Býkil әlem ómiri týrli jan iyelerining jetilip, belgili bir maqsatqa jetuine arnalghan. Qasiyetti Qúranda «Týbinde barlyghy Maghan qaytady»  [Qúran, 21-93] degen ayat bar. Hakim Abaydyng da «Jәne Oghan (Týp IYege) qaytpaqsyn, ony oilamay, Ózge maqsat aqylgha tola ma eken?» degen ghibratty sózi bar. Barlyq jan iyelerin qamtityn býkil Bolmys ómirining týpki maqsaty osynday.

Abay ózining otyz segizinshi sózinde jer betindegi basqa jan iyelerining arasynda Týp IYege qaytugha tek qana adam balasynyng mýmkindigi baryn týsindiredi. Sebebi, oghan basqa jan iyelerinen bólek erekshe aqyl berilgen. Ózine berilgen erekshe aqylymen ómirding osy týpki maqsatyna jetu jolyna týskende ghana adam balasy ózining negizgi adamdyq boryshyn tolyq oryndap, jetiluding shynyna jetedi. Búl joldy Abay kórsetken «tolyq adam» joly desek artyq bolmaydy.

Adamnyng jetilu joly senimnen bastalady. Adam әlem kórinisterin bilip, tanyghannan keyin, olardyng bir Jaratushysy baryn sezinip, senimi jetilip tolyq iman dәrejesine kóteriledi.

Abay iliminde tolyq adam joly «jarym adam», «adam» jәne «tolyq adam» dep ýsh satygha bólinetini belgili. Búlar belgili bir kategoriyalar, yaghny bir-birinen bólek naqty týsinikteri men sipattary bar. Adamdardyng ruhany dәrejesin, qoghamdaghy alatyn ornyn naqty aiyryp bilu ýshin búl satylardy jaqsy bilu kerek.

«Jarym adam» satysy. Qúrsaq qamymen jýrgen, ómirding zattyq bóligine ghana qúnyqqandardy Abay jarym adam, al olardy tәrbiyelep, oqytatyndardy jarym molla dese, olardyng ózderining ruhany dengeyin jarym músylman dep ataydy. Búlardyng Alla taghalagha degen senimi óte tómen, tipti «joq» deuge bolady. Jarym músylman – ózin músylman dep atap, biraq músylmandyq qaghidalardy oryndamaydy. Kerek bolsa ol Alla Taghalagha qúlshylyq jasau emes, kerisinshe, ózining ómirine keregin súrap, Ony ózining qyzmetshisi qylyp alghysy keledi. Olardyng ústazdary da ózderine sәikes jarym molla, yaghny múnafiq (ishi kәpir, syrty ghana músylman) bolyp keledi. Jarym adamdar imandylyqty úmytyp, qoghamnyng moralidyq-etikalyq normalaryn elemey, tәn qúmaryna tolyq beriledi.

Ómir tolqynyna berilgen múnday beysharalardy Abay «Boyy búlghan, sózi jylman, kimdi kórsem men sonan, betti bastym, qatty sastym, túra qashtym jalma-jan» dep sipattap, ne bolmasa «Aqyl da joq, my da joq. Daladaghy andarsyn» dep anmen teneydi. Ózining shygharmalarynda «jarym adam» sipaty turaly Abay jetkilikti jazyp, tolyq sipatyn bergen.

«Adam» satysy. Búl saty imannan bastalady. Imandy adam kinәrәtti isterden aulaq bolugha úmtylady. Adam men jarym adamnyng negizgi aiymashylyghy osynda jatyr: birinshisi kýnәli isterden qorqyp, olardan aulaq bolyp, jetilu jolyna úmtylsa, al ekinshisi olardan qoryqpay, kýnәli ister jasap, ómir aghymyna berilip, qúldyray beredi. Biraq, «Adam» satysyndaghylar tәn qúmarynan әli shygha almay jýrgender. Olar birde ómirding jarqylyna quanyp, birde qasyretinen zardap shegedi.

Abaydyng negizgi aghartushylyq enbekteri osy satydaghylargha arnalady.   Ol «Pendege iman ózi ashady jol» dep adamdy imandylyqqa shaqyrady. Imandylyqty qabyldaghan adam jetiluding tura jolyna týsip, jetistikke jetedi. Múnday adamnyng qasiyetin  Abay «Ýsh-aq nәrse adamnyng qasiyeti: ystyq qayrat, núrly aqyl, jyly jýrek» dep beredi. Sebebi, búl qasiyetter ruhany bolmystan shyghady: qayrat tәn qayraty emes, jan qayraty, sondyqtan ol ystyq; aqyl midan shyghatyn suyq emes, jýrekten shyghatyn ruhani, sondyqtan ol núrly; jýrek denege qan jýgirtip, ony basqaratyn suyq emes, ol kózi ashylyp, Haqtyng sәulesi týsken, sondyqtan jyly jýrek.  Búl qasiyetter úlghaya kele adamdy «tolyq adam» dengeyine kóteredi.

Abay «Ózing ýshin enbek qylsan, ózi ýshin ottaghan hayuannyng biri bolasyn; adamdyqtyng qaryzy ýshin enbek qylsan, Allanyng sýigen qúlynyng biri bolasyn» dep adamdyqtyng belgisi ózing ýshin emes, eng әueli basqalardyng qamy ýshin enbek etu ekenin týsindiredi. Ol әrkimdi adam satysyna kóteru ýshin qogham ómirin qamtityn, moralidyq-etikalyq normalargha arnalghan kóptegen ghibratty sózderdi qaldyrghan. «Bes nәrseden qashyq bol, Bes nәrsege asyq bol, Adam bolam deseniz» dey kelip, olardyng ne ekenin týsindiredi.

Adam satysynyng joghary dengeyin Abay «Teginde, adam balasy adam balasynan aqyl, ghylym, ar, minez, degen nәrselermen ozbaq» dep beredi.

Tolyq adam satysy. Búl satydaghylardyng sipatyn Abay «Qúday taghalanyng joly degen jol Alla taghalanyng Ózindey nihayatsyz (sheksiz, ólsheusiz) bolady. Onyng nihayatyna eshkim jetpeydi. Biraq sol jolgha jýrudi ózine shart qylyp kim qadam basty, ol taza músylman, tolyq adam delinedi»  dep beredi.  Búl sózder  «tolyq adam» boludyng sharty, yaghny erejesi bolyp tabylady. «Adam» men «tolyq adamdy»  ajyrata bilu ýshin búl shartty esten shygharmau kerek. «Tolyq adam» bolu ýshin Alla taghalanyng sheksiz jolyna shart qylyp qadam basu kerek eken. «Biraq búl jol – bek shetin, bek nәzik jol» dep Abay búl joldyng kópshilikting qoly emes ekenin eskertedi. Sebebi, múnday jolgha týsu ýshin fәny jalghan ómirden bas tartyp, mәngilikti baqy әlemge tolyq bet búru  kerek. Búl jol --kópshilikting qolynan kelmeytin sopylyq jol.

«Adam» men «tolyq adamnyn» aiyrmashylyghy olardyng iman dengeyimen anyqtalady. «Adamnyn» imany әli tolyq emes, sondyqtan, ol nәpsi yqpalynan shygha almaydy, al «Tolyq adamnyn» imany kәmil, sondyqtan  ol nәpsimen kýrese bilip, jetilu barysynda búl zattyq әlemning yqpalynan tolyq shygha alady. «Adamnyn» maqsaty ómirding baqyty bolsa, al «Tolyq adamnyn» maqsaty -- Alla taghalanyng mahabbatyna bólenu. Týp IYege qaytu degenimiz osy. Búl tolyq adam jolynyng shyny bolyp tabylady.

«Tolyq adamnyn» alghashqy dengeyi «kәmil músylman». Ol endi dýnie qyzyghyna alandamay, ruhany jolgha tolyq týsip, ruhany bilimge úmtylady. Osylay sharighatty basa kónil bólip zerttey bastaydy. Sondyqtan, búl ruhany bilim alu dengeyin sopylar «Sharighat» dep ataydy. Ruhany bilim ayasynda Allagha qúlshylyq jolyna týsip, әri qaray «Tariqat» dengeyine kóteriledi. Nәtiyjesinde, Abay kórsetken «Yntaly jýrek, shyn kónil» shyndalyp, ruhany sezimder payda bola bastaydy. Jannan shyqqan ruhany sezimderding әserinen jan qúmaryna berilgen adam fәny ómirding jarqylyna qyzyqpaydy.  Ol Alla taghalanyng sheksiz hikmetterin sezip, ózine Bolmys syrlaryn keninen ashyp, ómirding mәn-maghynasyn tolyq týsine bastaydy. Búl «maghrifat» dengeyi, Abay olardy «hakim» dep ataydy.

Jetilu barysynda adam sheksiz lәzzat seziminde shomylugha mýmkindik alady. Allanyng Núrymen túraqty baylanys ornaydy. Lәzzatqa toly búl ruhany sezim Allagha degen sheksiz mahabbatqa ainalady. Búl «Aqiqat» dengeyi, olardy Abay «әuliye» dep ataydy. Osylay jan Týp IYege qaytady. Búl ruhany jetiluding shyny, Bolmyspen birigip, jan ózining Allamen birligin tolyq sezinedi. Abay kórsetken Týp IYege qaytudyng eng jogharghy dengeyi osy. Abaydyng «Sen de sýy ol Allany jannan tәtti» degen ýndeui iske asady.

Abay «tolyq adamnyn» tórtinshi dengeyi «payghambar» turaly da jazady. Biraq, búl dengeyge әrkim jete almaydy, sebebi, búl dengey tek qana Allanyng húzyrynda.

Imandy bekitu ýshin nәpsiden arylghan yntaly jýrek, shyn kónil kerek.  Fәny әlemge baylanghan kópshilik adamdar tolyq adam jolynyng shynyna jete almaydy. Búl turaly Abay bylay dep týsindiredi:

Kónilde ózge mahabbat túrghanda, haqlyqty tappaydy. Adamnyng ghylymy, bilimi haqiqatqa, rastyqqa qúmar bolyp, әrnәrsening týbin, hikmetin bilmekke yntyqtyqpenen tabylady...Bolmasa mal tappaq, maqtan tappaq, ghizzat-qúrmet tappaq sekildi nәrselerding mahabbatymen ghylym-bilimning haqiqaty tabylmaydy.

Sonymen, ruhany jetiluding jeti dengeyin kórsetuge bolady. Olar: a) sezimder arqyly aqparat alu; ә) aqparat arqyly tanu; b) tanu arqyly senimge ie bolu; v) senim arqyly bir Jaratushy baryna senip, imangha jetu; g) Allagha qúlshylyq etip Jaratushymen baylanys ornatu; d) baylanys arqyly Jaratushygha degen sýiispenshilikke jetu; e) sýiispenshilik arqyly Týp IYege qaytu.

Osynyng barlyghy Abay kórsetken «tolyq adam» joly adamnyng ruhany jetilu jýiesi jәne býkil adamzatqa ortaq asa manyzdy qúndylyq ekenin kórsetedi.

Dosym Omarov, abaytanushy, teolog

Abai.kz