Qazaqstan Respublikasy Ghylym jәne joghary bilim ministrligining Ghylym komiyteti qarjylandyryp otyrghan «Qazaqstannyng ontýstik ónirindegi etnikalyq azshylyqtardyng etnikalyq biregeylenu ýderisterin kross-mәdeny jәne aksiologiyalyq taldau» atty ghylymy jobasy ayasynda otandyq zertteushiler tújyrymdamalaryn taldau mindetin qoyghan bolatynbyz. Osy sebepterge baylanysty otandyq ghalymdardyng sheteldik ghylymy jurnaldarda aghylshyn tilinde jariyalanghan maqalalardaghy pikirlerin jýieleudi jón sanadyq. Maqsatty jýzege asyru ýshin 7 ghylymy maqalalargha mәn berdik.

2002 jyly «Acta Ethnographica Hungarica» jurnalynda jariyalanghan maqalasynda Á. Ghaliyev (Galiev, A. (2002). Mythologisation of the history of the Turkic peoples at the beginning of the third millenium. Acta Ethnographica Hungarica, 47(3-4), 383–395. https://akjournals.com/view/journals/022/47/3-4/article-p383.xml) týrki halyqtarynyng barlyghy úzaq uaqyt boyy bir memlekette, aldymen Resey imperiyasynda, keyin KSRO-da ómir sýrgendigin aitady. Sol kezenderdegi tarihnama pәn retinde marksistik-lenindik iydeologiyany ústanghan. Qalghan әreketterding barlyghy dinbúzarlyq, kýpirlik retinde jariyalandy. Kenes memleketi tarihty kommunizm qúrylysynyng negizin qalaugha arnalghan ózi jasaghan mifpen almastyrdy. Qayta qúrudyng bastaluy әleumettik ghylymdardyng barlyq salalarynda, sonyng ishinde qoghamdyq sanada jalpy ózgeristerding bastamasy boldy. Qayta qúru kezinde bastalghan ózgerister 1991 jyly Kenes Odaghynyng ydyrauyna negiz dayyndauda manyzdy ról atqardy. Búl tәuelsiz memleketterding payda boluyn belgilep, әr elding ózindik tarihy perspektivalary bar ekendigin kórsetti.

S. Shakirovanyng (Shakirova, S. (2015). Country images of Kazakhstan: From stereotypes and critique to positive national branding. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, 2(1). https://ieeca.org/journal/index.php/JEECAR/article/view/78) 2015 jyly «Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research» jurnalynda jariyalanghan maqalasynda el brendingi azamattardyng kózqarastary men senimderine qayshy kelmeui kerek ekendigi kórsetilgen. Ghalymnyng payymdauynsha, halyqtyng últtyq biregeyligin әleumettanulyq zertteu, onyng ómirding jaghymdy jәne jaghymsyz jaqtary, mәdeny múra men dәstýrler, mәdeniyetaralyq baylanysty baghalauy megajobalardy josparlau men basqarudy anyqtau baghytynda jatyr. Avtor is jýzinde adamnyng ózining etnikalyq biregeylenuine qanaghattanuy arasynda tikeley baylanys joq dep esepteydi. Qazaqstannyng últtyq memleket retindegi mәrtebesi turaly syny nemese pessimistik kózqarastardy jeke etnikalyq belgilerding әlsiz kórinisimen (til, dәstýr, genderlik rólder, otbasy tarihy jәne t.b.) qatar qarastyrugha bolatyndyghy aitady. Elding brending prosesine mәdeny múra men dәstýrdi engizu últtyng biregeyligin moyyndaudy kórsetedi. Búl brend turaly shynayy jәne maghynaly ózgerister qúrugha yqpal etedi. Osy tәsil últtyng ózindik biregeyligi men onyng әlemdik arenadaghy qabyldauyna yqpal etetin ózara baylanysty faktorlardyng kýrdeli týsinigin bildiredi.

N. Bayghabatova, A. Tólemisov, S. Rahipova, D. Ashimova, Ó. Quanghan jәne Q. Smaghúlovtyng (Baigabatova, N., Tolamissov, A., Rakhipova, S., Ashimova, D.,Khuangan, O., Smagulov, K. (2018). Ethnocultural identity of Kazakhs of Mongolia in everyday life. Codrul Cosminului, 24(1), 79–96. http://atlas.usv.ro/www/codru_net/CC24/1/kazakhs.pdf) «Codrul Cosminului» jurnalynda 2018 jyly jariyalanghan birlesken maqalasynda Batys Mongholiya aumaghynda túratyn qazaqtardyng etnikalyq biregeyligining qyzmet etu jәne janghyrtu tetikteri qarastyrylady. Dalalyq zertteulerge negizdelgen júmys qazaq diasporasynyng kýndelikti ómirindegi etnografiyalyq ahualyn kórsetedi. Ghalymdardyng payymdauynsha, diaspora biriktirgen etnikalyq top ózining belgilerin erekshelendirip, etnikalyq biregeyligin saqtaugha qabilettiligin beyneleydi. Belgili bir diasporadaghy etnomәdeny biregeylikti qalyptastyrudyng týrli ahualdary men tetikteri onyng qúrylymyndaghy aiyrmashylyqtardy aldyn ala anyqtaydy. Avtorlar «etnikalyq markerler» rólin atqaratyn dәstýrli materialdyq mәdeniyetting nysandary, etnikalyq, taypalyq jәne diny biregeylikting qoghamdyq kenistigindegi artikulyasiya Mongholiya qazaqtarynyng etnomәdeny biregeyligin saqtau jәne beyneleu prosesine yqpal etedi degen qorytyndygha keledi. Osy zertteu nәtiyjeleri mәdeny elementter men újymdyq tәjiriybeler diaspora kenistigindegi biregeylik dinamikasyna әserin terenirek týsinuge yqpal etedi. Osy pikirlerge sәikes, bizding oiymyzsha etnikalyq biregeylikting qalyptasuy men saqtaluyna geografiyalyq orta da manyzdy ról atqarady.

2019 jyly M. Sengirbaydyng (Senggirbay, M. (2019). Ethnic identity of Kazakhstani Russians: The dynamics of change and the place of Russia as a kin state. Journal of Nationalism Memory and Language Politics, 13(1), 67–89. https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/jnmlp-2019-0004) «Journal of Nationalism Memory and Language Politics» jurnalynda jariyalanghan júmystyng maqsaty 1991 jyly Kenes Odaghy ydyraghannan keyin Qazaqstanda túratyn orystardyng etnikalyq biregeyligining qalay ózgergenin anyqtau boldy. Ghalym zertteu júmysy barysynda mynaday súraqtargha jauap izdeydi: «Qazir Qazaqstandaghy etnikalyq orystardy qanday qasiyetter men sipattar ereksheleydi? Olardyng biregeyligin qalyptastyratyn negizgi faktorlar qanday? Orystar ózderin óz Otanymen jәne negizgi qazaq qoghamymen qanshalyqty baylanysty dep sanaydy? Reseyding Otangha qúshtarlyq sezimin qalyptastyrudaghy róli qanday?» Qazaqstandyq orystardyng ahualy saualnamalar, tereng súhbattar, jariyalanymdar kontent-taldauy, sayasy qayratkerler men belsendilerding sózderin arqyly taldandy. Engizilgen baqylau әdisteri Qazaqstandaghy orys diny úiymdarynyng mәdeny jikteluin týsinuge kómektesken. Zertteu Qazaqstandaghy etnikalyq orystardyng biregeylik ýlgilerindegi memleket qorghaytyn etnikalyq qazaq biregeyligin shoghyrlandyru prosesining nәtiyjesinde bolghan eleuli ózgeristerin anyqtaghan. Avtordyng pikirinshe, demografiyadaghy búrynghy ýstem jaghdayynan aiyrylghan orystar qoghamdaghy qazaqylandyrugha bas iydi. Osylaysha, búl maqalada Qazaqstandaghy orystardyng etnikalyq biregeyligining evolusiyasy aiqyndalyp, әleumettik-sayasy ózgerister, demografiyalyq qozghalystar men tildik artyqshylyqtardyng yqpalyn kórsetedi. Alynghan nәtiyjeler Kenes Odaghy ydyraghannan keyingi Qazaqstannyng әleumettik transformasiyalary kontekstindegi biregeylik dinamikasynyng kýrdeli ózara is-qimylyn týsinuge kómegin beredi.

N. Ótpenov, Q. Smaghúlov, Á. Álmúhametov, A. Ákimhanov jәne N. Anarbaevtyng (Otpenov, N., Smagulov, K.N., Al'muhametov, A.R., Akimhanov, A., Anarbaiev, N. (2019). Ethno-confessional conflict as a destructive way to resolve contradictions in social and religious relations. European Journal of Science and Theology, 15(2), 179–189. http://www.ejst.tuiasi.ro/Files/75/17_Otpenov%20et%20al.pdf) 2019 jyly «European Journal of Science and Theology» jurnalynda jariyalanghan maqalasynda etnokonfessiyalyq konfliktti әleumettik jәne diny qatynastardaghy qayshylyqtardy joydyng destruktivti tәsili retinde qarastyrady. Zertteu nәtiyjelerine sәikes, avtorlar din men etnikalyq top әleumettik qúbylys degen qorytyndygha keledi. Din men etnos bir-birimen kýrdeli qarym-qatynas ornatqan jәne әleumettik aspektiler auqymynda manyzdy ról atqarady. Qarym-qatynas sipaty naqty tarihy ahualgha baylanysty jәne әleumettik organizmde ómirlik manyzdy ról atqaratyndyghy dәiekteledi. Osy qarym-qatynastar etnostyng yqpaldasuyna da, kerisinshe, ydyrauynyng da faktory bola alady. Sonymen qatar, ghalymdar din etnosaralyq nemese últtan joghary túratyn mazmúnyna qaramastan, әrqashan etnikalyq proseske baghynyshty ekenin aitady. Múnyng sebebi, dinder tek etnikalyq biregeylikke sәikes keletin etnikalyq formalarda kórinuinde eken. Dinning etnikalyq proseske baghynyshtylyghy turaly tújyrym dinning etnikalyq biregeylikting qúramdas bóligi ekenin kórsetedi. Búl belgili bir etnikalyq kontekste diny senimder men mәdeny biregeylikting ózara baylanystylyghyn anyqtaydy.

J. Smaghúlovanyng (Smagulova, J. (2019). Ideologies of language revival: Kazakh as school talk. International Journal of Bilingualism, 23(3), 740–756. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1367006916684920#con) 2019 jyly «International Journal of Bilingualism» jurnalynda jariyalanghan zertteuinde tildi jandandyru ayasy negizinde jatqan jasyryn iydeologiyalar sipattalyp, iydeologiyalyq ýstemdikke qarsy túratyn semiotikalyq prosester taldanady. Ghalym kýndelikti otbasylyq qarym-qatynastaghy etnikalyq biregeylikting «ana» tilin qalpyna keltirudegi rólin aiqyndaydy. Tildi janghyrtudaghy tildik iydeologiya men otbasylyq til tәjiriybesining róli dәiekteledi. Qazaq tiline qayta mәn beru birin-biri tolyqtyratyn tilding qosymsha tәjiriybesi arqyly qol jetkizuge bolatyndyghy aitylady: qazaq tilin pedagogikalyq formattarmen shekteu; qazaq tilin mektep tili retinde qúrylymdau; «aldynghy mәtin» boyynsha qazaq tilin shekteu; metakommunikativtik freymge auysumen qazaq tiline auysudyng bir mezgilde boluy. Demek, til turaly týsinikterding otbasynda qalyptasuy tilding naqty qoldanyluymen sәikes keledi. Osylaysha, maqala jasyryn iydeologiyalar, semiotikalyq prosester jәne otbasylyq ózara әrekettesudi zertteu arqyly tilding jandanuyn týsinuge yqpal etedi deuimizge negiz bar. Til tәjiriybelerin anyqtau tildik dinamika men mәdeny biregeylikke qatysty kózqarastardy úsynyp, otbasy ayasyndaghy qazaq tilin qayta iygeru qalay jýretini turaly týsinik beredi dep oilaymyz.

Etnikalyq biregeylikti tandauda antropologiyalyq sipattamalar men til manyzdy faktorlar bolyp tabylady. Á. Rahmetova, B. Ayapbergenov, G. Kәrbozova jәne Z. Temirghazinanyng (Rakhmetova, A., Ayapbergenov, B., Karbozova, G., Temirgazina, Z. (2022). How much language is important for ethnic identity of young Kazakhstanis from inter-ethnic families? Journal of Siberian Federal University - Humanities and Social Sciences, 15(11), 1573–1584. https://elib.sfu-kras.ru/handle/2311/148778) zertteuinde últaralyq otbasylardan shyqqan jas qazaqstandyqtardyng etnikalyq biregeyligi ýshin tilding qanshalyqty manyzdylyghy anyqtalady. 18-21 jas aralyghyndaghy 212 respondentke jýrgizilgen saualnama nәtiyjeleri etnikalyq ózin-ózi sәikestendiruding aluandylyghyn kórsetedi. Avtorlardyng aituynsha, súralghandardyng kóp bóligi әkening etnikalyq tegimen ózderin baylanystyrady. Búl qazaq otbasyndaghy әkening dәstýrli ýstem róline baylanysty boluy yqtimal. Respondentterding birshama az bóligi analarynyng últyn tandaghan. Búl tústa ghalymdardyng myna nәtiyjeleri qyzyghushylyq tudyryp otyr: jastardyng 188/88,9 payyzynda biregeylik monoetnikalyq, 11/5,2 payyzynda bietnikalyq, 13/6,1% payyzynda marginaldyq. Kәsiby mansabynyng basynda túrghan jastar ýshin tildik túlghanyng eng manyzdy parametri retinde «bala kezinen tildi mengeru» bolyp tabylady (100 %). Sonymen qatar, respondentter qosymsha kriyteriyler retinde «qoghamdaghy basym til» jәne «kәsiby mansaptaghy tildik keleshekti» kórsetken. Búl zertteu belgili bir jas tobyndaghy etnikalyq jәne tildik biregeylikti qalyptastyratyn әraluandylyq, týrli әserler men kriyteriyler turaly qúndy aqparatty úsynady. Otbasylyq dinamika, tildi bilu jәne kәsiby oilardyng ózara әrekettesui azamattardyng jeke basyn qalyptastyrudyng kóp qyrly sipatyn kórsetedi.

Ghalymdardyng etnikalyq biregeylik turaly kózqarastarynyng jan-jaqtylyghy biregeylikti qalyptastyrudyng kýrdeli sipatyn kórsetedi. Etnikalyq biregeylikti әleumettik konstruktivistik túrghydan qarastyrsaq, úghymdy әleumettik, tarihy jәne mәdeny prosesterding jemisi retinde anyqtaugha bolady. Sayasy prosester qaqtyghystar, últtyq qúrylys jaghdayynda etnikalyq biregeylikti qúrugha jәne manipulyasiyalaugha yqpal etetindigin de úmytpaghan jón. Etnikalyq biregeylik jónindegi otandyq ghalymdar kózqarastaryn jýieleu barysynda týsinikke qatysty tújyrymdardyng pәnaralyq sipatyn bayqauymyzgha bolady. Búl kózqarastar týrli әleumettik jәne mәdeny kontekstterde etnikalyq biregeylikti qalyptastyru men talqylaugha baylanysty qiyndyqtardy terenirek týsinuge yqpal etedi.

Foto: kazpravda.kz

Múrat Nasimov,

sayasy ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, qauymdastyrylghan professor

Abai.kz