Joshy han arheologiyalyq keshendegi kirpish kýidiru pesh-sheberhanasy

Arheologiyalyq eskertkish Joshy han kýmbezinen teriskeyge qaray 500 metr jerde, Qarakengir ózenining soljaghalauynda ornalasqan. Pesh ornalasqan aumaq HH ghasyrda birneshe onjyldyqtar boyy auylsharuashylyq maqsatta paydalanylghan. Qazba júmystary kezinde peshting ortanghy jәne artqy bóligining konstruksiyasy ghana saqtalghany anyqtaldy.

Pesh qúrylymynyng jalpy úzyndyghy 5 m., eni 1,6 m. Saqtalghan qúrylymnyng úzyndyghy – 2,4 m. Arkalardyng biyiktigi – 1,6 m. 9 arkanyng 3 arkasy jәne peshting sony saqtalghan. Peshting artqy jaghy dóngelek pishindi, eki aua ótkizgishi bar-jertóle tәrizdi sanylaular týrinde aua jibergish qúbyr úzynnan kelgen tetikterining ólshemderi sәikesinshe 54h24 sm jәne 59h23 sm. qabyrghalary 22h23h5 sm jәne 28h28h5 ólshemdi kirpishten qalanghan.

Ot arnasynyng kirpishterining betteri klinker (su jibite almaytyn kirpish, joghary temperaturada kýidirilgen saz, әktas ónimi) kýiine deyin balqytylghan. Balshyqtan jasalghan jabyn ishki jaghynan saqtalghan, al syrtqy jaghynda jabyn nashar saqtalghan. Peshting býtin bóligi auzynda jәne qabyrghalarynda óte tyghyz súr topyraqpen toltyrylghan. Búl qabattardyng ýstinen peshting qaldyqtary taza qyzyl sazben, shiyki jәne kýidirilgen kirpishtermen toltyrylghan. Sonymen qatar, peshting ortanghy bóliginde balshyq kóp bolsa, shetterinde tek kirpish qana boldy, demek, jandyru kamerasy kýidirilgen kirpishpen qaptalghan materiktegi shúnqyr retinde salynghan.

Peshting boyynda segiz bólik bar, olardyng ortanghy bóliginde arkamen jabylghan sanylau bar – negizgi janu arnasy. Bólikterding biyiktigi 120 sm; olar kóldeneng kirpish alanmen jabylghan, olardy kanaldardyng әr bóligining ýstinde tikbúryshty tesik qúraydy. Qabyrghalardyng ishki beti keybir jerlerde qatty ottyng әserinen qojdalghan. Boljam boyynsha, pesh, júmys isteu barysynda kýigen, shiyki kirpishpen kóterilgen. Sanylaulardaghy kirpishter tik kýide jatyr, kirpishting qalau biyiktigi tórtten altygha deyin. Sanylaular arasyndaghy tesikterding kólemi 15-25 sm qúraydy. Peshting teriskey-shyghys qabyrghasynda 4 sanylaq, týstik-batys qabyrghasynda 3 sanylaq saqtalghan. Sanylaqtardaghy kirpishterding kólemi: 30h25h6 sm jәne 30h30h6 sm. Tikbúryshty pishindi doghaly qúrylymdaghy kirpishterding kólemi: 12,5h9,5 sm jәne 25h11h6 sm. Qalauda eni men úzyndyghy 16-dan 20 sm-ge deyin, al qalyndyghy 7,5-9-dan 14,5 sm-ge deyin әrtýrli ólshemdegi kirpishter bar.

Barlyq 9 arkanyng ishinde 3 arka ghana tolyghymen saqtalghan: peshting artqy jaghyndaghy 5, 6 jәne 7 arkalar. Segizinshi arka jartylay saqtalghan. Negizgi eden dengeyien saktalgan arkalardyng biyiktigi - 154 sm, aralyqtyng eni - 120 sm. Doghanyng qisyq bóligi men shúnkyr qabyrghasy arasyndaghy kenistik qúlyptan jәne ngizge deyin kóldeneninen tóselgen kirpishpen toltyrylghan. Arka ishki jәne syrtqy jaghynan gipsting qalyng qabatymen jabylghan. Peshting ishki saraptamasy peshting birneshe ret jendeuden etkenin kersetedi, búl kóp qabatty jabyndymen bayqalady. Arka kirpishterinde klinker kuyine deyin balqytylghan better boldy, al kirpishter arasyndaghy sazdy eritindi kirpish siyaqty kuyip ketken.

5 arka saqtalmaghan. Arka tirekterining qaldyqtarynda 30x31,5x7,5 sm sharshy kirpish koldanylghan. Ottyq kerneuine kipic pen tórt mandayshasy saqtalmaghan.

Qazba júmystary kezinde janu kamerasynyng edenin toltyru әrtýrli kalyndyghy men qúramynyng ýsh qabatynan túratyny anyqtaldy. Negizgi edennen birinshi qabat qalyndyghy 10 sm-ge deyin ashyq konyr sazdaqtan túrady. Ekinshi qabat kýidiru kamerasynyng býkil aumaghynda kalyndyghy 6-7 sm dóreki kúmdy-sazdy jabyn qabatymen usynylghan. Ushinshi qabat, eng jogharghy qabat-kirpish qaldyqtary men ósimdik tamyrlary kóp súr týsti tyghyz toltyrylghan. Qabattyng qalyndyghy shetterinde 2 sm-den ortasynda 12-14 sm-ge deyin ezgeredi. Janu kamerasynyng ishindegi qoqysty tazartu kezinde eshqanday olja tabylnan joq. Peshti toltyru kezinde kómirding kishkene bólikteri tabyldy, olar tek bir radiokómirtekti taldau ýshin jetkilikti boldy.

Keramika kolleksiyasynda oi-erneksiz bildekti keramikanyng 12 fragmenti kezdesti. Barlyq fragmentter jogharghy shymtezek qabatynda jәne shurftyng týsuinde tabyldy. Keramika fragmentteri qabyrghalarynyng qalyndyghy 0,4-0,5 sm.

Qazba jumystaryn jýrgizu barysynda peshti keshendi zertteu ýshin topyraq synamalary alyndy. Tozang týiirlerin, ósimdik tozandaryn jәne sanyraukqúlaqtardy zertteuge negizdelgen tozandyk taldau jurgizu ýshin synamalar jiberildi.

Tozandyq taldau ýshin peshti toltyrudan 4 topyraq ulgisi jәne pesh kabyrghasynyng syrtynan 1 ýlgi alyndy. Barlyghy 5 ýlgi tandaldy. Tozandyq taldaular alu ýshin ýlgiler Novosibirsk kalasynyng Resey Ghylym akademiyasynyng Cibip belnmshesining arheologiya jәne etnografiya institutynyng zerthanasyna jiberildi.

Topyraq taldaulary qayyng men qaraghaydyng aghash ósimdikterining tozanynyng qúramyn kersetti. Búl derekterdi paydalanudy kórsetui mumkin aghash kómirin peshke otyn retinde qoldanylatyn kómip jasau ushin boluy mumkin. Kómir ýlgileri Sankt-Peterburg qalasynyng «A. I. Gersen atyndaghy Resey memlekettik pedagogikalyq uniyversiyteti» joghary kәsiptik bilim beretin Federaldy memlekettik budjettik bilim beru mekemesining izotoptyq zertteuler zerthanasyna jiberildi. Radiokómirtekti anyqtau 1299-1398 jyldar aralygyn kersetti, ±25 jyl qatelik shegi bar.

Kirpishti kýidiru ýshin peshting arheologiyalyq turghydan tolyqqandy konstruksiyasy anyqtaldy. Kippishti kýidiru sheberhanasynyng peshi - Qazaqstan aumaghynda, atap aitqanda Úlytau ónirinde 6iregey mamandandyrylghan arheologiyalyq nysan.

Arheologiyalyq derekter men radiokómirtekti anyqtau XIII-XIV ghasyrlarda Joshy han arheologiyalyq keshende túrghyzylghan kýmbezderdi salu ýshin kýidirilgen kirpish óndiru boyynsha tehnologiyalyq sikl jýzege asyrylghanyn kersetti. Aqauly zattar men qojdardyng kóp boluy kýmbezderding qúrylys kesheninde júmys isteuge arnalghan peshting qoldanylghanyn kóruge bolady.

Jalpy alganda, kirpish kýidiretin peshterding júmysyn qalpyna keltiru kezinde 6ip rettik toltyru kezinde kirpishting sanyn shamamen esepteuge bolady. Kirpishti qatarlap ornatkan kezde olardyng arasynda bos oryndar qalady, sondyqtan ystyq gazdar shiykizatty barlyq jaghynan jaba alady, sondyqtan peshte bip qatargha shamamen 400-500 dana ornalastyrugha bolady. Biyiktigi boyynsha XIX ghasyrdaghy kirpish kýidiretin peshterde 25 qatardan aspaytyn shiykizatty tóseu úsynylatyn, al kóp bóligi әldeqayda az, barlyghy 16-18 qatar. Eger peshti jalpaq kirpishpen 10 qatardyng biyiktigine alsa, onda bip uaqytta 4-5 myng dana kirpishti kýidiruge bolady. Kippish kýidiru peshterding júmys mausymy shiykizatty qalyptau mausymyna qaraghanda 150 júmys kýnine deyin úzaghyraq bolady. Ártýrli derekkózderge sәikes, 6ip toltyrudyng óndiruding tolyq siklynyng úzaqtyghy 7-den 10 kýnge deyin, yaghny bir aida shamamen 15 myng kirpish, al jylyna 100 mynnan astam kirpish kýidirilgen.

Búl peshterding qúrylymyn taldau 6ipneshe ortaghasyrlyq jazba derekkózdermen, sonday-aq, XIX ghasyrdaghy kirpishti qolmen kýidiru turaly etnografiyalyq materialdarmen ýilesedi, múnday peshterdi paydalanu prosesining negizgi erekshelikterin týsinuge mýmkinding beredi. Eng aldymen, úzaq ot jaghu arnasy men salystyrmaly týrde joghary maghdayshalarynda úzaq jalyndy otyn, yaghny kәdimgi otyn qoldanyluy kerek ekeni anyq. Ystyq gazdar negizgi janu arnasy arqyly jәne mandayshalary arasyndaghy kóldeneng arnalar arqyly taralyp, janu ýshin qajetti temperaturany tudyrady. Mýmkin, pesh ottyqtary bolyp mandayshalarynyng joghary jazyqtyghy qyzmet etken. Mandayshalardyng arasyndaghy kenistikterding eni 20 sm-den aspaydy, sondyqtan eger óndelmegen kirpishtep osy arnalar arqyly qabyrghagha qoyylsa, onda olar qúlap ketpeyi kerek edi. Degenmen, kýidirilgen kirpishterding tómengi qatary әli de jaqsy ústaluy ýshin jәne mandayshalarynyng arasyndaghy arnalargha qúlap ketpeyi ýshin synalghan siyaqty. Búl kirpishting tómengi qatarynda kýidiriletin ónimder tóselgen tor payda boldy. Mýmkin, jaqsy kýidiru ýshin, bip qatardaghy kirpishrrep qatarlas kirpishterine perpendikulyar nemese "shyrsha" týrde ornalastyrylghan kýidirilgen shiykizat qatarlary qabyrghagha koyylghan.

Osylaysha, kirpishten jasalghan peshterding konstruksiyasy boyynsha birdey derlik X-XV ghasyrlarda Ontýstik-Shyghys Europa men Ortalyq Aziyanyng óte keng aumaghynda qoldanylghan.

Tabylghan kómipre radiokómirtekti taldauy sheberhana peshining jәne Joshy han arheologiyalyq keshenindegi kýmbezder men kesenelerding XIII-XIV ghasyrlarda salynghan uaqytyn rastaydy. Kómip peshting osy aralyqta qoldanylghandyghyn rastaydy.

Arheologiya magistri Knutov A. V.

Arheologiya magistri Kim V. A.

Jazba avtory Múhtar Baqytúly

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