Kim shygharghanyn, nege sýienip shygharghanyn kim bilipti, әiteuir keybir oqyghansymaqtar «Tarih bәrin ornyna qoyady» nemese «Tarih әdilin bir kýni ózi aitady» degendi jii qaytalaydy. Búl әsheyin, júrtty tynyshtandyru ýshin aitylatyn basalqy sóz ekenine sol tariyhqa kóz jýgirtip otyryp-aq angharugha әbden bolady. Tarih eshuaqytta eshnәrsening әdilin aitqan emes. Ol әr zamanda, әr qoghamda memleketti, eldi basqaryp otyrghan adamdardyng jýrgizgen sayasatyna sәikes ongha da, teriske de búrylyp, búrmalanyp otyratynyn kózimiz kórip otyr. Sonyng bir ghana mysaly, tughan elimizding osy uaqytqa deyin mektepter men JOO-ynda oqytylyp kelgen tarih oqulyqtaryn alyp qarasaq jetip jatyr. Ol tarihta qazaqtargha orystyn, yaghni, Reseyding 300 jylgha juyq kórsetken qorlyq-zorlyghynyn, qazaqty tilinen, dininen, ata-baba dәstýrinen aiyrudyng nebir soraqy sharalary, qazaq dalasyna, auyldaryna jasalghan qanshama qandy qyrghyn men qazaqtardyng oghan qarsy jankeshti qarsylyqtarynyng birde-biri aitylmaydy. Qazaqstan ózin Reseyden bostandyq aldyq, tәuelsiz el boldyq dep jariyalaghan 21 jyldyng ishinde de әli ol shyndyqty aitqan birde-bir tarih oqulyghy jazylghan joq. Onyng esesine býkil tarih jonghar shapqynshylyghy dep atalatyn ótirigi men rasy miday aralasyp ketken nebir búldyr uaqighalargha tolyp túr.

Kim shygharghanyn, nege sýienip shygharghanyn kim bilipti, әiteuir keybir oqyghansymaqtar «Tarih bәrin ornyna qoyady» nemese «Tarih әdilin bir kýni ózi aitady» degendi jii qaytalaydy. Búl әsheyin, júrtty tynyshtandyru ýshin aitylatyn basalqy sóz ekenine sol tariyhqa kóz jýgirtip otyryp-aq angharugha әbden bolady. Tarih eshuaqytta eshnәrsening әdilin aitqan emes. Ol әr zamanda, әr qoghamda memleketti, eldi basqaryp otyrghan adamdardyng jýrgizgen sayasatyna sәikes ongha da, teriske de búrylyp, búrmalanyp otyratynyn kózimiz kórip otyr. Sonyng bir ghana mysaly, tughan elimizding osy uaqytqa deyin mektepter men JOO-ynda oqytylyp kelgen tarih oqulyqtaryn alyp qarasaq jetip jatyr. Ol tarihta qazaqtargha orystyn, yaghni, Reseyding 300 jylgha juyq kórsetken qorlyq-zorlyghynyn, qazaqty tilinen, dininen, ata-baba dәstýrinen aiyrudyng nebir soraqy sharalary, qazaq dalasyna, auyldaryna jasalghan qanshama qandy qyrghyn men qazaqtardyng oghan qarsy jankeshti qarsylyqtarynyng birde-biri aitylmaydy. Qazaqstan ózin Reseyden bostandyq aldyq, tәuelsiz el boldyq dep jariyalaghan 21 jyldyng ishinde de әli ol shyndyqty aitqan birde-bir tarih oqulyghy jazylghan joq. Onyng esesine býkil tarih jonghar shapqynshylyghy dep atalatyn ótirigi men rasy miday aralasyp ketken nebir búldyr uaqighalargha tolyp túr.

Ádette әlsiz memleket óz últynyng tarihyn, ózin otarlap kelgen kýshi basym memleketting ynghayyna jyghylyp, ony birese tatu-tәtti kórshimiz dep, birese bauyrlas dep, birese agha últ, úly últ dep juyp-shayyp jazady. Al kýshi basym imperialist, kolonizator memleket óz tarihynda ózin, óz últyn eng bir erjýrek, soghysta jenilmeytin, eng bilimdi, eng aqyldy, eng әdil, basqalardy jarylqaushy úly memleket, úly últ retinde kórsetip jazady. Mysaly, patshaly Resey kezinde de, Kenestik Resey kezinde de tarih oqulyqtarynda orys degen últ qazaqty jabayylyqtan jaryqqa shygharghan «velikiy russkiy narod» atandy.

Endi, mine, jaqynda Resey preziydenti Putin orys tarihynyng oqulyqtaryn týgel qayta jazugha, janasha baghytta jazugha pәrmen berdi. Búl

bir jaghynan Putinning sayasy da, basqalay da sauatynyng tómenqol ekenin, ekinshiden qaytkende de Reseydin, orystyng tarihyn aspangha әueletuge tyrysqan últshyldyghy deuge de, shovinistigi deuge de keledi. Biletinderding aituynsha, endigi jazylatyn orys tarihy boyynsha Resey eshqashan tatar-mongholdardyng qolastynda bolmaghan, orystar eshqashan soghysta jenilip kórmegen bolyp shyghuy tiyis. Sonda ózderi tatar-monghol dep atalatyndardyng tabanynda bolghan 300 jylgha juyq uaqytty Putin nemen toltyryndar dep otyrghanyn bir Qúday biledi. Biraq búl әri nadandyq, әri dórekilik, әri baryp túrghan shovinistik, әri ózge halyqtargha kýlki boludan basqa eshnәrse de emes. Tipti myna bir suretting ózi-aq Reseyding jana jazylmaqshy tarihynyng biraz masqarasyn shygharugha jetip jatyr.

«Knyaziding ant berui» dep atalatyn búl suretti qylqalamshy V. Orlov-Petrov 1912 jyly salghan. Múnda orystardyng Mәskeu knyazi Altyn Orda hanynyng ókilderine ant beru sәti beynelengen. Tasta adam tabanynyng altynnan qúiylghan tanbasy beynelengen. Ol kezde Resey bólek-bólek knyazidikterden túratyn. Eger orystyng bir myqtysy ózara talas-tartystan jenip shyghyp, knyazidikting әmirshisi, yaghni, knyazi bolatyn bolsa, osy Altyn Orda hanynyng tabanyna tizerlep otyryp bas iyip, ant beretin bolghan, Zang solay. Búl «knyazidik tanba» dep atalady. Reseyding Putinning tapsyrmasymen jazylatyn tarihy ne derin kim bilsin, biraq Kostomorov, Soloviev jәne basqa da orys tarihshylary Altyn Orda Reseydi basqaryp túrghan kezde orys knyazideri osy tabangha ant bergennen keyin baryp knyazi atanatynyn jazyp ketken.

Kartinada tabannyng aldynda tizerlep, bas iyip otyrghan adam II-Vasiliy knyazi. Búl Mәskeu knyazin júrt Moskovskiy Temnyy dep ataghan. Búl ant beru rәsimi 1446 jyly bolghan. Osy II-shi Vasiliy knyazi Dmitriy Shemyakin degen ýmitkermen knyazidik ýshin talas-tartysta sol 1446 jyly jenip shyqqan Altyn Orda basqarushylarynyng qolynan osynshalyq kemsitushilikke tózip, osynshalyq namyssyzdyqqa sheyin baryp ant berip, knyazi atanu Mәskeu ýshin túraqtylyqqa, tynyshtyqqa berilgen kepildik edi.

Sol zamannyng yaghni, orystardyng tilimen aitqanda tatar-mongholdar úrpaqtary basqarghan Altyn Orda memleketining ýrdisi boyynsha Vasiliy Temnyy Altyn Orda әmirshisining tanbasynyng aldynda jýrelep otyryp hannyng mórin aluy kerek, mórge «knyazidik tanba» qosa tapsyrylady. Sosyn ant sózi oqylady.

Knyazi Vasiliy Temnyy Mәskeude 1425-1462 jyldar aralyghynda biylik qúrdy. Ol zamanda orys auqattylary bir knyazidikke әmirshi (knyazi) bolu ýshin birining ýstinen bir Altyn Orda әmirshilerine aryzdar jazyp, para berip bir-birimen qyryq pyshaq bolyp qyrqysyp jatatyn. Mysaly, tarihshylardyng aituynsha osy Mәskeu knyazidigi ýshin surettegi II-Vasiliy ózining bauyry Yuriyge jauyghyp, ony jenip knyazi bolghan. Sol Yuriyding Kosay jәne Dmitriy degen úldary da Mәskeu knyazidigi ýshin II-Vasiliymen kýresip, onyng kózin aghyzyp jibergen. Vasiliy II sodan bastap Temnyi, yaghni, soqyr atanghan kórinedi. Patshaly Resey zamanynda «Bolys boldym minekey, bar malymdy shyghyndap» depoyazgha, Kenestik Resey kezinde raykom, obkomgha,

odan әri Mәskeuge aryz aidaghan qazaqtardy kinәlaymyz-au. Sóitsek, búl ózi quatty bir eldin, qolynda qaruy bar, sany basym últtyng ezgisinde bolghan últtardyng bәrine tәn qúlminez degen kesel eken ghoy. Sol zamanda Altyn Orda ýlken imperiya bolyp, yaghny 1240-1495 jyldar aralyghynda 250-day úlan-ghayyr aimaqty ashsa alaqanynda, júmsa júmyryghynda ústap túrdy. Býkil Resey aimaghy osy kýngi tilmen aitqanda onyng bodany boldy. Basqalar da, orys knyazideri de týgel Altyn Ordagha alym-salyq tólep túrdy. Knyaziderdi taghayyndap, bekitetin de Altyn Ordanyng ortalyghy Saray-Berke edi. Al surettegi knyaziding ayaqqa jyghyluy tize býgu sonau Shynghys han zamanynan kele jatqan ýrdis-salt. Qazaqttardaghy jenilgen, basymdyghyn moyyndaghan adamnyng aldynda «tize býgu» sózi de sol dәuirden beri qoldanylyp keledi.

Osy kýni eki sózimizding birinde «Qazaq handyghy, qazaq handyghy» degendi qaytalaugha qúmarmyz-au. Biraq ol sonday bir keremet quatty memleket boldy ma, ol turaly lәm dep auyz asha almaymyz. Al biraq Jәnibek pen Kerey úlysy qosylyp, 1460 jyly Qazaq handyghyn qúrghannan keyin-aq Altyn Orda ishten bólshektenip, basynan baghy taya bastady. Ghalymdardyng aituynsha Jәnibek han Shynghyshannyng balasy Joshydan tughan Baraq hannyng úly eken, yaghny «chingiziyd». Qazaqtar Jәnibek dep ataghan onyng shyn aty Ábusaid bolypty.

Sonymen orys suretshisi V. Orlov-Petrov salghan búl surette II-shi Vasiliy knyazi Altyn Ordanyng qay hanyna ant berip jatyr. Búl turaly tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor Zardyhan Qinayatúly bylay deydi.

Búl Shynghys han dәuirinen kele jatqan salt. Mongholdarda ayaqqa jyghylu (hól dor sógdóh), tize býgu (óvdóg sógdóh) salty 1920 jyldargha deyin bolghan. Atalghan surette mәskeulik knyazi II Vasiliy soqyrdyng Altyn Orda hany Úlúgh Múhammedting taban izine jyghylyp ant berip túrghan uaqigha kórsetilgen. Úlúgh Múhammed Toqay Temir әuletining Qyrym tarmaghy handarynyng úrpaghy, Edige súltannyng bekter-begi bolyp jýrip Edigege basyn aldyrghan Ishkilik-Hasannyng úly, Altyn Ordany 1428-1446 jyldargha deyin (arasynda ýzilis bar) biylegen úly han. II Vasiliyding mәselesine baylanysty Úlúgh Múhammed D. Shemyakagha Begish atty elshisin jiberedi. Biraq, Shemyaka elshini keshiktirip qaytarmay qoyady. Úlúgh Múhammed «elshini óltirdi» degen aiyppen Shemyakany taqtan taydyryp, II Vasiliydi tútqynnan bosatady. Búl II Vasiliy ýshin tym qymbatqa týsedi. Ol Úlúgh Múhammedke 200 myng rublige deyin tólem tólep, Úlúgh Múhammedting úldary Qasym men Ýisipke Mishjar (qazirgi Moskva) aumaghyn syigha beredi. Sóitip, II Vasiliy ózining baghynyshtylyghyn moyyndap, 1445 jyly qazan aiynda Úlúgh Múhammedting taban izine jyghylyp ant berip, «Mәskeuding úly knyazidigine» qol jetkizedi. Surette osy uaqigha kórsetilgen. 1446 jyly Úlúgh Múhammed ólip, onyng úly Qasym inisi Ýisipti óltirip, II Vasiliyden syigha alghan Mishjar ólkesine baryp qonys tebedi. Osylaysha, keleshek Qasym handyghynyng negizi qalandy. Qasym Mishjardyng atyn «Mәskeu kremli- qamaly» dep atady (H. Haliyd). Kremli-«keremly» mongholsha «qamal» degen sóz.

Bizding nazarymyzdy surette erekshe audarghan nәrse múnda qay jaqtyn-ýstem, qay jaqtyng baghynyshty ekeni aiqyn kórinip túrghandyghy. Altyn Orda handyghy ókilderining shetinen asqaq, aibatty, knyazi bolu ýshin tizerlep otyrghan Vasiliyden bastap, onyng janyndaghylargha yzgharlana, ses kórsete qarap túr. Al orys ókilderining bireui ghana kópshilikting arasynda keudesin tik ústap túr. Qalghandarynyng óni synyq, kónili pәs. Resey nelikten óz tarihyn qaytadan jazugha kiriskenin osydan keyin qalay týsinseniz de óz erkiniz. Al biz..

Ángimemizding basynda tarih aqsaqaldyng ózi әrdayym aqiqatty aita bermeytinin qaperimizge aldyq. Osy suretting úzaq jyldar boyy júrttan jasyryn ústalyp kelgenining ózi-aq tarihtyng kim kýshti bolsa, sonyng ynghayymen bayandalatyny, yaghni, búrmalana beretinine dәlel bola alady. Resey biyligine qay zamanda kelgender de býkil tarihty orystyng abyroy-bedelin aspandatugha beyimdegeni ras. Tipti, orystyng nebir ataqty aqyn-jazushylarynyn, qaharman qolbasshylarynyng arghy ata-babalary týrik tektes halyqtardan taraytyny da, solardyng birazy islam dinin qabyldaghany da aitylmaydy. Kórip otyrsyz, orys «bratandardyn» aqyl-oyynyng ordasy Kremli degen sózding ózi monghol sózi eken. Biz osy uaqytqa sheyin sony talay indetkenimizde, tipti, Moskva, Volga degen sózderding ne maghyna beretinin súraghanda soghan birde-bir orys adamy naqty jauap bere almaghan-dy. Al tәuelsizdik alghanyna 21 jyl tolghan Qazaq Eli әli kýnge óz tarihyn naqtylap jazyp shyqqan joq. Mektep, uniyversiytetterdegi tarih oqulyqtarynda әli de kórshi Reseydi renjitip almau jaghy óte qatty eskeriledi! Bar aitary-jonghar shapqynshylyghy. Ol tarihta Altyn Orda, Qazaq handyghy, Jәnibek pen Kerey degen sózder bir-eki mәrte qaytalanady da sonymen is tәmam. Almatyda «Altyn Orda» degen yzy-shu, qym-quyt bir bazar bar. Onda әielderding europalyq ýlgimen tigilgen auy bir-aq eli ishkiyimi men emshekqabynan bastap (bustgalter-tós ústaushy degendi bildiredi), shoshqanyng sýbesi men qaratúyaghyna sheyin satylady. Basqa tarihymyzdy aitpaghanda, «Altyn Orda» turaly bizding býgingi úrpaqtyng biletini osy bazar ghana. Al búl quatty imperiyanyng basshylary men bekterinin, sardarlary men sarbazdarynyng úrpaqtary -býgingi qazaqtar. Myna bizder! Bizding býgingi úrpaqtarymyz, әiteuir, arghy tegimiz saq, ghún, týrki, onyng berjaghyndaghy osy «Altyn Orda», Qazaq handyghy, Qyrym handyghy, Noghay ordasy degen ataulardy ghana biledi. Tipti, Edil patshany Attilla, Túmar hanymdy Tomiris dep kóne grek, latyn ataularymen atap, úl-qyzdaryna da sonday at qoyda. Kesheli-býgingi Resey orys balalaryn kózin ashqannan tarihty orystyng abyroy-bedeline beyimdep oqytu arqyly tәrbiyelep keledi. Kez-kelgen orys týgil,oryssha oqyghan qarakóz qazaqtardyng bylayghy qazaqtar aldynda ózin óktem ústauy da sol tәrbiyening jemisi. Búl orayda biz orystan osyny ýirensek te, yaghny óz tarihymyzdy dúrystap oqytudy ýirensek te bolar edi. Keyde, «ol ýshin ýkimet basynda eng әueli óz últyn, óz qazaghyn qúrmetteytin azamattar otyruy kerek-au» degen oigha ketip, kónili týskiring әldebir samsoz, selsoqty kýige týsip baratady.

Qysqasy, bizding de óz tarihymyzdy týgendep, jas úrpaqty ata-babalary óz zamanynda qanday erlikke, sәn-saltanatqa toly úly memleketter qúrghanynan habardar ete otyryp tәrbiyeleytin kezimiz әldeqashan jetken joq pa?

Abai.kz