, jemqorlyq jaylaghan elderding qoldauyna ie bolghan Pekin biyligi әlemdik arenada ózining qoldaushylar qarasyn kóbeyte bildi. Ózimen aliyanystaghy elderge 400-500 mlrd $ qarjy da taratty. Osynday jýristerden keyin halqaralyq sayasy arenada qoldaushylary artyp, liyderlik ambisiyasy ýdey týsti. Áriyne, Pekinning búl qareketi AQSh-tyng qalyptasqan әlemdik tituyldy ornyna qater tóndiru bolyp sanalary anyq.
AQSh-tyng geosayasy strategiyasyndaghy betbúrys
Sóitip, AQSh bastaghan Batys elderi geostrategiyalyq sayasatta adasyp, uaqyt joghalytty. Biraq, Barak Obama túsynda esin jiyp, oyana bastaghan AQSh «Aziya-Tynyq múhiyt» әskery strategiyasyn jariyalady.
Tayau Shyghystaghy AQSh әskerin Aziya aimaghyna bettetti. Ondaghy AQSh-tyng әskery quatyn kýsheytti. Yaghni, endigi geostrategiya Aziya-Tynyq múhity aimaghy bolyp, AQSh-tyng әskery ýstemdigin saqtau, aimaqtyng qauypsizdigi men gýldenuin qatamasyz etudi negizgi maqsat etti deuge bolady. Sebebi, búl ónirde Qytaydyng qauyp-qateri asqynyp kele jatty.
AQSh biyligine 2016 jyly Donalid Tramp keldi. Ol býgingi kýnning basty qateri Qytay ekenin birden atady. Aldymen AQSh-tyng Qytaymen aradaghy tensiz sauda balanysyna nazar audaryp, Qytaydyng AQSh-qa jylyna 500 mlrd dollar zardap әkelip otyrghanyn jariyalady. Osydan baryp, eki el arasyndaghy sauda soghysy sayasistrategiyalyq joba-jospargha úlasyp, búrynghy «Aziya-Tynyq múhiyt» strategiyasyn «Ýndi-Tynyq múhiyt» geostrategiyasyna ózgertip, Ýndi múhity men Ýndistandy Qytaygha baghyttalghan odaqqa jegedi. Ári búl jana strategiyanyn Qytay agressiyalyq embisiyasyna baghyttalghanyn ashyq aitty.
Donalid Tramp Qytay ekspansiyasyna qarsy túru ýshin, Aziya aimaghyndaghy odaqtastarymen birge iske kirisudi kózdedi. Kýresti aldymen Qytaydyng ekonomikalyq ósuin auyzdyqtaudan jәne jana tehnologiyalardy Qytaygha eksporttaudy shekteuden bastady. Aziya-Tynyq múhit aimaghyndaghy odaqtastarymen ymyralasyp, Ýndistandy ekonomikalyq, әskery jәne tehnologiyalyq jaqtarynan kýsheytip, Qytaygha qarsy kýsh aliyansyn qalyptastyrudy maqsat tútty. Qytaygha ornyghyp alghan Batystyn iri kәsiporyndaryn enbek kýsh resursi mol, arzan, ýlken naryq әri sayasy odaqtasy, zang ýstemdiginde kepildigi bar Ýndistan men Vietnam, tb Ontýstik jәne Ontýstik-Shyghys Aziyagha kóshirudi bastaydy.
Donalid Tramptyng Qytaygha ústanghan sayasaty Biylikke Djo Bayden kelgennen song da jalghasyn tapty. Ayyrmasy, Djo Baydenning Qytaygha baghyttalghan óktemdik sayasatyn, ózining Batys odaqtastarymen ortaq til tabysa otyryp, jýieli týrde iske kirisui boldy. Ol «Jana Ýndi-Tynyq múhiyt» stategiyasyn jәriyalady. Tramp bastamasyn damytty.
QUOS – Australiya, Ýndistan, Japoniya, AQSh tórttik qauypsizdik odaghynyn, AUKUS (Australiya, Brita, AQSh) – anglo-saksondyng ýiymnyng qúryluynyng týp maqsaty da – Qytaydyng aimaqtyq, әlemdik agressiyasyna baghyttalghany belgili.
Teniz әlemindegi joghardaghy quatty elder tútas aimaqtaghy kýshterdi júmyldyryp, Qytay qaterin zalalsyzdandyryp, aimaqqa beybitshilik syilaydy degen senimde. Qytaydyng ambisiyasy Japoniyanyn әskery әleuetin qayta kóteruine tarihy mýmkindik tudyruda. Bolashaqta Aziya-Ýndi-Tynyq múhit aimaghynyn qauypsizdigi, týptep kelgende, aimaq elderi Ýndistan, Australiya men Japoniya elderinin jýktelmek.
Djo Baydenning «Jana Ýndi-Tynyq múhiyt» strategiyasy – Qytaydy qorshaghan aimaqty týbegeyli demokratiyalyq hәm naryqtyq ózgeristerge týsiru arqyly Qytay jýiesine yqpal etudi kózdeydi. Tayvanigha Qytay yqtimal qaruly shabuyl jasaghan jaghdayda, әskery qoldau beruge uәde bermey, «stategiyalyq dýdәmәldik» tanytyp otyrghan AQSh jana strategiyasy arqyly Tayvanigha «beybit orta, qauypsiz aimaq» tudyrudy kózep otyrsa kerek. Yaghni, Tayvanining qauypsizdigin tútas Ýndi-Tynyq múhit aimaghynyng qauypsizdigimen baylanystyrghan strategiyagha toqtaghan deuge keledi.
AQSh-tyng «Ýndi-Tynyq múhiyt» geostategiyalyq sayasatynyng iske asuy ýshin Japoniyagha da ýlken ýmit artuda. Ótken ghasyrdyng 40 jyldaryna deyin Japoniya Aziyadaghy eng quatty әskery derjava bolyp keldi. Onyng teniz kýshi sol kezde әlemning aldynghy ýshtiginde bolatyn. Ekinshi Dýniyejýzlik soghystan song AQSh-tyng yqpalymen Japoniya «Beybitshilik konstitusiyasyn» qabyldap, onda «Eshqashan jappay qarulanbaudy, qorghanysqa JIÓ-ning 1%-tinen artyq qarjy bólmeudi Ata zandaryna engizgen. Arada 77 jyl ótse de, Japoniyanyng óz qorghanys ministrligin qúryp, qorghanys bujetin arttyryp, Qytay qaterine qarsy túrugha Konstitusiyasyndaghy jazylghan әlgi shekteuler qolbaylau boluda. Japoniyanyng әr retki ýkimeti osy shekteulerdi alyp tastaugha talpynumen keledi. Konstitusiyany ózgertuge soghystan mezi bolghan japondyqtardyng ózi kóninkiremese, endi bir jaghynan Qytay biyligi búl oilaryna qatang qarsylyq bildirude. Qytaydyng kýrt kýsheyip, aimaqqa tóndirip otyrghan qateri men AQSh-tyng qoldauy Japoniya Konstitusiyasyndaghy shekteudi joyyp, Japoniyanyng Aziya aimaghy qauypsizdigi ýshin ýlken júmys atqarugha mýmkindik beretini bayqala bastady.
AQSh-tyng әlemdegi eng útqyr F35 әskeri úshaghynyng jýzdep Japoniyagha satyluy – búl ýlken senimning dәleli. Osynshama kóp búl tiyiptegi úshaq AQSh-tan son, tek japondyqtargha ghana tiyesili. AQSh pen Japoniya býginde ekonomikalyq, qorghanys, tehnologiyalyq jaqtarynan eng etene odoqtastar. Japondyqtardyng ózyq tehnikasy bolashaqta da aimaq qauypsizdigi ýshin júmys isteytini belgili. Qytaydyng әlemdik ambisiyasyn basu ýshin aimaqtaghy kýshti odaqtastaryn qoldau arqyly maqsatyna jetu – AQSh-tyng realdyq taktikasy deuge bolady.
Donalid Tramp túsynda AQSh ýkimeti Qytaymen ózi ghana betpe-bet kelse, býgingi Djo Bayden biyligi Ýndi-Tynyq múhit aimaghy elderinen tys, Kanada, Britaniya jәne Euroodaq elderimen odoqtasa otyryp Qytaygha qarsy bir baghytty maydan qúrudy tandady. Nәtiyjesnde, Qytaydyng Euroodaqqa jasaytyn ýlken investisiyalyq kelisimi toqtady әri Qytaygha joghary tehnologiyalyq shekteuler engizdi. Órkeniyetting ózegi men damudyng ýlgisi bolghan búl elderding jasaytyn shekteuleri men sanksiyalary Qytay biyligi ýshin tym bodauly bola bastady.
Qytaydaghy Batystyng iri kәsiporyndaryn Ýndistan, Vietnam, Indoneziya, t.b. elderge kóshiru strategiyalyq prossesi jýrude. Qytaydyng «Álem fabrikasy» ataghynan aiyrylyp qaluy da uaqyttyng enshisindegi mәsele. AQSh strategteri Qytaydyng agressiyalyq ambisiyasyn әlsiretuding eng tóte joly – onyng ekonomikasyn әlsiretu dep týise kerek.
Qorta kelgende, AQSh Aziya-Ýndi -Tynyq múhit aimaghyndaghy Qytay qaterin Japoniya,Ýndistan jәne Australiya negizindegi aimaq elderine iyek arytsa, Ontýstik Aziyanyng tynyshtyghy ýshin Ýndistan ýlken rol atqarmaq.
Orta Aziya aimaghyndaghy dәl qazirgi qalyptasqan geosayasy jaghday AQSh-ty qatty alandata qoymasy anyq. Búl – Resey, Qytay, Iran, Týrkiya jәne Saud Arabiya elderinin mýdeleri toghysqan qym-quyt shiylenisti aimaq. Onda Qytay ýshin energetikalyq resurstan tys, búl aimaqtan keler yqtimal qaterler de Pekin biyliginin jýikesin tozdyratyn bolady. Reseyding tәuelsiz Ukrain eline jasaghan shapqynshylyghy – Kremli biyligin jardyng basyna әkeldi.
Endigi jerde Resey ekonomikalyq, tehnikalyq hәm moraldyq jaqta aimaqtyng absalutty derjavasy boludan qalady.
Sondyqtan, Orta Aziyadaghy yqpaly búrynghyday bola almaydy. Kýsh balanysyndaghy ózgerister endigi uaqytta Orat Aziyadaghy tartys ta kýsheyte týsetin bolady. Áriyne, AQSh-tyng Kremli qabaghyna qaraytyn kýni tamamdalyp, Orta Aziyadaghy AQSh pen Euroodaqtyng yqpaly arta týsetin bolady.
P.S:
AQSh bastaghan Batys elderinin Qytaydy Shyghystan, Shyghys –Ontýstikten qúrsaulauy – Orta Aziyanyng Qytaygha degen manyzyn arttyryp, ekonomikalyq iygilikke jetu mýmkindigin eseleydi.
Ásirese, negizgi salmaq ortaq shekarasy úzyn Qazaqstangha týsip, barys-kelis jiyileytin bolady. Búl jaghdaydyn qaterimen qosa, jýieli paydalana bilgen jaghdayda, ekonomikalyq tiyimdiligi de zor bolmaq.
Al, ekonomikalyq qúrsau men tehnikalyq shekteude bolatyn Qytaydyng damuy, qyzuy búrynghyday bolmasa da aimaqta, damushy elder arasynda iri ekonomikalyq memleket retinde yqpalyn jalghastyra bermek.
Baqan Berikjan
Abai.kz