Oyrattar

Óz uaqytynda, Ortalyq Aziya elderin shapqynshylyqqa úshyratyp, qily zamangha týsirgen, dәuiri jýrip túrghan kezde, kýndey kýrkiregen Jonghar imperiyasynyng kóshpendileri keyinnen Qytaydan qyrghyn tauyp, әupirimdep aman qalghan qaldyqtary Altay tauyna baryp panalap, sol arada ornyghyp qalady.

Úzaq ghasyrlar kóleminde orystar búlardy «altay tatarlary» dep atap kelgen. Altaylyqtar (Oyrattar) Hakas pen Qyrghyz tilining aralyq tiline úqsaytyn, týrki elderining qataryna kiredi. (Jalpy, Resey Federasiyasyndaghy týrkilerge: tatar men bashqúrt, sonday-aq yakutpen birge altay dep atalatyn  oirattar men hakastar da kiredi.) Qazirgi qasymyzdaghy qyrghyzdar da, kezinde dýniyege dýrbeleng salghan oirattar da, sonymen qatar, hakas júrty da óz zamanynda Enesay (Eniysey) boyyn qatar jaylaghan qanattas elder deuge bolady. Osy arada mynany eskerte keteyik: qazirgi reseylik keybir ghalymdar qyrghyzdardy, oirat handyghyna baghynyshty el bolghan son, sonau Eniysey boyynan Alatau manayyna aldyna salyp, qúlsha aidap kelgen Oirat taypalary deydi. (Gennadiy Korneev - diyrektor sentra po razvitii kalmykskogo yazyka).

Taghy aitarymyz, Qyrghyz ben Oirat kóshpendileri, sonau XIII ghasyrdyng basynan, qazirgi Tuva (Tuba) aumaghynan beri jyljyghandar. Yaghny aitqanda, kelimsekter deuge bolady. Múndaghy jergilikti taypalardy  yghystyryp shygharyp, Alataudyng eki betine jayla qonyp, ózderine túraqty qonys etedi. Tipti, qazaqtarmen shekaralas úighyrlardyng ózi de, kezinde osy irgesine kóship kelgen Enesay qyrghyzdarynan kýirey jenilip, (Úighyr qaghanaty) aqtaban shúbyryndygha úshyrap, jan saughalap, qazirgi Shynjan aumaghyna kóship kelgender. Endi, mine, kezinde  sol úighyrlardy tastalqan qylyp, alystaghy qiyrgha tentiretip jibergen, qyrghyz  rulary, Oirattardyng kýsh-quatyna baghynyp, solardyng aidauymen osy Alatau bókterine kelip, meken ete bastaydy. Sonday-aq Jonghar handyghynyng kýsheyuine, qanatyn kenge jayuyna jәne keyinnen әlemge әigili Jonghar - Qalmaq imperiyasynyn negizin salugha kóp kómegin tiygizedi.

Sóitip, Jonghar handyghyna toptasqan: oirattar, dýrbitter, hoshouyttar, shorostar, torghauyttar, sonday-aq, qasyndaghy  qyrghyz rularynyng әskery kómegimen, úlanghasyr aumaqty jaulap alyp, tarihta Jonghar handyghy atalghan imperiyanyng negizin qalaydy. Osy temirdey tәrtipke baghynghan, orasan kýsh-quatqa iye, alyp qaghanat, artynan tútas Ortalyq Aziya elderin jaulap alady. Reseylik ghalymdardyng aituy boyynsha, Ortalyq Aziya halyqtary sol dәuirde oirat tilinde is jýrgizip, ózge memlekettermen osy tilde qarym-qatynas jasaghan, - deydi. Ózderin ósire dәriptegen-au.

Degenmen, búlardyng ýnemi shapqynshylyghy men tonauynan mazasy  ketken, Qytaydyng Sin dinastiyasy Jonghar handyghyna oilamaghan tústan bir retki joyqyn joryghymen (Qytaylyq general Pu Dening armiyasynan), búl handyqty týbegeyli qúlatyp, orasan zor qyrghyngha úshyratady. 

Reseylik qalmaq ghalymdary, ózderining jazghan júmystarynda, - qalmaqtardyng qay taypasy, kezinde, qazirgi qazaq jerining qay túsyn  mekendegenin arnayy kórsetipti. Mysaly: Dýrbit – Zaysan batyr, qazirgi Shyghys Qazaqstan aumaghyn, yaghni, Zaysan (qazaqsha Jaysan), Gýrshim dalasyn (Kýrshim), sonymen qatar, Oirat taypalary Qaskelen, Shamalghan, Boralday, Shonjy, Kegen, Sarqan ónirlerin, Hoshouyttar, Shorostar - Qyrghyz elindegi Týp jaghalaulary men Ystyq kóldin  ontýstik jaghyn mekendegen eken jәne osy shorostardyng birazy  Shәuishek, Ýrimshi jaghynda tirshilik keshken kórinedi.

Eger, Jonghar handyghyna baylanysty, sol tústa tariyhqa engen «qalmaq» sózine keletin bolsaq, «qalmaq» sózi, «tatar», «monghol» degen sóz sekildi, jalpylama atau ghana. 

1640 jyly jongharlar, yaghni, oirattar «Dalalyq jarghy» degen atpen әskery jәne azamattyq zandar jinaghyn shygharady.

Ótirik pe, shyn ba, qazaqtar «Jeti jarghyny» bizden kóshirip alghan,-  deydi qalmaq ghalymdary. Áriyne, búghan senbeymiz. Olar, asyra kórsetken.

Tarihy enbekterge ýnilgenimizde, sol kezdegi Jonghar handyghynyng sarbazdarynyng sany jýz mynnan asyp jyghylady eken. Olardyng alpys myng jauyngeri qontayshynyng túraqty әskeri bolghan.

Jonghar handyghy elining ruhany birligin qamtamasyz etude Tiybet lamalary da eleuli ról atqardy.

Alayda, oirattar qúrghan Jonghar handyghyn qoya túryp, biz, әri qaray qazirgi Altaylyqtar dep atalghan oirat eline oralayyq.

XVIII – XIX ghasyrda Resey imperiyasynyng otarlyq ezgisinde bolady. Tónkeris kezinde, yaghni, 1922 jyldary Resey qúramyndaghy Oirat avtonomiyalyq oblysy bolyp qúrylady. Degenmen, 1948 jyly búlar, Resey qúramyndaghy Tauly Altay avtonomiyalyq oblysy dep atalyp, ózgertiledi. 1990 jyly Tauly Altay avtonomiyasy óz tәuelsizdigin jariyalap,  Resey Federasiyasy qúramyndaghy Altay Respublikasy bolyp qúrylady.

Oyrat – Altaylyqtardyng dәstýrli kәsibi: mal baghu, egin salu, sonday-aq ústalyqpen ainalysady jәne syrmaq basu, alasha, kilem toqu, teri iyleu, zerleu búlardyng ata kәsibining biri deuge bolady. Altaylyqtardyng kóneden kele jatqan bay auyz әdebiyeti bar. Ony jyrlaushylardy qayshy dep ataydy. Osy auyz әdebiyetining núsqalary XIX ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynan bastap qaghaz betine týsirile bastady. Keyingi jyldary osy elding  epos ýlgilerining jeti tomy – «Altay batyrlary» jaryq kórdi. Sonau, ótken ghasyrdyng 1922 jylynan  bastap oirat tilinde «Altaydyng cholmony» (qazaqshalaghanda «Altay sholpany») gazeti shyghyp keledi.

Altay Respublikasy Resey Federasiyasy qúramyndaghy últtyq – memlekettik qúrylym. Joghary zang shygharushy organy – Ál (El) Qúryltay, ol tórt jyl merzimge saylanatyn jiyrma jeti deputattan túrady. Joghary atqarushy organy – Ýkimet, ony tóragha basqarady.  Ortalyghy  Tauly Altay qalasy. Respublika aumaghy – 92902 shaqyrym. Halqy – 201,6 myng adamnan túrady. Resmiy tilderi – orys, qazaq,  jәne oirat tilderi. Respublikanyng 31% payyzy oirattar, 62% payyzy orystar, ózgeleri qazaqtar. Respublika on audannan túrady.

Sonymen, sonau bir ghasyrlarda Jonghar handyghy dep atalghan auqymdy imperiyanyng negizin qúrghan jәne onyng algha qaray ósip, damuyna mýmkindiginshe ter tógip, enbek sinirgen, sonday-aq imperiyany biraz uaqyt kýndey kýrkirep ústap túrghan, zamanynda daqpyrty alysqa ketken azuly oirat taypasynyn,  kezinde qytaydyng qyrghynynan aman qalghan, kishigirim bóligi osy – Altaylyq týrkiler. Búlar týrki tilinde ósip-ónip, tirshilik keship jatqan elding biri.

Oyrat - Altaylyqtardyng jalpy senimi (dini) shamandyq bolghanymen, keyinnen orystardyng bodandyghyna týsken son, búlardy kýshpen hristian dinine engizedi.

Beysenghazy Úlyqbek,

Qazaqstan Jurnalister Odaghynyng mýshesi

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