Býgin Abai.kz aqparattyq portalynyng oqyrmandaryna belgili etnograf Bolat Bopayúlynyng «Qazaqstan Respublikasy Mәdeniyet jәne aqparat ministrligi Mәdeniyet komiytetining «Bozoq» memlekettik tarihiy-mәdeny muzey-qoryghynda» 12.12.2024 jyly sóilemek «Qazaq qamshysy» taqyrybyndaghy bayandamasyn úsynyp otyrmyz...

---

Qazaq qamshysy

Qamshy atauynyng etimologiyalyq
mәni

Qamshy – qazaqtyng túrmysynda da, ruhany ómirinde de erekshe oryn alatyn úghym. Búl atau «qam» jәne «shy» qosymshalary arqyly jasalghan.

- «Qam» sózi qamtu, qorghau, qamdanu siyaqty maghynalardy bildiredi.

- «Shy» qosymshasy zat esim jasau ýshin qoldanylady.

Qazaq, ózbek («qamchi»), qyrghyz («qamchy») tilderindegi búl sózding týbiri ortaq, barlyghy maghynalyq jaghynan bir-birine sәikes keledi.

«Qam» sózining kópqyrly
maghynalary

1. Jay-kýi: adamnyng jaghdayyn, múnyn bildiredi («Basynda qamy bar adam»).

2. Is-әreket: «qam jasau» – aldyn ala әreket etu.

3 Qayghy: qayghy men múnnyng kórinisi («qamqorshy»).

4. Tolyq emestik: jetilmegen dýnie – «qam».

5. Shamdanu: qyzu minezdi adamdy «qam minezdi» deydi.

6. Qamtu: qolgha alu, qamdanu.

7. Qamdau: qamtamasyz etu, qamqorlyq kórsetu.

Qamshy atauynyng payda boluy

Qamshy – «qam» sózinen órbip, tereng maghynaly úghymgha úlasyp, birinshiden, adam ómirindegi ruhany qamdanudy beynelese, ekinshiden túrmysta qoldanylatyn zattyq qúral retinde tanylyp “Qamshy” atauy barlyqqa kelgen.

1. Ruhany qamshy: qam jeu, qamqor bolu syndy izgi qasiyetterding rәmizi retinde qalyptasqan.

2. Zattyq qamshy: túrmystyq qúral әri qazaqtyng últtyq bolmysynyng simvolyna ainalghan. Sondyqtan qamshy – adamnyng ruhany jәne zattyq qajettilikterin qatar beyneleytin erekshe qúndy jauhar jәdiger bolyp tabylady.

Qazaq qamshysynyng tarihy

Qamshy – qazaq halqynyng túrmysynda tereng tarihy jәne mәdeny manyzgha ie úly múra. Ol tek túrmystyq qúral emes, sonymen qatar, últtyq bolmystyn, erliktin, әdeptin, ónerding jәne ruhany qúndylyqtardyng kórinisi retinde erekshelenedi. Qamshy úghymy arqyly qazaq halqynyng danalyghy, ómirge degen kózqarasy men tabighatpen ýilesimdi qarym-qatynasy aiqyndalady.

Qamshynyng qasiyetteri

Qamshy – kóshpeli ómirding qajettiligi men túrmysqa ynghayly qúraly retinde payda bolghan. Onyng tarihy myndaghan jyldargha sozylady. Alghashqyda mal aidau, at minude kómekshi qúral bolsa, uaqyt óte kele onyng róli keneyip, salt-dәstýrding simvolyna ainaldy. Qamshy er adamnyng serigi ghana emes, otbasylyq tatulyq pen tәrtipting saqshysy retinde de qoldanyldy. Qamshy ústau arqyly han men batyrdyn, qara men biy-sheshenning bedeli, mәrtebesin kórsetetin erekshe simvolgha ainalghan.

Qazaq qamshysynyng tarihy

(Qysqasha ghylymy tújyrym)

Uaqyt tizbegi:

• B.z.d. 3-1 mynjyldyqtar – Qamshynyng alghashqy ýlgileri.

• B.z.d. 8-3 ghasyrlar – Saq, ghún dәuiri

• VI-IX ghasyrlar – Týrki qaghanaty dәuiri.

• XIII-XVIII ghasyrlar – Altyn Orda jәne Qazaq handyghy kezeni.

• XIX ghasyr – Mal sharuashylyghy men túrmystyq qajettilik.

• 1920-1990 jj. – Kenestik dәuirdegi shekteuler.

• 1991 jyldan beri – Qamshynyng últtyq simvol retinde qayta janghyruy.

Ejelgi dәuir

(b.z.d. 3-1 mynjyldyqtar)

Qamshynyng alghashqy ýlgileri Euraziya dalalaryndaghy kóshpeli taypalarda payda boldy. Bastapqyda qamshy at aidaugha, mal baghugha arnalghan qúral retinde qoldanyldy. Ol teriden jasalghan qarapayym qúrylghy, tútynu búiymy bolghan.

Erte temir dәuiri

(b.z.d. 8-3 ghasyrlar)

Saq, ghún mәdeniyetterinde qamshy әskery qúral әri biylikting simvoly retinde damy bastady. Búl kezende qamshynyng úshyna metall shybyqtar bekitilip, ony qaru retinde, qarsy kelgen jauyna qoldandy. Sol zamandarda jauyngerler arasynan ne ghajap qamshygerler jaryqqa shyqty. Alayda qamshygerlerding esimderi turaly jazylghan naqty jazba derekter joq. Biraq anyzdar men mifter arqyly taralghan sol dәuirdegi qamshygerlik ónerding ýlgisi el auyzynda keremettey anyz bolyp saqtalghan.

Sonday anyzdyng birinde saqtardyng әigili patshayymy Tomiris qamshyny biylik simvoly retinde qoldanylghany aitylady. Tomiris jauynger ghana emes, soghys ónerin sheber mengergen kóshbasshy bolghan. Onyng qamshysy biylikting ghana emes, jauyngerlik sheberlikting de belgisi retinde bayandalady.

Taghy bir eski anyzda ghúndar dәuirinde aty anyzgha ainalghan kósem Móde (Motun) qamshyny strategiyalyq qúral retinde qoldanylghany aitylady. Anyzdargha sýiensek, Móde qamshyny tek qaru retinde ghana emes, әskerdi basqaru qúraly retinde de paydalanghan. Ol arnayy belgi beru ýshin qamshysyn sermep, jauyngerlerin tәrtipke shaqyrghan.

Demek qamshyny qaru retinde qoldanghan saqtar men ghúndar arasynda erekshe sheberlikpen kózge týsken batyrlardyng bolghany belgili. Búl batyrlar qarsylastyng atyn qamshymen qaq basyna bir tartqan jerde beyne qylyshpen shapqanday qaq aiyryp tastaytyn bolghan. Olardyng erekshe qamshygerlik sheberligining jetilgeni sonsha jerding jýzin, kýnning kózin kórsetpey qúmyrysqaday qaptap kele jartqan jaudyng bergi shetinen kirip, arghy shetine shyqqanda jaularyn qoghaday japyryp, bauday týsirip óte shyghady dep surettep aitylady. Búl qamshynyng óte joyqyn qaru ekenin aiqyndaydy.

Sol zamandaghy qamshynyng úzyndyghy men úshyndaghy metall bólikter jaudy jaraqattaugha arnalyp, resmy qaru retinde jasalghany anyq.

Qobylandy batyr eposynda da qamshynyng jauyngerlik qúraly retinde sipattaluy. Alpamys batyrdyng qamshysy, qarsy dúshpanyn jerge qolatyp qana qoymay, top jaudy topanday úshyrady dep suretteledi.

Týrki qaghanattary dәuiri

(VI-IX ghasyrlar)

Týrkiler zamanynda qamshy tek kýndelikti ómirding ghana emes, mәdeny jәne diny rәsimderdin, batyrlyqtyn, biyliktin, ruhany kýshting simvolyna ainalyp qana qalmay, qoghamnyng barlyq salasynda, әleumettik rәsimderde manyzdy ról atqardy.

Týrki dәuirinde qamshynyng qoldanyluy onyng jasalu ereksheligi men maqsatyna baylanysty qamshynyng týrleri barlyqqa keldi.

Saltanatty qamshy

Handar men kósemder ústaghan әshekeylengen, sәndik qamshylar. Búl qamshylar asyl metaldarmen órnektelip, ru simvoldary bederlengen. Olar kóshbasshylyq pen biylikting belgisi retinde paydalanyldy.

Jauynger qamshysy

Soghysta qoldanylghan. Qamshynyng úshyna metall shybyqtar, keyde ótkir pyshaq tәrizdi qondyrghylar bekitilip, qaru retinde paydalanyldy.
Qamshynyng saby berik aghashtan jasalyp, onyng úzyndyghy at ýstinde ynghayly qoldanu ýshin beyimdelgen.

Rәsimdik qamshy

Diny jәne mәdeny rәsimderde qoldanylghan. Búnday qamshylar erekshe sәndelip, týrkilerding ruhany senimderi men salt-dәstýrlerin beynelegen.
Qamshynyng úshyna qonyrau nemese týrli әshekeyler taghylyp, olardyng dauysy saltanatty atmosfera tudyrghan.

Kýndelikti qamshy

Kóshpendi túrmysta, mal aidauda, jol jýrude qoldanylghan qarapayym qamshylar. Olar negizinen qayystan nemese teriden órilgen.

Qamshygerlerding qamshysy

Týrkiler zamanynda qamshyny sheber qoldanghan batyrlar men kósemder halyq jadynda qaldy. Týrki qaghanattary kezeninen jetken derekterge sәikes qamshygerlik әskery ónerding bir bóligi retinde erekshe baghalanghan.
Bumyn qaghan (VI ghasyr). Týrki qaghanatynyng negizin qalaushy. Tarihy derekterde Bumyn qaghan qamshyny biylik simvoly retinde paydalanghany turaly aitylady. Qamshy onyng halyq aldyndaghy kýshin jәne bedelin bildirgen.

Kýltegin batyr (VIII ghasyr) Týrki jazba eskertkishterinde aty mәngi saqtalghan. Kýlteginning qamshygerligi turaly naqty derekter bolmasa da, onyng jauyngerlik sheberligi qamshyny qaru retinde jetik mengergenin anghartady.

Tonykók (VIII ghasyr) Týrki qaghanatynyng әigili kenesshisi әri kósemi. Ol da qamshyny biylik belgisi retinde qoldanghan túlgha retinde tarihta qalghan. Tonykókting strategiyasy men batyrlyq bolmysy qamshyny tek túrmystyq emes, ruhany jәne sayasy qúral retinde paydalanghanyn kórsetedi.

Anyzgha ainalghan qamshyger batyrlar

Týrkiler arasynda erekshe sheberlikke ie qamshygerler bolghan. Olar qamshy arqyly jaudyng qaruyn qaghyp týsirip, at ýstinde qimyl jasau sheberligimen tanylghan. Qamshynyng úshyna baylanghan metall arqyly qarsylastyng sauytyn tesip, ony jaraqattaghan qamshygerlerding erligi anyzdargha arqau boldy.

Qamshynyng diny jәne ruhany manyzy Týrkilerding shamandyq senimderinde qamshynyng ruhany kýshi bolghan. Ol zúlym ruhtardy quu, adam men tabighat arasyndaghy ýilesimdi saqtau qúraly retinde paydalanyldy. Qamshy diny rәsimderde shamandardyng qolynda qasiyetti qúral retinde sanaldy.

Altyn Orda, Qazaq handyghy kezeni

(XIII-XVIII ghasyrlar)

Altyn Orda kezinde qamshy biylikting jәne әdet-ghúryptyq qúqyqtyng manyzdy nyshanyna ainaldy. Handar, biyler, batyrlar qamshyny mәrtebe belgisi retinde ústady. Búl kezende altynmen aptalghan, asyl tastarmen bezendirilgen sәndik qamshylar payda boldy. Ásirese, Jylqyny qolgha ýiretu adamzat órkeniyetine ýlken ózgeris әkeldi. Qazaq dalasy jylqy mәdeniyetining besigi bolsa, qamshy sol dәuirding ruhy men biylikting simvolyna ainaldy. Ejelgi saqtar men týrkilerding ómirinde qamshy erekshe oryn alghan. Grekter saqtardy «kentavr» dep anyzdasa, Altyn adam qabirine qamshynyng jerlenui onyng biylik belgisi bolghanyn dәleldeydi.

Shynghyshannyng danqty joly altyn qamshy tauyp alghan anyzymen baylanystyrylady. Attilany europalyqtar «Tәnirding qamshysy» dep ataghan, búl úghymnyng ruhany jәne sayasy mәnin kýsheyte týsedi. Týrki mәdeniyetinde qamshyny tórge ilu, kelinning betin ashu, er balagha ústatu siyaqty dәstýrler qamshyny erekshe qasiyetti múra retinde dәripteydi.

Qamshy tek qúral emes, últ ruhynyng simvoly. Ol erlik pen órlikti beyneleydi. Qazirgi úrpaqtyng tarihy jadyn janghyrtyp, ruhyn oyatuda qamshynyng mәnin týsinu manyzdy. Búl últtyq bolmys pen dәstýrdi saqtaudyng kepili bolmaq.

HV-HVlll ghasyr kezeni

Qazaq túrmysynda qamshy mal sharuashylyghymen tyghyz baylanysty bolghandyqtan, onyng túrmystyq róli arta týsti. Sonymen qatar, qamshy ruaralyq biylikke, sot sheshimderine yqpal etetin qúral retinde qoldanyldy.
Qazaq túrmysynda qamshy mal sharuashylyghymen ghana emes, biylik pen sot ýkimderin oryndauda da manyzdy ról atqardy. Mysaly, Tóle bi, Qazybek bi, Áyteke by biylik aitqanda qamshyny әdildikting belgisi retinde ústap, sheshimin nyqtap otyrghan. Tóle by daulasushylargha qamshysyn úsynu arqyly tatulasugha shaqyrsa, Qazybek by qamshy arqyly ant bergizip, әdilettilikke ýndegen. Áyteke by sot ýkimin jariyalaghan kezde qamshyny tórde ilip, ony biylikting bedeli retinde kórsetken.

Kenestik kezen

(1920-1990 jj.)

Qamshy – qazaq halqynyng bolmysy men ruhynyng tereng simvoly. Ol tek túrmystyq qúral ghana emes, erkindik pen ór ruhtyn, eldik pen birlikting kórinisi edi. Kenes dәuirinde qazaqtyng qolyndaghy qamshysyn tartyp alyp, ony tek túrmystyq qajettilikke telu – últtyng ruhany tiregin әlsiretuge baghyttalghan tereng sayasattyng bir bóligi boldy.

Qamshyny qoldanudan shekteu – qazaqty erkindiginen aiyru, tarihy jady men últtyq bolmysynan ajyratu әreketi edi. Óitkeni qamshy tek mal aidaytyn qúral ghana emes, kóshpendiler ýshin biylik pen әdilettin, ór ruh pen últ bedelining simvoly boldy. Kenes ókimeti búl qúraldyng qazaqtyng ruhyna tiygizer yqpalyn jaqsy týsinip, ony qoldanudy shekteu arqyly últtyq sananyng әlsireuin kózdedi.

Degenmen, qamshynyng etnografiyalyq múra retinde saqtalyp, foliklorda oryn aluy – últtyng tarihy jadyn qorghau men ruhany qúndylyqtardy úrpaqtan úrpaqqa jetkizu jolyndaghy tabandylyghynyng belgisi. Qamshyny qayta dәripteu – últ ruhyn janghyrtudyn, bolmysty qayta bekituding aiqyn kórinisi bolyp tabylady.

Qazirgi kezen

(1991 jyldan býginge deyin)

Tәuelsizdik alghannan keyin qamshy últtyq múra retinde qayta baghalandy. Qamshy jasaushylyq óner jandanyp, ol qazaqtyng últtyq simvoldarynyng birine ainaldy. Qazirgi tanda qamshy mәdeny jәne ruhany qúndylyq retinde etnografiyalyq kórmelerde, últtyq merekelerde kórinis tabady.

1. Qamshy qúrlymy

Qamshy – últtyq qolónerding ghajayyp tuyndysy. Onyng jasaluyna, óriluine, sәndeluine baylanysty 72-den astam týri bar. Býldirgesi, saby, alaqany, órimi – barlyghy birigip, tórteuding týgeldigin bildiredi.

• Býldirgesi – aiyrylmaudyn,
• Saby – tura joldyn, úzyr ghúmyrdyn,
• Alaqany – kendiktin,
• Órimi – birliktin,
• Úshyndaghy shashaghy órim-bútaqtyng simvoly.

Qamshynyng jasalu tehnikasy men ólshemi túraqty últtyq dәstýrge baghynady. Ol tek túrmystyq zat emes, sheberlik pen ruhany baylyqtyng kórinisi.

2. Qamshy qúrlymynyng 36 ataulary

1. Órimi – Qamshynyng negizgi bóligi, qayystan órilgen taspalary.
2. Saby – Qamshynyng qolgha ústaytyn tútqasy.
3. Basy – Qamshynyng úshyndaghy soqqy beretin bólik.
4. Dými – Qamshy sabynyng eng týp jaghy.
5. Alaqany – Sabynyng jalpaq, alaqangha sәikes keletin bóligi.
6. Býldirgesi – Qamshyny beldikke nemese er-toqymgha ilip qoyatyn bauy.
7. Oramy – Qamshy órimining ainalmaly, qabattalghan bóligi.
8. Kejegesi – Sabyna bekitilgen qosymsha qayys ne sәndik bólikter.
9. Shejemeyi – Qamshy órimining sәndik jalghasqan bóligi.
10. Aydary – Qamshynyng úshyndaghy sәndi, bezendirilgen bólik.
11. Moynaghy – Sabyn órimmen qosatyn, baylanys ornatatyn bóligi.
12. Býrkenshigi – Qamshy sabynyng bas jaghyndaghy oramalday jauyp túratyn bóligi.
13. Bunaghy – Órimning әrtýrli bólikterin aiqyndap túratyn jiyntyq bólshekteri.
14. Bauyry – Qamshy órimining astynghy, tegis jaghy.
15. Baurlaghy – Qamshy órimining jiyegindegi sәndik taspalar.
16. Shashaghy – Qamshynyng sәndik shashaqtary, kóbine úshyna bekitiledi.
17. Ózegi – Órimning ortasyndaghy negizgi taspa.
18. Týiini – Qamshy órimin ayaqtaytyn, týiindelgen bólik.
19. Shyghyrshyghy – Qamshy sabyna sәndik ýshin bekitiletin saqina tәrizdi bólik.
20. Topshysy – Qamshynyng órimi men saby arasyndaghy qalyndau bóligi.
21. Týinegi – Sabyna týiilip, myqty baylanystyrylghan bólik.
22. Bilezigi – Sabyn bezendiretin, sәndik taspa nemese qayys.
23. Beldigi – Qamshyny belge iluge arnalghan qayys nemese beldik.
24. Arqalyghy – Qamshy sabynyng negizgi tirek bóligi.
25. Býrshigi – Sabynda ornalasqan sәndik, kishkentay dónester.
26. Shegeligi – Sabyna nemese órimine shegemen bekitilgen bóligi.
27. Kózdigi – Qamshynyng sәndik kóz tәrizdi elementi.
28. Qapshyghy – Qamshyny saqtau nemese qaptau ýshin jasalatyn jabyndy bólik.
29. Qarny – Sabyndaghy oiylghan, kólemdi bóligi.
30. Qarymy – Qamshynyng qayyrylatyn, iykemdi bóligi.
31. Beljiyegi – Sabyndaghy sәndik jiyek.
32. Jetesi – Sabyna bekitilgen týp jaghy.
33. Alqymy – Sabymen órimning týiisken jeri.
34. Ýshi – Qamshynyng eng songhy, úshyndaghy bóligi.
35. Bórtesi – Órimning sәndik ýshin kóterilgen bederli bóligi.
36. Shontylyghy – Qamshynyng erekshe týiindelgen nemese myqtylau bekitilgen bóligi.

Búl bólikterding әrqaysysy qamshynyng qúrylymdyq jәne sәndik ereksheligin arttyryp, onyng qyzmetin aiqyndaydy.

Qamshynyng 101 týri

1. Materialyna baylanysty qamshylar

1. Aq qamshy – Aq týsti teriden jasalyp, sәndik maqsatta qoldanylghan.
2. Qara qamshy – Qara maldyng terisinen jasalatyn tózimdi qamshy.
3. Sary qamshy – Sary týsti bylgharydan órilip jasalghan erekshe qamshy.
4. Bylghary qamshy – Kóbinese bylgharydan jasalghan berik qamshy.
5. Shasha qamshy – Úshy shashaqtalghan, kórkemdelgen sәndik qamshy.
6. Altyn sapty qamshy – Saptyghy altynmen bezendirilgen mәrtebelik qamshy.
7. Kýmis sapty qamshy – Kýmis jalatylghan, kóbine syilyq retinde beriletin qamshy.
8. Qarmaqty qamshy – Úshynda qarmaq ilgegi bar, arnayy jasalghan qamshy.
9. Teri qamshy – Júmsaq óndelgen teriden jasalatyn qamshy.
10. Shúbar qamshy – Ártýrli týsti terilerden órilgen kórkem qamshy.

2. Órimine baylanysty qamshylar

11. Bes órimdi qamshy – Bes taspadan órilip, jenil әri ynghayly jasalghan.
12. Jeti órimdi qamshy – Jeti taspadan órilip, kýrdeli әri erekshe jasalghan.
13. Toghyz órimdi qamshy – Óte tyghyz jәne tózimdi etip órilgen qamshy.
14. On eki órimdi qamshy – Sheberlerding jasaghan erekshe ýlgisi.
15. Syrghaly qamshy – Úshynda syrghalar nemese salpynshaqtar bekitilgen.
16. Sharshy órimdi qamshy – Tórt qyrly sharshy tәrizdi órilip jasalghan qamshy.
17. Týiin órimdi qamshy – Ár óriminde týiinder qosylghan erekshe órilgen qamshy.
18. Sauytty qamshy – Qatty bylgharydan sauyt siyaqty órilgen qamshy.
19. Búrymdy qamshy – Úshy búrym tәrizdi órilgen sәndik qamshy.
20. Qos órimdi qamshy – Qos taspadan órilgen, qarapayym qamshy.

3. Úzyndyghyna baylanysty qamshylar

21. Úzyn qamshy – Úzyndyghy 2-3 metrge jetetin, at aidaugha arnalghan qamshy.
22. Qysqa qamshy – 50-70 sm aralyghyndaghy yqsham qamshy.
23. Qúlash qamshy – Bir qúlash nemese odan da úzyn, әdette mal aidaugha arnalghan qamshy.
24. Sholaq qamshy – Qysqa әri jenil qamshy týri.
25. Iyqty qamshy – Úzyn sapty, iyqqa laqtyrugha ynghayly qamshy.
26. Bilek qamshy – Qolgha ynghayly әri yqsham qamshy.
27. Bel qamshy – Belde alyp jýretin shaghyn qamshy.
28. Jeldim qamshy – Jinishke, úzyn әri iyilgish qamshy.
29. Qosúzyn qamshy – Eki úzyn taspadan órilgen erekshe qamshy.
30. Qysqa órimdi qamshy – Qysqa órimmen jasalatyn yqsham qamshy.

4. Qoldanyluyna baylanysty qamshylar

31. Mal aidaghysh qamshy – Mal baghugha arnalghan berik әri úzyn qamshy.
32. Sәndik qamshy – Sal-seri nemese syy retinde qoldanylatyn әshekeyli qamshy.
33. Jazalaushy qamshy – Jaza nemese tәrtip ornatu ýshin qoldanylghan qamshy.
34. Dauly qamshy – Biylerding dauly mәselelerdi sheshude qoldanghan nyshany.
35. Kólik qamshy – Arba nemese ógiz aidaugha arnalghan úzyn qamshy.
36. Bala qamshy – Balalargha arnalghan yqsham әri jenil qamshy.
37. Qol qamshy – Qolgha ústap jýruge arnalghan shaghyn qamshy.
38. Jorgha qamshy – Jorgha minip jýrgender paydalanatyn sәndi qamshy.
39. Toy qamshy – Toylarda syilyq nemese kórinis ýshin qoldanylatyn qamshy.
40. Jylqy qamshy – Jylqyny baptaugha arnalghan arnayy qamshy.

5. Áleumettik mәrtebege baylanysty qamshylar

41. Han qamshysy – Handardyng biylik belgisi retinde qoldanghan sәndi qamshy.
42. By qamshysy – Sot sheshimin shygharuda qoldanylghan erekshe qamshy.
43. Batyr qamshysy – Batyrlardyng mәrtebelik simvoly.
44. Molda qamshysy – Diny qyzmetkerler ústaghan qasiyetti qamshy.
45. Sal-seri qamshysy – Sal-serilerding sәn-saltanatyn aiqyndaytyn qamshy.
46. Ákim qamshysy – Ru basshylarynyng simvoly bolghan qamshy.
47. Kóshbasshy qamshysy – Qoghamdaghy bedeldi túlghalargha arnalghan qamshy.
48. Ata qamshysy – Jasy ýlken adamdargha arnalghan qúrmetti qamshy.
49. Súltan qamshysy – Biyleushilerding mәrtebe belgisi retinde qoldanghan.
50. Baqsy qamshysy – Baqsylardyng joralghylarda paydalanatyn erekshe qamshysy.

6. Áshekeyi men órnegine baylanysty qamshylar

51. Órnekti qamshy – Áshekeyli órnektermen bezendirilgen qamshy.
52. Kózdi qamshy – Óriminde kóz tәrizdi órnek salynghan.
53. Ayshyqty qamshy – Ásemdikke erekshe mәn berilgen bederli qamshy.
54. Syrghaly qamshy – Úshynda salpynshaq nemese syrghalary bar qamshy.
55. Shashaqty qamshy – Shetine shashaqtar bekitilgen kórkem qamshy.
56. Shynjyrly qamshy – Úshyna shynjyr bekitilgen auyr qamshy.
57. Kýmis órimdi qamshy – Órimine kýmis symdar qosylyp órilgen qamshy.
58. Altyn órimdi qamshy – Órimine altyn symdar qosylghan sәndi qamshy.
59. Jeti týsti qamshy – Ártýrli týsti taspalardan órilgen kórkem qamshy.
60. Shúbar órimdi qamshy – Órimi shúbarlanyp, әsemdelgen erekshe qamshy.

7. Qorghanys jәne úrys ýshin paydalanatyn qamshylar

61. Dýr qamshy – Jazalaugha arnalghan auyr qamshy.
62. Úry qamshy – Úrys kezinde qaru retinde qoldanylghan qamshy.
63. Shynghyrtpa qamshy – Úru kezinde qatty dybys shygharatyn qamshy.
64. Jylan qamshy – Úzyn, iyilgish, jylan tәrizdi qamshy.
65. Soyylbas qamshy – Úshyna soyyl bekitilgen auyr qamshy.
66. Qúrysh qamshy – Metall qosylyp jasalghan berik qamshy.
67. Soyyl qamshy – Qarugha úqsas auyr qamshy.
68. Shappa qamshy – Úrysqa ynghayly etip jasalghan qamshy.
69. Qaruly qamshy – Úshyna metall bekitilgen auyr qamshy.
70. Qarmau qamshy – Úshynda ilmek ornatylghan erekshe qamshy.

8. Erekshe jәne aimaqtyq qamshylar

71. Sheter qamshy – Jenil әri iyilgish qamshy.
72. Kerbez qamshy – Áyelderge arnalghan sәndik qamshy.
73. Shatyr qamshy – Kiyiz ýiding sәni ýshin jasalghan qamshy.
74. Qútty qamshy – Qasiyetti dep sanalatyn qamshy.
75. Dulyghaly qamshy – Sapy dulyghagha úqsas bezendirilgen sәndi qamshy.
76. Shanyraq qamshy – Shanyraqta ilinetin, kiyiz ýiding simvoly retinde qoldanylatyn qamshy.
77. Salt qamshy – Er-túrmanmen birge jýretin, salt mingende qoldanylatyn qamshy.
78. Nauryz qamshy – Nauryz merekesinde syilyq retinde jasalatyn erekshe qamshy.
78. Tay qamshy – Taygha nemese qúnangha arnalghan shaghyn qamshy.
80. Baqtashylyq qamshy – Malshynyng kýndelikti túrmysta paydalanatyn qamshysy.

9. Maqsaty men erekshe pishinine baylanysty qamshylar

81. Qazmoyyn qamshy – Saby iyilgen, qazdyng moynyna úqsaytyn qamshy.
82. Taspa qamshy – Taspadan órilgen jenil әri sәndik qamshy.
83. Aybat qamshy – Saltanatqa nemese biyik mәrtebeni kórsetu ýshin qoldanylghan qamshy.
84. Sәukele qamshy – Úshy sәukelening pishininde bezendirilgen әdemi qamshy.
85. Qarauyl qamshy – Qarauyl nemese kýzet qyzmetinde qoldanylghan qamshy.
86. Atbegilik qamshy – At baptauda, ýiretude paydalanylghan qamshy.
87. Shyrmauyq qamshy – Shyrmauyq órimge úqsas, erekshe órilgen qamshy.
88. Sarbaz qamshy – Sarbazdardyng úrysta nemese sapta qoldanghan qaru qamshysy.
89. Qarghybau qamshy – It ýiretude paydalanylghan shaghyn qamshy.
90. Kerege qamshy – Kiyiz ýiding keregesine bekitilip túratyn shaghyn sәndik qamshy.

10. Erekshe ataulary men kiyeli qamshylar

91. Túrmystyq qamshy – Kýndelikti ómirde qoldanylghan qarapayym qamshy.
92. Sheshen qamshy – Sheshender men biylerding qolynan týspeytin mәrtebeli qamshy.
93. Qasiyetti qamshy – Bata berude nemese salttyq rәsimderde qoldanylghan qamshy.
94. Qarsy qamshy – Qarsylasudy bildiretin nyshandyq qamshy.
95. Kiyeli qamshy – Joralghylarda qoldanylghan, kiyeli sanalghan qamshy.
96. Ústaz qamshy – Ústazdar men tәlimgerler paydalanghan tәrbie qúraly.
97. Besqúlaq qamshy – Bes salpynshaq nemese sәndik elementi bar qamshy.
98. Sәttilik qamshy – Joryqqa nemese jolgha shyqqanda qoldanylghan qamshy.
99. Tóre qamshy – Tórelerding mәrtebesin bildiretin sәndi qamshy.
100. Qútqarushy qamshy – Qauipten nemese qiyn jaghdaydan qútylugha arnalghan simvolikalyq qamshy.
101. Múrager qamshy – Múra retinde atadan balagha beriletin erekshe qamshy.

Qazaq qamshysynyng 55 týrli órim ataulary

Órim ónerining simvolikalyq mәni

Qamshynyng órimi – qazaq sheberlerining keremet óneri. Ár órimning ózining simvolikasy men tereng maghynasy bar:

• Alty taspaly órim – alty alashtyng birligining simvoly.
• Ýsh taspaly órim – ata- ana jәne balanyng otbasy, óz júrty. naghash júrty, qayyn júrtynyng birlik birligi.
• Tórt taspaly órim – tórtteu týgeldin, tórt qara kózding belgisi.
• Bes taspaly órim – berik senimning belgisi.
• Jeti taspaly órim – jeti ata, jeti júrttyng belgisi.
• Segiz taspaly órim – baylyq pen molshylyqtyng belgisi.
• Toghyz órim – halyqtyng kiyeli sany, birlik pen tútastyqty bildiredi.
• On taspaly órim - kóp úrpaqty boludyng nyshany.
• On eki taspaly órim – jyldyng on eki aida aman jýrudi beyneleydi.

Sheberler órim jasauda әr taspanyng qiilasuyna, birtútastyghyna mәn bergen. Búl qamshynyng tek qúral ghana emes, óner tuyndysy ekenin kórsetedi.

Tómendegi 55 týrli qrimning de osynday ózine tәn simvolikalyq mәni men maghynasy bar:

1. Alty órim – alty taspadan órilgen órim.
2. Jeti órim – jeti taspadan órilgen órim.
3. Segiz órim – segiz taspadan órilgen órim.
4. Toghyz órim – toghyz taspadan órilgen órim.
5. On órim – on taspadan órilgen órim.
6. Bes órim – bes taspadan órilgen órim.
7. Tórt órim – tórt taspadan órilgen órim.
8. Eki órim (qos órim) – eki taspadan órilgen órim.
9. Bir órim – jalghyz taspadan órilgen órim.
10. Qos búrym – eki búrymnyng biriktirilip órilui.
11. Búrama órim – taspalardyng búralyp órilui.
12. Shenber órim – shenber tәrizdi órilgen órim.
13. Kemer órim – altyn nemese kýmis әshekeylengen órim.
14. Jay órim – qarapayym tәsilmen órilgen órim.
15. Qara órim – qara týsti taspadan órilgen órim.
16. Sary órim – sary týsti taspadan órilgen órim.
17. Órmek órim – órmekshining torynday qiylysyp órilgen órim.
18. Taraq órim – taraq pishindi órim.
19. Qalmaq órim – qalmaq әdisimen órilgen erekshe órim.
20. Marjan órim – marjanday tizbektep órgen órim týri.
21. Kýltelengen órim – úshtary kýltelenip órilgen órim.
22. Qos qabat órim – eki qabat taspadan órilgen órim.
23. Túiyq órim – tyghyz әri jabyq әdispen órilgen órim.
24. Aydar órim – aidarsha sәndelip órilgen órim.
25. Taspa órim – jalpaq taspa týrinde órilgen órim.
26. Qosqúlaq órim – qúlaq tәrizdi qos órim.
27. Qúramdy órim – әrtýrli әdisterding ýilesimimen jasalghan órim.
28. Qarakóz órim – qara týsti kóz tәrizdi órim.
29. Shashaq órim – shashaq siyaqty sәndelgen órim.
30. Doyyr órim – qatty jәne myqty órim.
31. Qúm órim – qúndy materialdardan órilgen úsaq órim.
32. Jalpaq órim – jalpaq jәne keng órilgen órim.
33. Jinishke órim – jinishke taspalarmen órilgen órim.
Aynalma órim – ainalyp óriletin әdis.
34. Qayqy órim – qayqy pishindi órim.
35. Qanat órim – qanat tәrizdi órilgen órim.
36. Taramys órim – taramys taspalardan órilgen órim.
37. Bútaq órim – bútaq tәrizdi órilgen órim.
38.Shúbat órim – shúbatylghan әdispen órilgen órim.
39. Tútqaly órim – tútqagha bekitilip órilgen órim.
40. Týkti órim – týkti, ýlpildek órim.
Kýltek órim – kýltelep jasaghan taspadan órilgen órim.
41. Shaqpaq órim – shaqpaq tas tәrizdi órim.
42. Aralaspa órim – әr týrli taspany qosyp órgen sәndi órim.
43. Jym órim – jym pishindi sәndelgen órim.
44. Jyrym órim– jyrymdap órgen órim týri.
45. Bytyra órim – bólek-bólek, sala-sala etip órgen órim týri.
46. Monshaq órim – monshaq tas qosyp órgen órim týri.
47. Tamshy órim – janbyr tamshysy pishindi órgen órim týri.
48. Tayghaq órim – esh búdyrsyz órgen órim týri.
49. Qursyrma órim - qusyryp órgen órim týri.
50. Shәsh órim - әieldering shashyna úqsattyp órgen órim týri.
51. Jolaq órim – әrtýrli týs berip jolaq salyp órgen órim týri.
52. Toq órim – órimin qamshy sabynan juan etip órgen órim týri.
53. Qyz órim – qyz balalargha arnalghan nәzik órim týri.
54. Ýzbe órim – ýzip-ýzip órgen órim týri.
55. Shashpa órim - bir qamshynyng órimin 3 te 4 órim etip órgen órim týri.

Búl tizim dәstýrli órim týrlerin tolyq kórsetip qana qoymay, әrtýrli beyneli ataular men qoldanu erekshelikterin qamtidy.

Qamshy – qazaq halqynyng últtyq bolmysy men mәdeniyetining simvoly, túrmys-tirshiligining ajyramas bóligi jәne ruhany terendigining kórinisi. Qamshynyng 101 týrli atauy men 55 týrli órim atauy qazaq tilining baylyghyn, últtyq dýniyetanym men qolóner sheberligining kemeldigin kórsetedi. Árbir atau men órim – últtyng tarihy men mәdeniyetining ainasy, ata-babadan jetken ruhany múra. Búl ataular úrpaq sabaqtastyghyn saqtaugha, últtyq qúndylyqtardy dәripteuge qyzmet etedi jәne qazaq halqynyng tereng filosofiyalyq jәne mifologiyalyq, psihologiyalyq oi-órisin, ýly qolóner mәdneyetin pash etedi. Qamshy – tek qúral emes, ol últtyng ruhany jәne mәdeny jauhar jәdigeri dep tanu qajet.

Qamshy ústau әdepteri

1. Qamshy ilu әdebi

Qazaq halqynyng dәstýrinde qamshy ilu әdebi tereng mәnge iye. Búl әdet tek túrmystyq zatty ghana emes, adamnyng ómirindegi manyzdy sәtterdi, onyng әleumettik jaghdayyn bildiretin belgi retinde sanalady.
Qamshy ústau – ýlken jauapkershilik pen әdeptilikti talap etedi. Mysaly:

• Qamshynyng saby joghary qaratyp, ong qolgha ústap jýru – elge qúrmet kórsetuding belgisi.
• Ýige kirgende qamshyny ong bosaghagha ilu – tynyshtyq pen tәrtipti saqtau mәnin beredi.
• Qamshyny tónkerip ústau – qorqynysh nemese dau-damaydyng belgisi.
Qazaq ýiinde qamshyny iluding de ózindik tәrtibi bar: ol kiyiz ýiding tórinde, joghary dengeydegi ornynda saqtalady.
• Qamshyny esikten sýiretip kirmeydi, esik jaqa, ne tór aldyna laqtyryp tastamaydy. Olay etu kórgensizdik sanalady. Qamshy ústau әdebine jat qylyq sanalady.

2. Erli-zayyptylardyng qamshy ilu әdebi

Eger bir ýidegi erli-zayyptylar ekeui de tiri bolsa, qamshy eki býktelip, layyqty jerge, kóbinese tórge ilinedi. Búl otbasy tynyshtyghy men ýilesimdilikting belgisi bolyp tabylady. Al eri qaytys bolghan әielder qamshynyng órimin salaqtatyp iledi, búl kelip-ketken qonaqtargha onyng qayghysyn bildiredi. Qonaqtar qamshynyng ilinuine qarap, ýy iyesining qaytys bolghanyn bilip, әielge kónil aityp, baqigha qaytqan adamgha qúran oqyp, dúgha baghyshtaydy.

3. Qamshy arqyly qyzgha sóz salu әdebi

Qazaq jigitteri auylyn aralap qydyra jýrip, ózine únaghan qyzdyng ýiine arnayy baryp týsedi. Qyzdyng ata-anasyna “qydyryp kelgen synay” tanytyp amandasyp, qonaq bolyp attanady. Jigit keterinde bildirmey ong jaq kerege basyna qamshysyn ilip ketedi. Iluli túrghan bóten qamshyny kórgen qyzdyng ata-anasy qamshysyn ilip ketken jigit qyzyn únatyp, qyzyna sóz salyp ketkenin birden angharady. Sosyn qamshysynyng órimi men әshekeyine qarap, ol jigitting әl-auqatyn týsinedi. Eger qamshy әshekeylengen әri baghaly bolsa, jigitting joghary әleumettik jaghdayy men baylyghy bar ekenin bildiredi. Al qarapayym qamshy bolsa, onyng qarapayym, kedey bolghanyn kórsetedi. Eger qyz jigitti onatyp qalsa, qamshyny alyp qalady, qyz jigitti únatpasa, qamshyny kәde syy jasap jaushydan qaytaryp jiberedi. Oghan jigit jaq esh renjimey dúrys qabyldaydy.

4. Qamshy at ýstinde qamshy ústau әdebi

Qazaq halqy atqa mingende qamshyny qolynan tastamaydy. Ádette, qamshynyng býldirgesi bilegine ilip ústalady. Búl er adamnyng kýsh-quatyn, kóshpeli ómir saltyna beyimdelgendigin bildiredi. Jayau jýrgende qamshy eki býktelip, etik qonyshysyna nemese belbeuge salyp alynady. Al at ýstinde qamshyny ústau ynghaysyz bolsa, ony taqymgha qysyp, erding aldynghy jaghyna ilip qoyady.

At ýstinde qamshyny bet aldy shoshandatyp ústamaydy. Bireuge siltemeydi, egerde jol súraghan bireuge baghyt núsqaugha tura kelse, qamshyny eki býktep ong qolyna ústap túryp, jol núsqap kórsetedi. Qamshy órimin salaqtatyp jol kórsetu әdepsizdik sanalady. At ýstinde bireuge qamshy úsynugha tura kelse, qamshynyng sabyn berip úsynady.

5. Ýide qamshy ilu әdebi

Ýide qamshy kóbinese kerege basynyng kógine, uyqtyng qarnyna, syrtqy dódegege nemese ýy beldeuine ilinedi. Búl ýiding ishki mәdeniyetin, onyng әleumettik jaghdayyn bildiredi. Dau-damay kezinde qamshy ýige sýiretilip kirip, tórge nemese bosaghagha qoyylghan son, eki býktelip ong tizening astyna qoyylady.

6. Qamshy arqyly oy men sezim bildiru әdebi

Qazaq halqy keyde ózderining oilaryn nemese sózderin ashyq aita almay, qamshyny qoldanu arqyly bildirgen. Mysaly, «Qamshy saby synsa – qatyn óledi, pyshaq saby synsa – kýieui óledi» degen yrymdar arqyly qayghyly jaghdaydy aiqyn kórsetken. Eger bireuding әielining qaytys bolghanyn aitu qiyn bolsa, qamshynyng sabyn syndyryp kórsetu arqyly búl qayghyly habardy bildirgen.

7. Qamshynyng әleumettik mәni

Qazaqtar basqa bir ýige kirgende kerege basyndaghy iluli túrghan qamshynyng sany men órimine qarap, ýiding mýsheleri turaly mәlimet alghan. Ásirese, qamshynyng órimi men әshekeyine qarap, ýide qansha úl, qansha qyz bala bar ekenin, olardyng qanday ispen ainalysatynyn bilip otyrghan. Mysaly, kýmistelgen qamshy qyz balany, al juan qamshylar úl balany bildiredi. Búl dәstýr «Qamshy tilin bilu» dep atalady, ol qazaq halqynyng qoghamdastyqtaghy birligin, dýniyetanymyn jәne qolónerining terendigin kórsetedi.

Qamshynyng syilyqtyq mәni

Qazaq dәstýrinde qamshy syilau – erekshe qúrmet pen izgilikting belgisi. Qamshy syilau arqyly jaqyn adamdargha batasyn beru, tilek aitu nemese mәrtebesin kórsetu dәstýri qalyptasqan. Mәselen:

• Jas kelinge kýmis sapty qamshy syilau – onyng otbasygha engenin qúrmetteu.
• Atbegilerge berilui – olardy erekshe baghalau belgisi.
• Jastargha qamshy syilau – er azamattyqqa, el qorghaugha tәrbiyeleuding simvoly.

Qamshygha qatysty yrym-tyiymdar

Qamshyny qazaq halqy qasiyetti qúral retinde qarastyryp, oghan baylanysty kóptegen yrymdar men tyiymdar jasaghan:

• Qamshyny attap ótuge bolmaydy – búl jolsyzdyq dep esepteledi.
• Qamshyny týnde dalagha qaldyru – jamanshylyq shaqyrady.
• Qamshy sabyn qiratyp, syndyru – otbasylyq úrys-keristi bildiredi.
Sonymen qatar, qamshyny alys sapargha shyqqanda jyn-shaytannan qorghanu ýshin túmar retinde de qoldanghan.

Qazaqtyng qamshygerlik óneri

Qazaqtyng qamshygerlik óneri — últtyq mәdeniyet pen batyrlyq ruhtyng manyzdy bóligi. Búl óner qamshyny sheberlikpen ústau jәne ony qorghanys pen shabuyl qaruy retinde paydalanu tәsilderin qamtidy. Qamshy tek mal baghu qúraly emes, kóshpeli ómir saltynda abyroydyn, aibattyn, batyrlyqtyng jәne biyliktin, qamgerlikting simvoly bolghan. Qamshygerler halyqtyng qorghaushysy, әdildik jarshysy, ruhany jetekshisi retinde tanylghan.
Qamshygerlik – búl jay ghana óner emes, ol adamnyng jan-jaqty qabiletin, ruhany jәne fizikalyq qasiyetterin ýilestiretin kýrdeli sheberlik.

Qamshygerlik ónerding negizinde mynanday qasiyetter jatyr:

• Tezdik pen jyldamdyq: Qamshygerge qarsylasynyng әr qimylyna jyldam әreket etu ýshin mol tәjiriybe men eptilik qajet.
• Dәldik pen mergendik: Qamshyny dәl soqqygha baghyttau – qamshygerlik sheberlikting basty ereksheligi.
• Eptilik pen batyldyq: Adam әrqashan óz mýmkindikterine senip, kez kelgen sәtte әreket etuge dayyn boluy kerek.
• Adaldyq pen kóregendik: Qamshygerge shynayylyq, әdildik, әri jaghdaydy aldyn ala seze bilu qasiyetteri tәn.
• Aylakerlik pen aqyldylyq: Qarsylasyn aldap, ne ony túzaqqa týsiru, dúrys strategiya qúru ýshin aqyl qajet.
• Ójettilik pen sabyrlyq: Qamshyger әrdayym qaysar minez tanytyp, ashugha berilmey, sabyrlyq saqtaydy.
• Dúrys boljam men esepteu: Qarsylasynyng kelesi qadamyn shamalap, әreketin eseptey bilu – naghyz sheberlikting belgisi.

Qamshygerlik óneri adamnyng jan-jaqty jetiluine yqpal etedi. Ol adamnyng aqyl-oyyn, kýshin, ruhany baylyghyn bir arnagha toghystyrady. Búl óner úrpaqty eptilikke, batyldyqqa, sabyrlyqqa baulyp, kýrdeli sheshimderdi jyldam qabylday biluge ýiretedi. Sondyqtan qamshygerlik – naghyz erlik pen bilimdiliktin, sheberlik pen parasattylyqtyng toghysqan túghyry. Ekining biri qamshyger bola almaydy, óitkeni búl qasiyetterdi boygha darytu úzaq jyldyq tәjiriybeni, tabighy qabiletti jәne erekshe ruhty talap etedi.

Qazaqtyng ataqty qamshygerleri

Qareke qamshyger

• Ómir sýrgen kezeni: XIX ghasyrdyng sony – XX ghasyrdyng basy.
• Ómir sýrgen jeri: Qytaydyng Shynjang ólkesi.
• Ómirbayany men óneri: Qareke Qamshyger qazaqtyng ataqty qamshygeri retinde belgili. Ol Shynjang ónirinde ómir sýrgen jәne qamshygerlik ónerimen óz zamanynyng qaharmany atanghan. Onyng sheberligi men batyldyghy turaly anyz-әngimeler kóp taralghan. Qamshymen jaularyn qorqytyp, qarsylasyn bir soqqymen jenetin әdis-tәsilderi halyq arasynda keninen aitylghan.

Birde Qarekeni jaraghan Bura quyp kelip, jauynynynan alghaly qalghanda, ony qamshymen qaqbasyna bir tartqanda, beyne almas qylyshpen kesip týskendey, Buranyng basyn ekige haq bólip týsiredi. Ol Qarekening eng alghashqy qamshy silteui edi. Sodan bastap, onyng aty elige mәlim bolghan.

Qareke Qamshyger taghy birde jaudyng birneshe qaruly sarbazyn qamshymen-aq jenip, olardyng ýreyin úshyrghan. Onyng qamshysynyng jyldamdyghy sonsha, qarsylasy soqqy qaydan kelgenin týsinbey qalghan desedi.

Qanjyghaly Bógenbay batyr

• Ómir sýrgen kezeni: 1680–1778 jyldar.
• Ómir sýrgen jeri: Qazaq handyghynyng aumaghy.
• Óneri: Jonghar shapqynshylyghyna qarsy kýreste qamshyny sheber qaru retinde qoldanghan. Bógenbaydyng qamshy ústau mәneri men batyrlyghy qazaq elining jauyngerlik ruhyn kótergen.

Bógenbay batyr bir jekpe-jekte qamshysyn tek qorghanys qúraly emes, shabuyl qúraly retinde de qoldanyp, jauyn jengeni turaly anyz bar. Onyng qamshygerlik sheberligine júrtshylyq tәnti bolghan.

Meshel Qamshyger

• Ómir sýrgen kezeni: XIX ghasyr.
• Ómir sýrgen jeri: Qazaqstan aumaghy.
• Óneri: Meshel qamshyger qamshyny óte sheber qoldanuymen aty shyqqan. Onyng qamshymen qarsylasyn birden qúlatatyn әdisteri halyq arasynda anyz bolghan.

Meshel Qamshyger birde eki taypa arasyndaghy dau-damayda qamshymen jaulasqan eki jaqtyng basshylaryn sabasyna týsirip, әdildik ornatqan.

Shaqshaq Jәnibek batyr

• Ómir sýrgen kezeni: 1693–1750 jyldar.
• Ómir sýrgen jeri: Torghay óniri.
• Óneri: Jәnibek batyr qamshygerligimen tanymal. Ol qamshyny tek qaru emes, biylikting belgisi retinde de qoldanghan. Onyng qamshy ústaghan beynesi halyq jadynda erekshe qalghan.

Jәngir han

• Ómir sýrgen kezeni: 1801–1845 jyldar.
• Ómir sýrgen jeri: Bókey Ordasy.
• Óneri: Jәngir han qamshygerlik ónerdi biylikte de, jaugershilik zamanda da paydalana bilgen. Ol qamshymen elding tәrtibin saqtap, әdildigin kórsetken túlgha.

Mashhýr Jýsip Kópeev qamshyger

Mashhýr Jýsip Kópeev (1858–1931) — qazaqtyng belgili aqyny, ghalymy, foliklorshysy әri filosofy. Onyng esimi ruhany múrasymen, tarihi-etnografiyalyq zertteulerimen keng tanymal. Ol tek oishyl, aghartushy ghana emes, dәstýrli qazaq ómirining kóptegen qyrlaryn mengergen túlgha bolghan. Onyng qamshygha qatysty oilary men qamshyny qoldanu әdebi turaly derekteri últtyq mәdeniyetke tereng boylaghan.

Mashhýr Jýsip jәne qamshy

Mashhýr Jýsip qamshynyng tek túrmystyq qúral emes, qazaqtyng ruhaniy-mәdeny ómirining simvoly ekenin jaqsy bilgen. Onyng jazbalarynda qamshy turaly etnografiyalyq mәlimetter kezdesedi. Ol qamshynyng әleumettik róli, últtyq bolmysqa әseri turaly tereng oy qozghaghan.

Qamshygerlik qasiyeti

Mashhýr Jýsip tikeley qamshyger retinde tanylmasa da, onyng qamshy ústau әdebi men osy ónerge qatysty zertteuleri halyq arasynda joghary baghalanghan. Onyng jazbalarynda qamshynyng er adamnyng aibary, batyrlyqtyng nyshany, el biyleuding simvoly retindegi róli erekshe sipattalghan.

Qamshygha qatysty oilary

• Qamshyny kez kelgen jerde qalay bolsa solay ústau qazaqy әdepke jatpaydy.
• Qamshy tek qajettilikte ghana qoldanylady, ony abyroy men mәrtebening belgisi retinde de qarastyru kerek.
• Ýige kirgende qamshyny qúrmetpen bosaghagha nemese arnayy oryngha qoy kerek.
• Mashhýr Jýsipting qamshy jayly jazbalary qazaq halqynyng túrmysy men salt-dәstýrin zertteude ýlken ról atqardy. Onyng qamshyny tek qúral retinde emes, ruhany mәdeniyetting bir bóligi retinde qarastyruy qazaq mәdeniyetining baylyghyn kórsetedi.

Qamshygerlerding mәdeniyettegi orny

• Qamshygerler tek jauynger ghana emes, kóshpeli mәdeniyetting kórnekti túlghalary boldy. Olar qamshyny paydalanu arqyly jauyngerlik ruhty saqtap qana qoymay, halyq arasynda tәrtip ornatu, әdildikti qorghau, últtyq bolmysty kórsetu qyzmetin de atqardy.
• Qazaqtyng qamshygerleri últtyq ruhtyn, batyrlyqtyng jәne әdildikting simvoly boldy. Qamshygerlik óner úrpaqtan-úrpaqqa jalghasyp, halqymyzdyng ruhany qazynasyna ainaldy. Qareke, Meshel syndy qamshygerler qazaq halqynyng qaharmandyq ruhynyng beynesi retinde tarihta qaldy.

Qamshynyng zamanauy qoldanysy

Qazirgi kezde qamshy últtyq múra retinde saqtalyp, mәdeny sharalarda, etnografiyalyq kórmelerde keninen kórsetiledi. Qazaq qolónershileri ony túrmystyq jәne sәndik búiym retinde qayta janghyrtyp, qazaq halqynyng últtyq simvoldyq mәni bar qúral retinde ghana dәriptep jýr. Ary ketse onyng jasaluy, qoldanyluy, әdepteri men simvoldyq mәnderin, bayyrghy bolmysy men ómir filosofiyasyn ghana tanytady. Menshe búl jetpeydi.

Búl ata-babadan qalghan asyl múra keler úrpaqqa amanat bolyp, últtyq mәdeniyetting altyn qazyghy retinde mәngi saqtaluy tiyis. Ol ghana emes. Qamshyny últtyq brendke ainaldyru jәne halyqaralyq sport retinde damytumyz kerek.

Qamshy – qazaq halqynyng ruhany jәne túrmystyq mәdeniyetining erekshe simvoly. Búl múra tek etnografiyalyq jәdiger ghana emes, adamnyng fizikalyq, psihologiyalyq, jәne ruhany damuyna yqpal etetin әmbebap qúral retinde baghalanady. Qamshyny zamanauy qoghamda últtyq brend retinde qayta janghyrtyp, halyqaralyq sport dengeyine kóteruding manyzy óte zor bolmaq.

Qamshy — jetilgen sport qúraly

Densaulyqqa paydasy

1. Kózding kóru qabiletin jaqsartady. Qamshyny dәldikpen paydalanu kózding nysanany tanuy men nazardy shoghyrlandyruy jaqsarady.
2. Qol men iyqtyng búlshyqetterin damytady. Qamshyny tiyimdi sermeu arqyly qol, iyq jәne keude búlshyqetteri jaqsy jetiledi jәne shynyghady.
3. Býkil dene qozghalystaryn bir retke keltirip, Koordinasiyany jaqsartady. Qamshygerlik óner býkil dene qozghalystaryn, kózding ótkirligin, qol jәne ayaqtyng ýilesimdi júmysyn tez әri ýilesimdi әreket jasaudy talap etedi.
4. Estu qabiletin jetildiredi. Qamshynyng dybysyna nazar audaru estu qabiletin jaqsartyp, shapshang әreket etuge daghdylandyrady.

Ruhani-emosionaldyq әseri

1. Ruhty kóteredi. Qamshy qazaqtyng batyrlyq pen tektilikting belgisi bolghandyqtan, ony qoldanu túlghanyng ruhany quatyn arttyrady.
2. Batyrlyqqa baulidy. Qamshyny mengeru arqyly adamnyng erik-jigeri kýsheyip, batyldyq qasiyetteri qalyptasady.
3. Sabyr men tәrtipke ýiretedi. Qamshygerlik óner sheberlikti, shydamdylyqty jәne ózin-ózi baqylaudy talap etedi.
4. Midy damyttady. Qamshyny qoldanu kezinde shapshandyq pen dәldikti qajet etetin jattyghular adamnyng kognitivtik qabiletterin jetildiredi. Búl reaksiya jyldamdyghyn, sheshim qabyldau qabiletin jәne nazardy shoghyrlandyrudy damytady.

Qamshyny halyqaralyq sport retinde damytu joldary

1. Qamshygerlik jarystardyng erejesin әzirleumiz kerek.

• Jarys týrleri: dәldikpen nysana kózdeu, uaqytqa qamshy sermeu, sheberlik kórsetu.
• Qatysushylardyng sheberlik dengeyine sәikes jarys sanattaryn engizu.

2. Últtyq sport oiyndarymen biriktiru:

Qamshyny at bәigesi, qyz quu, kókpar, sadaq atu, jamby atu siyaqty dәstýrli oiyndargha qosu arqyly jarystyng tartymdylyghyn arttyru.

3. Qamshyny sәndik jәne túrmystyq qúral retinde eksporttaumen birge qamshygerlik jarystardy jahandyq sport týrine ainaldyru arqyly әlemdik auditoriyagha tanytu býgingi bizding últ jauharyn qúrmetteu sezimimizdi arttyra týsedi.

Qamshy – qazaq brendke ainaldyru arqyly әlemge qazaq mәdeniyetin tanytyp, qamshygerlik jarystardy halyqaralyq sport týri retinde damytugha zor mýmkindik bar. Búl tek últtyq bolmysty saqtau ghana emes, densaulyqty nyghaytu, ruhty shyndau jәne qazaqtyng bay dәstýrin jahandyq dengeyde dәripteuding manyzdy qadamy bolmaq.

Quanysh Bilәlúly Qamshynyng ruhany múrasyn janghyrtushy

«Qamshy portalynyn» jetekshisi Quanysh Bilәlúly – qazaqtyng últtyq múrasy men salt-dәstýrin janghyrtu jolynda eleuli enbek etip jýrgen túlgha. Ol bala qamshydan altyn qamshygha deyin qamshynyng onnan astam týrin jasap, últtyq qúndylyqtardy qazirgi zamangha say qayta týletude. Sonymen qatar, zamanauy ýlgidegi qamshy dizaynyn úsyna otyryp, ata-babadan qalghan asyl múrany jas buynnyng sanasyna siniruge erekshe kýsh saluda.
Quanysh Bilәlúly qamshyny tek túrmystyq zat retinde ghana emes, ruhany simvol retinde de qarastyrady. Onyng balalar baqshalaryna arnalghan «Qamshy» jәne «Dýr qamshy» atty әn mәtinderin shygharyp, jas úrpaqtyng ruhany dýniyesine últtyq tәrbie dәnin egip jýrgeni – osynyng aiqyn kórinisi.
Qamshynyng qazaq ómirindegi tereng mәnin úghyndyra otyryp, Quanysh Bilәlúly últtyq múrany janasha qyrynan tanytugha bar kýshin júmsap keledi. Onyng enbegi – tek shygharmashylyq emes, ruhany janghyru jolyndaghy ýlken ýles.

Bolat Bopayúly

Abai.kz