Qazaq rejissurasynyng túnghyshy
Aymauytovtyng san salaly shygharmashylyq múrasynyng salmaqty jaghynyng biri – onyng dramaturgiyasy. Ol – qazaq әdebiyetinde tónkeris jyldary tughan osy janrdyng kóshbastaushylarynyng biri. Sonymen birge, ol qazaqtyng teatr ónerining bastauynda túrdy. Qazaqstanda alghashqy kәsipqoylyq oiyn-sauyq ýiirmelerin úiymdastyryp, ózi jazghan piesalaryna ózi rejisserlik etip, sahnagha shyghardy. Ol 1914 jyly Abaydyng qaytys boluynyng on jyldyghyna arnalghan Semeyde ótken keshte óner kórsetedi. 1915 jyly sol qalada «Birjan men Sara» spektaklin sahnagha layyqtap qoyyp, ózi Birjannnyng rólin somdaydy. Jiyrmasynshy jyldary Semeyde «Es-Aymaq» degen teatr truppasy úiymdasqanda da J.Aymauytov sonyng basy- qasynda bolghan.
Dramaturgting alghashqy piesalary «Rәbigha», «Jebir bolys» (keyin «Mansapqorlar» bolyp jóndelgen), «Qanapiya – Shәrbanu», 1916-1917 jyldary jazylghan. Olar qoljazba kýyinde tarap, kórkómóner ýiirmelerining sahnalarynda qoyylady. Keyinnen qalamger «Sylang qyz», «El qorghany», «Sherniyaz» tuyndylaryn jazghan.
Aymauytovtyng san salaly shygharmashylyq múrasynyng salmaqty jaghynyng biri – onyng dramaturgiyasy. Ol – qazaq әdebiyetinde tónkeris jyldary tughan osy janrdyng kóshbastaushylarynyng biri. Sonymen birge, ol qazaqtyng teatr ónerining bastauynda túrdy. Qazaqstanda alghashqy kәsipqoylyq oiyn-sauyq ýiirmelerin úiymdastyryp, ózi jazghan piesalaryna ózi rejisserlik etip, sahnagha shyghardy. Ol 1914 jyly Abaydyng qaytys boluynyng on jyldyghyna arnalghan Semeyde ótken keshte óner kórsetedi. 1915 jyly sol qalada «Birjan men Sara» spektaklin sahnagha layyqtap qoyyp, ózi Birjannnyng rólin somdaydy. Jiyrmasynshy jyldary Semeyde «Es-Aymaq» degen teatr truppasy úiymdasqanda da J.Aymauytov sonyng basy- qasynda bolghan.
Dramaturgting alghashqy piesalary «Rәbigha», «Jebir bolys» (keyin «Mansapqorlar» bolyp jóndelgen), «Qanapiya – Shәrbanu», 1916-1917 jyldary jazylghan. Olar qoljazba kýyinde tarap, kórkómóner ýiirmelerining sahnalarynda qoyylady. Keyinnen qalamger «Sylang qyz», «El qorghany», «Sherniyaz» tuyndylaryn jazghan.
J.Aymauytov óz dәuirining ózekti mәselelerin dóp basyp jazatyn dramaturg. Onyng әrbir kórkem tuyndylarynda san týrli oqighalar men minezder ashylady. «Mansapqorlar» piesasynda bolystyqqa, biylikke, yaghny mansapqa talasyp, aghayyndylar arasyndaghy úrys-keristi surettese, «Qanapiya – Shәrbanu» shygharmasynda әiel tensizdigin tilge tiyek etken. Sonday-aq, «El qorghany» tuyndysynda tarihymyzdyng dýbirli kezeni, aqtar men qyzyldar tartysyn dәriptese, «Sylang qyz» komediyasynda adam boyyndaghy sarandyq siyaqty kelensiz qasiyetterdi әjualaghan. Bayqap otyrghanymyzday, onyng barlyq piesalaryna ortaq bay men kedey arasyndaghy tensizdik, әiel tensizdigi, adam balasynyng kereghar is-әreketterin, nadandyq, qaranghylyq, qazaq arasyndaghy arazdyq, dau-damay, t.s.s. mәselelerdi qamtidy. Qalamgerding piesalary, negizinen, óz dәuirining eng manyzdy әleumettik mәselelerin kóteruge, sahna arqyly zamanauy iydeyalardy taratugha arnalady. Ol feodaldyq-patriarhaldyq saltty, mesheulikti synap, beyneley otyryp, eldi oqugha, óner-bilim jolyna ýndeydi. Áyelderding bas bostandyghyn, halyqtyng azattyghyn, tendigin qorghaydy.
Jalpy, J.Aymauytovtyng rejissurasymen qazaq topyraghyndaghy túnghysh spektakli Semeyde 1915 jyly, 13 aqpanda qoyylghanyn taghy da bir mәrte aita ketu kerek. Sahnagha qoyatyn piesa bolmaghandyqtan, múghalimder semiynariyasynyng studenti J.Aymauytov әigili “Birjan – Sara” aitysynyng Qazanda basylghan núsqasyn sahnagha beyimdedi. Últtyq topyraqta kórkemdik talapqa tolyq jauap bergen túnghysh spektakliding qoyyluy erekshe mәdeniy-ruhany qúbylys. Búl – últtyq sahna ónerining tughan kýni.
Áriyne, spektakli kóru mýmkindigine ie bolmaghandyqtan biz Baghybek Qúndaqbayúlynyng «Qongshy J.Aymauytov rejisserge qajet kórkemdik qiyalgha sýienip, tamasha shygharmashylyq izdeniske barghan. Ol spektaklidi kórkemdeudi semiynariyanyng ýshinshi kurs studenti M.Áuezovke tapsyrghan. Oryndaushylar óz keyipkerlerining syrtqy keskin-kelbeti men әreketining jandy suretin tauyp, beyneni tolyq ashatyn basty qúral – sózge óte úqypty qaraghan. Sóz astaryna dendeu, mәn-maghynasyn ashu – qoyylymnyng basty sharty. Álgi maqalada Sara rólinde oinaghan Túrar Qozybagharova turaly: “…Sózining anyqtyghy, dauysynyng minsizdigi júrttyng yqylasyn ózine magnittey tartty”, – dep qanday keremet aitylghan! Búl sol kezeng týgil, býgingi akterlerimizding әli tolyq mengere almay kele jatqan mәselesi ghoy» degen oiyna sýiene otyryp, Birjannyng sahnalyq beynesin jasap, rejisserlik júmysyn jýrgizgen Jýsipbek Aymauytovtyng enbegi joghary baghalanghan. Jogharyda aitylghan maqaladaghy qoyylymnyng sahnalyq sipatyn qay jaghynan alyp qarasang da rejiysserding sauattylyghy, ónerding ózindik tabighatyn molynan tanityny kózge úryp túr.
J.Aymauytovtyng dramaturgiya men teatrdaghy shygharmashylyghyn zertteuge ómirining tórtten bir shiyregin arnaghan belgili teatr synshysy Baghybek Qúndaqbayúlyna erekshe yqylas tanytuymyz kerek. Synshynyng aituynsha, múnday úlaghatty adamnyng ómirdegi jәne ónerdegi jolyn, sonyng ishinde teatr ónerimen baylanysyn zertteuge oy salghan әri zor yqpalyn tiygizgen qazaqtyng úly jazushysy M.Áuezov. Óner qayratkerining senzurany ainalyp ótip, tiyip-qashyp jazghandaryn kenes túsynda sayasy qatege sanap: «Alashorda iydeyasyn teatr ónerinde nasihattaghany ýshin» dep Ortalyq Komiytetting sógisine úshyraghany taghy bar. Alayda, qanshama qiynshylyqtargha tótep bere otyryp, jazghan búl enbegi aldaghy buyngha, yaghny myna bizdey jastargha bagha jetpes qúndylyqqa ainalyp otyr.
J.Aymauytovtyng әdebiyet salasyndaghy ózindik qoltanbasy barshamyzgha mәlim. Jazushynyng dramalyq shygharmalarynyng da qazaq dramaturgiyasynan alatyn orny erekshe. Atap aitqanda : «Birjan – Sara», «Rәbigha», «Mansapqorlar», «Qanapiya – Shәrbanu», «El qorghany», «Sherniyaz», «Sylang qyz» piesalary erekshe bir sheberlikpen jazylyp, sonymen qatar, joghary dengeyde avtor-rejisserding sahnalauymen qoyylyp, kórermenning ýlken yqylasyn iyelengen bolatyn. Sol sebepti de óner iyesining dramaturgiya men teatrdaghy tuyndylarynyng shoqtyghynyng biyiktigine, rejisserding synaptay syrghyghan talantyna esh kýmәn keltirmeniz. Onyng sheberligin M.Áuezovting “Teatrdy qyzyqtap, ózimizshe oqyp-ýirenip jýrgen shaghymyzda bәrimizding tabynyp, ústaz tútqanymyz – Jýsipbek bolatyn. Jәne tórt-bes jas ýlkendigine qaray ónerge bәrimizden búryn aralasty. Sózge sheshen, orysshagha da jýirik, kóp oqyp, kóp biletin. Onyng ýstine dombyrany sheber tartyp, әdemi әnshiligimen de oqshau edi, piesa qongda rejissurany da әdemi mengerdi” degen sózderi aiqynday týspek.
Maqala mazmúnyn zerdelesek, J.Aymauytov bastaghan talantty jastar spektaklidi mәdeny sauatty qoyghanyn angharu qiyn emes. Sahna ónerining ol kezdegi sәbiyligine qaramastan, qoyylymnyng kókeyge qonymdylyghy, sahnalyq kelisti kórkemdelui men oryndalu mәdeniyeti jaghynan shynayy shyqqany osy ýzindiden kórinip túr.
Jasynan zerek, bilim men ónerge qúshtar, alashtyng darhan daryndy azamatynyng osylay europalyq ýlgide spektakli qoyy – últtyq sahna ónerining bastamasy. Biz endi qazaq teatrynyng tarihyn 1926 jyldan emes, 1915 jyldan bastaghanymyz jón. Tarihy da, ghylymy da shyndyq osy.
J.Aymauytov óz dәuirining ózekti mәselelerin dóp basyp jazatyn dramaturg. Onyng әrbir kórkem tuyndylarynda san týrli oqighalar men minezder ashylady. «Mansapqorlar» piesasynda bolystyqqa, biylikke, yaghny mansapqa talasyp, aghayyndylar arasyndaghy úrys-keristi surettese, «Qanapiya – Shәrbanu» shygharmasynda әiel tensizdigin tilge tiyek etken. Sonday-aq, «El qorghany» tuyndysynda tarihymyzdyng dýbirli kezeni, aqtar men qyzyldar tartysyn dәriptese, «Sylang qyz» komediyasynda adam boyyndaghy sarandyq siyaqty kelensiz qasiyetterdi әjualaghan. Bayqap otyrghanymyzday, onyng barlyq piesalaryna ortaq bay men kedey arasyndaghy tensizdik, әiel tensizdigi, adam balasynyng kereghar is-әreketterin, nadandyq, qaranghylyq, qazaq arasyndaghy arazdyq, dau-damay, t.s.s. mәselelerdi qamtidy. Qalamgerding piesalary, negizinen, óz dәuirining eng manyzdy әleumettik mәselelerin kóteruge, sahna arqyly zamanauy iydeyalardy taratugha arnalady. Ol feodaldyq-patriarhaldyq saltty, mesheulikti synap, beyneley otyryp, eldi oqugha, óner-bilim jolyna ýndeydi. Áyelderding bas bostandyghyn, halyqtyng azattyghyn, tendigin qorghaydy.
Jalpy, J.Aymauytovtyng rejissurasymen qazaq topyraghyndaghy túnghysh spektakli Semeyde 1915 jyly, 13 aqpanda qoyylghanyn taghy da bir mәrte aita ketu kerek. Sahnagha qoyatyn piesa bolmaghandyqtan, múghalimder semiynariyasynyng studenti J.Aymauytov әigili “Birjan – Sara” aitysynyng Qazanda basylghan núsqasyn sahnagha beyimdedi. Últtyq topyraqta kórkemdik talapqa tolyq jauap bergen túnghysh spektakliding qoyyluy erekshe mәdeniy-ruhany qúbylys. Búl – últtyq sahna ónerining tughan kýni.
Áriyne, spektakli kóru mýmkindigine ie bolmaghandyqtan biz Baghybek Qúndaqbayúlynyng «Qongshy J.Aymauytov rejisserge qajet kórkemdik qiyalgha sýienip, tamasha shygharmashylyq izdeniske barghan. Ol spektaklidi kórkemdeudi semiynariyanyng ýshinshi kurs studenti M.Áuezovke tapsyrghan. Oryndaushylar óz keyipkerlerining syrtqy keskin-kelbeti men әreketining jandy suretin tauyp, beyneni tolyq ashatyn basty qúral – sózge óte úqypty qaraghan. Sóz astaryna dendeu, mәn-maghynasyn ashu – qoyylymnyng basty sharty. Álgi maqalada Sara rólinde oinaghan Túrar Qozybagharova turaly: “…Sózining anyqtyghy, dauysynyng minsizdigi júrttyng yqylasyn ózine magnittey tartty”, – dep qanday keremet aitylghan! Búl sol kezeng týgil, býgingi akterlerimizding әli tolyq mengere almay kele jatqan mәselesi ghoy» degen oiyna sýiene otyryp, Birjannyng sahnalyq beynesin jasap, rejisserlik júmysyn jýrgizgen Jýsipbek Aymauytovtyng enbegi joghary baghalanghan. Jogharyda aitylghan maqaladaghy qoyylymnyng sahnalyq sipatyn qay jaghynan alyp qarasang da rejiysserding sauattylyghy, ónerding ózindik tabighatyn molynan tanityny kózge úryp túr.
J.Aymauytovtyng dramaturgiya men teatrdaghy shygharmashylyghyn zertteuge ómirining tórtten bir shiyregin arnaghan belgili teatr synshysy Baghybek Qúndaqbayúlyna erekshe yqylas tanytuymyz kerek. Synshynyng aituynsha, múnday úlaghatty adamnyng ómirdegi jәne ónerdegi jolyn, sonyng ishinde teatr ónerimen baylanysyn zertteuge oy salghan әri zor yqpalyn tiygizgen qazaqtyng úly jazushysy M.Áuezov. Óner qayratkerining senzurany ainalyp ótip, tiyip-qashyp jazghandaryn kenes túsynda sayasy qatege sanap: «Alashorda iydeyasyn teatr ónerinde nasihattaghany ýshin» dep Ortalyq Komiytetting sógisine úshyraghany taghy bar. Alayda, qanshama qiynshylyqtargha tótep bere otyryp, jazghan búl enbegi aldaghy buyngha, yaghny myna bizdey jastargha bagha jetpes qúndylyqqa ainalyp otyr.
J.Aymauytovtyng әdebiyet salasyndaghy ózindik qoltanbasy barshamyzgha mәlim. Jazushynyng dramalyq shygharmalarynyng da qazaq dramaturgiyasynan alatyn orny erekshe. Atap aitqanda : «Birjan – Sara», «Rәbigha», «Mansapqorlar», «Qanapiya – Shәrbanu», «El qorghany», «Sherniyaz», «Sylang qyz» piesalary erekshe bir sheberlikpen jazylyp, sonymen qatar, joghary dengeyde avtor-rejisserding sahnalauymen qoyylyp, kórermenning ýlken yqylasyn iyelengen bolatyn. Sol sebepti de óner iyesining dramaturgiya men teatrdaghy tuyndylarynyng shoqtyghynyng biyiktigine, rejisserding synaptay syrghyghan talantyna esh kýmәn keltirmeniz. Onyng sheberligin M.Áuezovting “Teatrdy qyzyqtap, ózimizshe oqyp-ýirenip jýrgen shaghymyzda bәrimizding tabynyp, ústaz tútqanymyz – Jýsipbek bolatyn. Jәne tórt-bes jas ýlkendigine qaray ónerge bәrimizden búryn aralasty. Sózge sheshen, orysshagha da jýirik, kóp oqyp, kóp biletin. Onyng ýstine dombyrany sheber tartyp, әdemi әnshiligimen de oqshau edi, piesa qongda rejissurany da әdemi mengerdi” degen sózderi aiqynday týspek.
Maqala mazmúnyn zerdelesek, J.Aymauytov bastaghan talantty jastar spektaklidi mәdeny sauatty qoyghanyn angharu qiyn emes. Sahna ónerining ol kezdegi sәbiyligine qaramastan, qoyylymnyng kókeyge qonymdylyghy, sahnalyq kelisti kórkemdelui men oryndalu mәdeniyeti jaghynan shynayy shyqqany osy ýzindiden kórinip túr.
Jasynan zerek, bilim men ónerge qúshtar, alashtyng darhan daryndy azamatynyng osylay europalyq ýlgide spektakli qoyy – últtyq sahna ónerining bastamasy. Biz endi qazaq teatrynyng tarihyn 1926 jyldan emes, 1915 jyldan bastaghanymyz jón. Tarihy da, ghylymy da shyndyq osy.
Berdikey Múqash,
T.Jýrgenov atyndaghy
Qazaq Últtyq óner akademiyasynyn
4-kurs studenti