Filosof pen mәdeniyettanushy ýshin últtyq mәdeniyetterdi zertteu, olardyng úqsastyqtary men aiyrmashylyqtaryn taldau, tarihy parallelider men ruhany túlghalar arasyndaghy ýndestikti izdeu – әrdayym manyzdy әri kýrdeli mindet. Songhy ýsh jylda osy baghytta «Matisa slovenska» úiymy ayasynda birqatar mәdeny almasu sharalary ótip, slovak-sloveniya, serb-slovak jәne kuba-slovak mәdeniyetteri salystyrmaly túrghyda zerdelendi.

Búl izdenisterge jana serpin bergen manyzdy oqighalardyng biri – qazaqtyng úly aqyny, filosof jәne aghartushy Abay Qúnanbayúlynyng 180-jyldyghyna arnalghan «Úly dalanyng óshpes ýni» atty әdeby keshi. Kesh ayasynda kelesi manyzdy mәseleler talqylandy: Bizding halyqtarymyzdyng tarihy jәne qazirgi mәdeny baylanystary qalay qabyldanady? Slovak jәne qazaq әdebiyeti men filosofiyalyq dәstýrleri arasynda qanday parallelider jýrgizuge bolady?

Abay Qúnanbayúlynyng shygharmalary 2020 jyly slovak tiline audarylyp, qazirgi uaqytta internette tegin qoljetimdi ekendigin aita ketken jón.

Búl – Slovakiyanyng «Matisa slovenska» janyndaghy Slovak әdeby instituty men Mәdeniyettanu-filosofiya bólimining birlesken zertteuining nәtiyjesi.

Zertteuding alghashqy kezenining ózi-aq birqatar qyzyqty nәtiyjeler bergen bolatyn. Olar 2025 jylghy 27 aqpanda jogharyda atalghan әdeby kesh ayasynda júrtshylyqqa úsynyldy.

Búl shara óz sipatynda alghash ret ótkizilgen is-shara emes. Ótken jyly Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng Slovak Respublikasyndaghy Elshiligi Bratislava qalasynyng basty alanynda etnofoliklorlyq «Arnau» ansamblining konsertin úiymdastyrdy. Konsertting kiyiz ýiding ishinde óiykendigi qyzyqty boldy. Al 2022 jyly Elshilik Nauryz – kóktem merekesine arnalghan parsy-týrki mәdeniyetining ortaq meyramyn ótkizdi. Ótken jyly osyghan úqsas mәdeny shara Martin qalasynda da úiymdastyrylyp, onda dosent Yu.Lomenchik Abay Qúnanbayúly shygharmashylyghy men slovak mәdeniyeti arasyndaghy úqsastyqtar turaly bayandama jasady.

Is-shara barysynda sóz sóilegen qatysushylar atap ótkendey, Abay Qúnanbayúly qazaq mәdeniyetindegi orny men yqpaly jaghynan Lev Tolstoy nemese Fedor Dostoevskiymen salystyrugha túrarlyq túlgha. Al slovak mәdeny kontekstinde ony Ludovit Shtur, Pavol Orsag Gvezdoslav, Yan Kollar syndy iri oishyldarmen, tipti utopiyalyq iydeyalarymen tanymal bolghan slovak oishyly Moris Malarikpen salystyrugha bolady.

Ádeby kesh barysynda erekshe atap ótilgen oilardyng biri: «Barlyq oishyldar – týrli tarihy jaghdaylargha qaramastan – bir ortaq mәsele tónireginde tolghandy: óz mәdeniyetindi qalay saqtay otyryp, әlemge ashyq bolugha bolady? Eger HIH ghasyrdaghy Europa mәdeny konteksine kóz jýgirtsek, ýlken ózgerister dәuirin kóremiz. Búl – Dostoevskiy, Tolstoy, Gugo, Gete siyaqty úly túlghalardyng zamany. Ádebiyet ózgerdi, jana iydeyalar payda boldy: gumanizm, jeke erkindik, biylikti syngha alu, jaqsylyq pen jamandyq turaly tereng filosofiyalyq oilar. Tanqalarlyghy – Aziyada ómir sýrgen Abay osy ziyatkerlik tónkeristing bir bóligi. Ol qazaq dalasynda ómir sýrse de, onyng oilary europalyq filosoftarmen ýndesip jatty. Abay Geteni, Bayrondy, Pushkin men Lermontovty oqyp qana qoymay, olardy qazaq tiline audaryp, shygharmalaryn jergilikti bolmysqa beyimdedi. Mәselen, Pushkinning tuyndylaryn qazaq dәstýrine jaqyndatyp qayta óndedi. Abay – europalyq әdebiyet pen shyghys dýniyetanymynyng arasyndaghy kópir boldy».

Abay Qúnanbayúly әlemdik klassikany tereng mengerip, ony qazaq tiline audaruy – qazaq mәdeniyetin әlemge jaqyndatyp, Qazaqstandy jahangha tanytudyng manyzdy qadamy boldy.

Abay shygharmalaryn slovak tiline audarghan audarmashy Katarina Strelkova audarma barysynda qazaq mәdeniyetin terenirek zertteuge tura kelgenin atap ótti. Ol Qúrandy, namaz týrlerin, sonday-aq qazaqqa tәn úghymdar men terminderdi qarastyryp, olardy eskertpeler týrinde beruge tyrysqan. Búl әdis shygharmalargha tәn qazaqy bolmysty saqtaugha, Abaydyng tuyndylaryna tәn ruhany atmosferany dәl jetkizuge mýmkindik berdi.

Abay Qúnanbayúlynyng oilary turaly

Abaydyng shygharmalary – ómirding mәni, әdilet, Qúday jәne adam bolmysy turaly tereng filosofiyalyq tolghamdar. Ádeby kesh barysynda aitylghan qyzyqty payymdardyng biri – Abaydy Qazaqstandaghy alghashqy bloger retinde qarastyrugha bolady degen kózqaras boldy. Búl onyng múrasyn býgingi zaman túrghysynan janasha baghalaugha mýmkindik beredi. Endi Abay Qúnanbayúlynyng óz sózine jýgineyik. Is-sharada onyng әigili «On jetinshi qara sózi» oqyldy:

«Qayrat, aqyl, jýrek ýsheui ónerlerin aitysyp, talasyp kelip, ghylymgha jýginipti...

Ghylym búl ýsheuining sózin tyndap bolyp, aitypty: Osy ýsheuing bir kiside mening aitqanymday tabylsandar, tabanynyng topyraghy kózge sýrterlik qasiyetti adam – sol. Ýsheuing ala bolsan, men jýrekti jaqtadym. Qúdayshylyq sonda, qalpyndy taza saqta, qúday taghala qalpyna әrdayym qaraydy dep kitaptyng aitqany osy, – depti.

Abaydyng oi-tolghamdary kóp jaghdayda әigili Ekkleziast kitabyn eske salady. Ekkleziast ekzistensialistik saryndaghy ruhany shygharma retinde Abaydyng qara sózderindegi kirispe oilargha jaqyn keledi. Ondaghy ómirding mәni, uaqyttyng ótkinshiligi, pendelik pen danalyq turaly tereng payymdar Abay filosofiyasymen tabighy ýndestik tabady:

«Búl jasqa kelgenshe jaqsy ótkizdik pe, jaman ótkizdik pe, әiteuir birtalay ómirimizdi ótkizdik: alystyq, júlystyq, aitystyq, tartystyq - әureshilikti kóre-kóre keldik. Endi jer ortasy jasqa keldik qajydyq, jalyqtyq; qylyp jýrgen isimizding bayansyzyn, baylausyzyn kórdik, bәri qorshylyq ekenin bildik. Al, endi qalghan ómirimizdi qaytip, ne qylyp ótkizemiz? Sony taba almay ózim de qayranmyn».

Basqa jerde ol bylay dep jazady:

«Taghdyrdyng jarlyghyn bilesizder - ózgerilmeydi. Pendede bir is bar jalyghu degen. Ol - taghdyrda adammen birge jaratylghan nәrse, ony adam ózi tapqan emes. Oghan eger bir elikse, adam balasy qútylmaghy qiyn. Qayrattanyp, silkip tastap ketseng de, aqyrynda taghy kelip jenedi. Aqyly týgel, oily adamnyng balasy bayqasa, osy adam balasynyng jalyqpaytúghyn nәrsesi bar ma eken? Tamaqtan da, oiynnan da, kýlkiden de, maqtannan da, kerbezdikten de, toydan da, toptan da, qatynnan da kónil, az ba, kóp pe, jalyghady. Onyng ýshin bәrining ghayybyn kóredi, bayansyzyn biledi, kónili búrynghydan da suyy bastaydy. Dýnie birqalypty túrmaydy, adamnyng quaty, ghúmyry birqalypty túrmaydy. Árbir maqlúqqa qúday taghala birqalypty túrmaqty bergen joq. Endi kónil qaydan birqalypty túra alady?

Biraq osy jalyghu degen әrneni kórem degen, kóp kórgen, dәmin, baghasyn, bәrining de bayansyzyn bilip jetken, oily adamnan shyghady. Sonshalyq ghúmyrynyng bayansyzyn, dýniyening әrbir qyzyghynyng akyrynyng sholaqtyghyn kórgen-bilgender tirshilikten de jalyqsa bolady. Búlay bolghanda aqymaqtyq, qayghysyzdyq ta bir ghaniybet eken dep oilaymyn».

Abay Qúnanbayúlyn sonday-aq asket utopist әri reformator retinde de sipattaugha bolady. Ózge utopister sekildi, ol da әdiletke negizdelgen qogham men memleket ýlgisin oy eleginen ótkizip, adam men biylik, ruhaniyat pen parasat jayly ózindik tújyrymdar úsynady.

Abaygha joghary bagha berip, onyng ruhany múrasyn tereng qúrmetteytin Qazaqstan Preziydenti Qasym-Jomart Toqaev «Abay jәne HHI ghasyrdaghy Qazaqstan» atty maqalasynda bylay dep jazdy:

«Abay әdiletti qogham qúru iydeyasyn kótergen. Demek, Abaydyng kózqarastary HHI ghasyrdaghy Qazaqstan qoghamy jәne onyng bereke-birligi ýshin asa qúndy... Zang ýstemdigi, biylikting ashyqtyghy men halyq aldynda esep berui joghary dengeyde bolyp, memleket isine azamattyq qogham ókilderi belsene aralasqan jaghdayda ghana әdilettilik berik ornyghady.

Mening «Halyq ýnine qúlaq asatyn memleket» atty tújyrymdamam dәl osy әdiletti qogham iydeyasyn damytu maqsatymen úsynyldy. Biylik pen qogham arasyndaghy syndarly dialog memleketke degen senimdi nyghayta týsedi. Ýkimet mýsheleri, sonyng ishinde ministrler men әkimder memlekettik jәne qoghamdyq manyzy bar mәselelerge qatysty sheshim qabyldaghan kezde azamattardyng úsynystary men tilekterin eskerui kerek. Múny Abay menzegen әdiletti qogham qalyptastyrudyng birden-bir sharty dep bilemin».

Abaydyng týsiniginde, baylyq pen kedeylikti Qúday jaratqanymen, adamdy bay nemese kedey etip tikeley jaratpaghan. Adam – әreket pen niyet iyesi, sondyqtan ol óz ómir jolyn ózi qalyptastyrady. Abay músylmannyng basty boryshy – jaqsylyq jasau dep esepteydi, әri әrbir dúrys әreket aqyl tarazysynan ótui kerek deydi. Onyng týsiniginde әdilet – barlyq izgi isterding anasy. Ádiletsiz jerde niyet te, iman da, adamdyq qasiyet te tolyq bola almaydy. Abay ýshin aqiqatqa úmtylu – barlyq qúbylystyng týpki sebebin tanugha talpynys.

Ol әdilet pen izgilikti býkil adamzat iygiligi ýshin izdegen jannyng enbekte ghana shynayy quanysh pen qanaghat tabatynyn aitady. Eger Karl Marks enbekti әleumettik qajettilik әri júmysshynyng ómirin jenildetu men bayytu qúraly retinde qarastyrsa, Abay ýshin enbek – adam bolmysynyng mәni, ómir sýruding basty maghynasy.

Múnday iydeya Tomas Mordyng «Utopiya» atty enbeginde de kórinis tabady, onda maghynaly kәsippen ainalysu – ómirding mәnin qúraytyn negizgi sharttardyng biri retinde sipattalady.

Adam bolmysynyng negizin enbekten kóru kózqarasy Maks Veberding «Protestanttyq etika jәne kapitalizm ruhy» atty enbegindegi tújyrymdargha úqsas. Alayda Abay men Ludovit Shtur enbekti tek ekonomikalyq nemese naryqtyq qatynastar ayasynda emes, әldeqayda tereng – ruhany jәne adamgershilik túrghydan qarastyrady.

Eger Veber kalivinistik predestinasiya úghymyna sýiene otyryp, ózin-ózi tanytudyng joly retinde sauda, baylyq jinau men askettik ýnemdilikti qarastyrsa, Abay men Shtur ýshin enbek – adamnyng ishki jetiluine, ruhany tolysuyna bastaytyn jol. Olar ýshin enbek – búl tabys tabudyng ghana emes, adamnyng qoghammen, adamzatpen jәne óz-ózimen ýilesim tabuynyng kórinisi.

Shtur ýshin, ol protestant bola túra materialdyq baylyqqa eshqashan qol jetkizbese de, basty basymdyq – ruhany shygharmashylyq boldy. Abay bolsa, enbekti ishki ózin-ózi jýzege asyru men materialdyq jetistikke jetuding ýilesimi retinde qarastyrady. Ol bylay dep jazady:

«Enbek etip, tynymsyz talpynyp, aqylmen әreket etken adam bayymay qoymaydy emes pe?»

Abay enbek etip, bayy biludi joghary baghalaydy – búl kóshpeli qogham jaghdayynda tolyq týsinikti, sebebi kedeyshilikpen kýresu ómirlik qajettilik bolatyn. Degenmen, ol baylyqqa ie boludyng auyrtpalyghy men onyng mәni turaly da tereng oy tolghaydy. Aqyrynda, Abay baylyqtyng shynayy qúndylyghy – ony bilim men ghylymgha júmsauda ekenin atap kórsetedi. Ol bylay dep jazady:

«Múrager degen kim? Sen ólgen song malyng iyesiz qalady dep qorqasyng ba? Joghyndy joqtap emes, artynda qalatyn dýniyene ókinesing be? Álde ony bireuge qaldyrugha qimaysyng ba? Sonda ne qazyna jiyp eding – odan aiyrylu nege sonshalyqty qiyn? … Jaqsy, osy joldy tandadyn, baylyq jinadyn. Endeshe, ony bilim men ghylym jolyna júmsa. Óz paydana bolmasa, úlyng ýshin júmsa».

Abaydyng dýniyetanymynda jalqaulyq pen erikkendikke qarsy kýres – ruhany kemeldikting manyzdy sharty retinde kórinedi. Búl onyng kózqarasyn Shturdyng әigili úranyna jaqyndatady, ol jóninde serigi Yozef Miloslav Gurban bylay dep jazyp qaldyrghan: «Az tútyn – kóp tudyr».

Abay bylay deydi: «Adamdy jamandyqqa jeteleytin sebepterding biri – qoldyng bos jatuy. Eger adam jer óndep, sauda-sattyqpen ainalyssa, ómirin bosqa ótkizetin uaqyty bolar ma edi?»

«Bos ermek emes, paydaly da maghynaly enbek – jannyng shipasy».

Búl tújyrymdar – keybir ómirlik qaghidalar barlyq halyqtargha ortaq ekendigin kórsetedi. Alayda әr halyq ol aqiqatqa óz jolymen, óz bolmysy men tәjiriybesi arqyly jetedi. Abay búl danalyqty qazaq dalasynyng tynysy men tirshiliginen tanysa, Shtur – liysey dәrishanalarynan, Russo men Kant – baqtarda seruendey jýrip oigha týigen.

Eger úqsastyqtardy әri qaray izdesek, Abay – zamanaui, órkeniyetti memleket qúru jolynda kýresken oishyl. Búl túrghyda ony slovak aghartushylary – Yan Kollar, Pavol Yozef Shafarik jәne Ludovit Shturmen salystyru oryndy. Olar da bilim men aghartudy mәdeny kemeldik pen últtyq sananyng oyanuynyng negizi retinde qarastyrdy.

Osy orayda Laso Novomeskiyding myna sózderin eske týsiruge bolady: «Siz Shturdyng jýz jyl búrynghy slovak tilin tolyq týsinbeuiniz mýmkin. Biraq mәsele onda emes – eng onay basqarylatyn halyq – nadan jәne artta qalghan halyq».

Abay Qúnanbayúlynyng shygharmalarynda últ tútastyghyna syzat týsiretin ishki alauyzdyq, ósek, jala jabu, kórealmaushylyq siyaqty jaghymsyz qúbylystargha qatysty ótkir syn aitylady. Búl mәsele slovak oishyldarynyng da nazarynan tys qalmaghan. Ludovit Shturdan bastap, Laso Novomeskiy men Vladislav Minachqa deyingi últtyq ziyaly qauym ókilderi halyqty ishki janjal men iritkiden saqtanugha shaqyrghan. Slovak qoghamyndaghy alauyzdyqty beyneleu ýshin olar bylay degen: «Ýsh slovak bas qossa, ýsh jau tuyndaydy: biri ekinshisine qarsy, ekinshisi – birinshisine qarsy, al ýsheui – eshteneden habarsyz ýshinshige qarsy». Ludovit Shtur búl turaly: «Arazdyq taratushy – óz erkimen ózgelerding irgesin shayqaltyp jýrgen adam», – dep jazady. XIX ghasyrda slovak últtyq qayratkerleri diny aiyrmashylyqtargha (katolikter men evangelister) qaramastan, últ birligin til men mәdeniyet negizinde nyghaytugha úmtyldy. Búl baghytta erekshe ról atqarghan «Matisa slovenska» úiymy ózining sayasattan tys jәne konfessiyaaralyq sipatynyng arqasynda býginde de qoghamdy biriktiru qyzmetin sәtti jalghastyryp keledi.

Abay Qúnanbayúlynyng payymdauynsha, jer betindegi ómirding mәni – adamzat iygiligi jolynda әdilet pen izgilikti izdeu. Búl tek jerdegi utopiyalyq túrmystyng negizi ghana emes, sonymen qatar aqyretke dayarlyq dep te qarastyrylady. Abay ýshin búl dýnie –  mәngilik ómirge әzirlengen janarghan egis alqaby ispettes. Abaydyng týsiniginde bilim – әdiletke qyzmet etu men Jaratushynyng zanyn oryndaudyng qúraly. Búghan qarama-qarsy úghymdar – ósek, jala, arazdyq, jalqaulyq pen nadandyq. Abay búl adamdyq dertterding dauasyn adamsýigishtik, baqytqa úmtylys, ruh beriktigi, adaldyq jәne jan-jaqty tereng bilim dep sanaydy.

Abaydyng múrasynda ekumenizm men uniyversalizmge tәn ólshemder, sonday-aq әdilettilikti Qúdaydyng erkimen sabaqtastyru aiqyn bayqalady. Ol bylay deydi: «Bir Jaratushynyn, qúdiretti Qúdaydyng bar ekenine dәlel –  myndaghan jyldar boyy týrli tilde sóileytin adamdardyng bәrining Onyng bar ekenin moyyndauy. Qansha din bolsa da, barlyghy da «Qúday – mahabbat pen әdilet» dep ýiretedi. …Adamzattyng bastauynda mahabbat pen әdilet jatyr. Olar barlyq qúbylystyng ózeginde bar әri bәrin sheshedi. Búl – Qúdiret IYesining danalyghynyng sharyqtau shegi». Osylaysha, әdilet – barlyq utopiyalyq ilimder men ruhany izdenisterding ózegi retinde Abay iliminde tereng oryn alady.

Abay óz enbekterinde enbekqorlyq qaghidasyn algha tartady, búl kózqaras protestanttyq etikamen ýndes keledi. Ol birlik – meyli ol mal-mýlikke ortaqtasu, bir dastarqanda otyru bolsyn – tek ortaq menshikke emes, eng aldymen aqyl men parasatqa negizdelui tiyis ekenin atap kórsetedi. Abaydyng týsiniginde enbekqorlyq pen tabandylyq – adam baqytynyng negizi.

Sondyqtan Abaydyng utopiyalyq kózqarastary turaly aitqanda, eng aldymen onyng iydeyalarynda újymdyq jauapkershilik pen әleumettik yntymaqtastyq ústanymdary túrghanyn bayqaymyz. Búl – tipti býgingi ýstirt individualizmge qarsy qoyylatyn mәngilik balama.

Taghy bir manyzdy shabyt kózi – ózge halyqtardy, әsirese olardyng tilderin mengeru. Abaydyng oiynsha, basqa últtardyng tilin ýirenu – olardyng oilau jýiesin, dýniyetanymyn jәne mәdeny bolmysyn tereng týsinuge jol ashady. Búl iydeya slovak mәdeny dәstýrinde de keninen qoldau tapqan. Mysaly, Yan Kollar men Pavol Yozef Shafarik ózge halyqtardy jýieli týrde zerttegen oishyldar. Ásirese Shafarik slavyan halyqtarynyng tilderin jetik mengeru arqyly olardyng tarihy baylanystary men erekshelikterin, sonday-aq sózderding shyghu tegi men maghynasyn týsindire aldy. Ludovit Shturdyng nemis tilin bilui jәne Germaniya uniyversiytetterinde bilim aluy oghan Gegeliding әleumettik filosofiyasyn iygerip, ony XIX ghasyrdaghy Slovakiyadaghy últtyq memlekettilik qúrylymyn qalyptastyru ýderisine engizuge mýmkindik berdi. Gegeli filosofiyasynda memleket últtyng sayasy jetiluining irgetasy retinde qarastyrylady. Osy qatargha jazushy Ivan Horvatty da qosugha bolady. Ol fransuz mәdeniyetine tereng qyzyghushylyq tanytyp, fransuz halqynyng mentaliytetin egjey-tegjeyli sipattaghan alghashqy slovak esseisti retinde tanyldy. Osylaysha, Abay úsynghan basqa halyqtardyng tilin mengeru arqyly olardyng ruhany әlemine boylau iydeyasy slovak mәdeniy-ghylymy oilauynda da manyzdy oryn alghan.

Ekinshi jaghynan, Abaydyng qazaqqa degen patriotizmi – tughan eli men halqyna degen shynayy sýiispenshilikten, sonday-aq onyng kemshilikteri men osal tústaryn syn kózimen baghalap, olardy týzetuge úmtyluynan kórinedi. Abay Qúnanbayúly – qazaq jazba әdebiyetining negizin qalaushy, úly aqyn, filosof jәne sazger ghana emes, sonymen birge últtyq bolashaq utopiyasyna bastaytyn iydeyalarymen erekshelenetin utopist oishyl retinde de tanugha layyq túlgha.

Slavyan dýniyetanymyndaghy utopiyalyq ansar – eski altyn ghasyrdy saghynu sezimimen astasqan antropologiyalyq beyneleu retinde kórinedi. Búl kezeng kommuna, mir nemese veche týrinde sipattalady – onda barlyq manyzdy sheshimder dana qariyalardyng kenesi arqyly qabyldanghan. Búl – gerontokratiya (qariyalardyng biyligi) men sofokratiyanyng (danalyq biyligi) ýilesimi, múnda aqsaqaldar qoghamdy basqarghan әri әdildik ornatqan. Abay búl turaly bylay dep jazady: «Ertede auyl ishinde «el basy», «top basy» deytin adamdar bolghan. Olar dau sheship, el isin basqarghan. Qarapayym halyq basynan qayghy ótse, sharuasyna bet búryp, tirshilikpen ainalysqan. Auyldaghylardyng bәri bir-birine tuys, niyettes bolghan, barlyghy ortaqqa qaraghan». Abay sipattaghan búl qúrylym – ortaq mýdde men ózara senimge negizdelgen qauymdastyq. Múnday úghymdy Ludovit Shtur da ózining «Slavyanstvo y mir budushego» atty enbeginde qozghaydy. Ol kommunalardy – birlik pen yntymaq ýstemdik etken qoghamdyq qúrylym retinde sipattaydy. Osynday iydeyalar fransuz utopiyalyq әdebiyetinde, atap aitqanda Morelliyding romandarynda da kezdesedi.

Abay múrasyn slovak tarihshylary men filosoftarynyng enbekterimen jaqyndastyratyn basty úqsastyq – onyng gumanistik dýniyetanymy men últtyq biregeylikke degen kózqarasy. Abaydy jii Gvezdoslavpen salystyrady – ekeui de últtyq shenberden asyp, jalpyadamzattyq dengeydegi túlghalar qataryna engen qayratkerler. Alayda, belgili bir aiyrmashylyqtar da bar. Gvezdoslavtyng tili men poeziyasy – stilidik jaghynan kýrdeli, beyneli әri tereng simvolikagha toly. Al Abaydyng tili – qarapayym, aiqyn, pragmatikalyq, halyqqa týsinikti әri jýrekke jaqyn. Ol óz oiyn shynayy әri naq jetkizuge úmtyldy. Últty janghyrtu mәselesi, yaghny Abay Qúnanbayúlynyng últtyq mәdeny múrany saqtay otyryp, ony zaman talabyna say damytu turaly iydeyalary, slovak konteksinde de ózekti boldy. Búl mәsele Ludovit Shturdyn, sonday-aq «Matisa slovenska» men «Davister» qozghalysynyng negizin qalaushylardyng enbekterinde de kóterilgen.

Salystyrmaly týrde alghanda, bir-birinen geografiyalyq әri mәdeny túrghyda alshaq jatqan slovak jәne qazaq mәdeniyetterin ózara baylanystyru onay emes. Alayda iydeyalardyng uniyversaldyghy men adamy qúndylyqtardyng ortaqtyghy belgili bir parallelider jýrgizuge mýmkindik beredi. Slovakiya –halqy tyghyz ornalasqan, tau men ormangha bay el bolsa, Qazaqstan – әlemdegi eng iri aumaqtardyng biri, múnda oblys ortalyqtarynyng arasynda jýzdegen shaqyrymgha sozylatyn shól men dala kenistigi jatyr. Soghan qaramastan, belgili bir mәdeny úqsastyqtar bayqalady. Mysaly, tabighatpen ýndestikte ómir sýretin qazaqtyng dәstýrli kóshpeli mәdeniyeti, onyng ishinde júrattar (kóshpendi malshylar) salty – Slovakiya taulary men qyrattaryn mekendegen dәstýrli ovsevod (qoy ósirushi) qauymmen ýndesedi.

XIX ghasyrdaghy slovak filosofiyasynda Abay Qúnanbayúlynyng iydeyalarymen mazmúndyq jәne ruhany ýndestik tanytatyn biregey túlgha –Samuil Bogdan Groboni. Qazaq dalasynda ómir sýrip, jalghyzdyqta tereng filosofiyalyq oilar tudyrghan Abay siyaqty, Groboni da Selniskie jotalarynda, tabighatpen ýndestikte ghúmyr keship, kýrdeli filosofiyalyq izdenisterge boylaghan. Professor Pavol Dupkala atap ótkendey, Groboni shygharmashylyghy – bir ghana baghytpen shektelmeytin, kópqyrly filosofiyalyq ólshemderge iye. Ol Fridrih Shellingting mistikalyq filosofiyasymen jaqyn tanys bolghan jәne odan ýlken әser alghan. Al Gegeliding rasionalistik jýiesine qarsy kózqarasyn bylaysha bildiredi: «Gegeliding oiy – qarghys atsyn, mәngilik ólim bolsyn saghan, zúlym patshayym…». Rasionalizmnen týnilgen Groboni óz ruhany tiregin slavyandyq hristiandyq dýniyetanymnan, Shellingting ayan filosofiyasynan, Seshkovskiyding istoriosofiyasynan, Amerlingting fiziokratizmi men Hodja messianizminen tapqan.

Abay Qúnanbayúly óz enbekterinde slovak utopiysi Yan Malarikting esimin de atap ótedi. Malarik – dýniyejýzilik soghysty boldyrmaugha tyrysqan, ýndi filosofiyasyn zerttegen, jәne әmbebap memleket modelin úsynghan oishyl. Onyng izdenisteri adamzattyng birligi men beybitshiligine negizdelgen utopiyalyq kózqarastarmen astasady. Múnday parallelider Yan Kollar men Pavol Yozef Shafarikting aghartushylyq iydeyalarynda da kórinis tabady. Olar últtyng órkendeui men bolashaghyn ruhany kemeldikpen baylanystyrdy jәne slavyan halyqtaryna da, býkil adamzatqa da gumanistik әri beybit bolashaq bolatynyn boljady. Osynday ýndestik Yan Amos Komenskiyding enbekterinde de bayqalady. Ol býkil halyqty qamtityn bilim beru jýiesin jaqtap, mәdeny órleudi – joghary ruhany aghartugha jetuding joly dep sanady.

Alayda, terenirek salystyrghanda, Abaygha eng jaqyn iydeyalyq ýndestik Ludovit Shturdyng enbekterinen anyq kórinedi. Onyng askettik ómir salty, birlikke, enbekqorlyqqa, últtyq tútastyqqa shaqyruy, jalqaulyqqa qarsy kýresi, bilim men ruhany damugha basa mәn berui – múnyng barlyghy Abay ilimining basty túghyrlarymen ortaq. Búl túlghalar tarihy túrghydan bir-birimen jeke tanys bolmaghany anyq, alayda naqty dәieksózder negizinde kórsetilgendey, olar әrtýrli últtyq mәdeniyetterde ómir sýrse de, ortaq iydeyalyq jeliler men ruhany izdenisterde toghysqan.

Slovakiya men Qazaqstan

Qazaqstan 1991 jyly tәuelsiz memleket retinde qúryldy, al Slovakiya – 1993 jyly. Eki el arasyndaghy diplomatiyalyq qatynastar 1993 jyldyng qantar aiynda ornatyldy, al 2019 jyly Slovakiyada Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng Elshiligi ashyldy. Býginde Qazaqstan – 20 millionnan astam halqy bar, әlemdegi audany boyynsha toghyzynshy eng iri memleket. Al Slovakiya – 5,4 million halqy bar shaghyn, biraq strategiyalyq manyzy zor el. Qazaqstannyng astanasy – Astana, al Slovakiyanyng astanasy – Bratislava. Qazaqstan Ózbekstan, Qyrghyzstan, Týrikmenstan, Resey jәne Qytaymen, al Slovakiya Chehiya, Vengriya, Polisha, Ukraina jәne Austriyamen shektesedi. Slovakiyany Laso Novomeskiy «Shyghystyng adamgershiligi men Batystyng nәziktigining arasyndaghy kópir» dep sipattaghan. Ol shyghys pen batys órkeniyetteri týiisetin ótpeli mәdeny kenistik retinde tanylady. Al Qazaqstan – shyghys elderining qataryna jatatyn memleket bola túra, batysqa ashyqtyghy men kópvektorly sayasaty arqyly halyqaralyq kenistikte belsendi әreket etetin el. Eger IX ghasyrdaghy tarihy túrghydan alys jatqan Úly Moraviya kezenin – qazirgi Slovakiya aumaghyndaghy alghashqy iri slavyan memleketining kezenin eskermesek, onda Slovakiyanyng últtyq janghyruy XIX ghasyrda bastaldy. Al qazaq últynyng qalyptasu tamyry XV ghasyrgha, Qazaq handyghynyng qúrylu dәuirine baryp tireledi. Slovakiyanyng últtyq janghyru tarihyndaghy asa manyzdy kezenderding biri – XIX ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda alghashqy últtyq mәdeny institut retinde qúrylghan «Matisa slovenska» úiymynyng payda boluy boldy. Búl úiym últtyq sana men mәdeniyetti janghyrtuda sheshushi ról atqardy. Qazaqstan Preziydenti Qasym-Jomart Toqaev búl mәselege qatysty: «Modernizasiya – búl jana qúndylyqtar ýshin ótkennen bas tartu emes», – dep atap ótken. Búl – dәstýrding zamanauy týsinigine, últ jadyn jýieleuge baghyttalghan kózqaras, ony slovak oishyly Vladislav Minach ta naqtylaghan. XXI ghasyrda da «Matisa slovenska» ózining mәdeny jәne últtyq janghyrudy qoldaytyn institut retindegi missiyasyn jalghastyryp keledi jәne búl mindet býgingi kýni de ózektiligin joghaltqan joq.

Birinshi dýniyejýzilik soghystar jana memleketterding qúryluyna sheshushi әser etti. Belgili bir dәrejede Qazan revolusiyasy da halyqtardyng óz taghdyryn ózi aiqyndau qúqyghyn iydeologiyalyq túrghydan moyyndatugha yqpal etti. Búl óz kezeginde 1918 jyly Chehoslovakiya Respublikasynyng qúryluyna jol ashty. Al Qazaq Kenestik Sosialistik Respublikasy KSRO qúramyna tek 1936 jyly tolyqqandy odaqtas respublika retinde endi. Búghan deyin ol avtonomiyalyq mәrtebede bolghan. «Qazaq» sózi etimologiyalyq túrghydan «erkin», «bostan» degen maghynany bildiredi jәne búl atau osy halyqtyng tәuelsizdikke úmtylghan bolmysy men erkin ruhyn sipattaydy. Búl terminning shyghu tegi jóninde týrli ghylymy pikirler bar, onyng ishinde keninen taraghany – irandyq negizdegi núsqa (qazaq, qɑzɑq, qazaqtar). 1936 jyly, qazaqtardy orys kazaktarymen shatastyrmau maqsatynda, halyqaralyq dengeyde «kazak» núsqasy «kazah» dep ózgertildi. Búl – etnonimdi naqtylau әri últtyq biregeylikti aiqyndau jolyndaghy manyzdy qadamdardyng biri boldy.

«Slovak» sózining shyghu tegi turaly birneshe etimologiyalyq jәne lingvistikalyq týsindiruler bar. Bir núsqa boyynsha, búl atau H ghasyrgha deyin ómir sýrgen «sloven» etnikalyq tobynyng atauynan shyqqan boluy mýmkin. Taghy bir keng taralghan kózqaras – búl sóz «slav» týbirimen baylanysty, yaghny slavyan tilderinde sóileytin etnikalyq toptardyng jalpy atauy retinde qarastyrylady. Taghy bir boljam búl sózdi «sklav», «slav» latyn jәne batys europalyq tilderdegi «qúl» degen maghynamen baylanystyrady. Búl sәikestik – kezdeysoq pa, әlde tarihy negizi bar ma – zertteushiler arasynda әli de pikirtalas tughyzyp keledi. «Slovak» sózining shyghu tegin lingvomәdeny túrghyda, «sózdin» (slovo) bastau retinde qarastyrylatyn kóne oi-aghymmen baylanystyra qarastyrugha bolady. Búl túrghyda «Proglas» shygharmasynda bayandalatyn iydeyalar erekshe manyzgha ie – onda «sóz» barlyq bolmystyng bastauy retinde sipattalady. Sonday-aq Vag ózenining boyyndaghy halyqtar turaly oi-tújyrymdar da nazar audararlyq. Eger «slovensy» atauy slovaktardyng ertedegi tarihy atauy bolsa, búl jayt qazirgi kýnde de óz manyzyn joghaltpaghan. Sebebi «sloven» atauy býgingi kýnge deyin Sloveniya halqynyng resmy etnoniymi retinde saqtalghan, búl olardyng ortaq protonegizden shyqqan etnikalyq qauymgha tiyesili ekenin kórsetedi.

Slovakiya tabighaty – atauyna say keletindey, jasyl taular men nu ormandardan túrady. Al Qazaqstan – Abay Qúnanbayúlynyng filosofiyasynda beynelenetindey, Úly dalanyng óshpes ýnine ainalghan keng de tereng maghynaly kenistik. Búrynghy Kenes Odaghy qúramyndaghy ekinshi eng ýlken respublika bolghan Qazaqstan Edil men Altaydyng arasynda ornalasqan, al onyng aumaghy negizinen jazyq jәne sheksiz kenistikten túrady. Slovakiya kerisinshe – taulary, ormandary jәne ontýstigindegi qúnarly jazyqtarymen әigili. Qazaqstanda sonymen qatar shólder men shóleytter, al tauly ónirleri Jonghar Alatauynyng shetki silemderi men ýsh negizgi tau jotalaryn qamtidy. Qazaqstandaghy eng biyik nýkte – Han-Tәniri shyny, ol Jonghar Alatauyndaghy eng kórnekti tau jәne onyng biyiktigi 6995 metrge jetedi. Slovakiyada eng biyik shyng – Gerlahovsky shtiyt, ol Tatr taularynda ornalasqan jәne 2654 metr biyiktikke iye.

Qytay derekkózderi qazirgi Qazaqstan aumaghynda poeziyalyq dәstýrding VI–VIII ghasyrlarda-aq bolghanyn rastaydy. Qazaq әdebiyetining bastauy –  jazbagha týspegen, biraq halyq jadynda saqtalghan jyraular men bardtar shygharmashylyghymen baylanysty. Al alghashqy jazba әdeby ýlgilerding qatarynda «Qorqyt ata kitaby» men «Oghyz-name» sekildi ataqty týrki epostary atalady. Slavyan әleminde qazaq epikalyq poeziyasyna mazmúndyq túrghydan jaqyn shygharma –  «Igori jasaghy turaly jyr». Búl tuyndy –  ejelgi orys әdebiyetining asa manyzdy jәdigerlerining biri. Abay Qúnanbayúly – týrki әdebiyeti men filosofiyasynda, sonday-aq muzykada janashyl túlgha. Ol europalyq jәne orys mәdeniyetterin qazaq ruhaniyatymen úshtastyryp, liyberaldy islam ayasynda jana oilar qalyptastyrdy.

Muzyka turaly aitatyn bolsaq, qazaq muzykasy – meditativti, intuitivti, metafizikalyq sipatqa ie jәne tyndaushygha jaylylyq pen tereng tynyshtyq syilaydy. Búl – ony Slovakiyanyng muzyka dәstýrinen erekshelendiretin manyzdy belgilerding biri. Is-shara ayasynda qazaq muzykasynyng ýlgileri de úsynyldy. Slovakiyanyng dәstýrli muzykalyq aspaby – fuyara, úzyn quysty ýrmeli aspap, kóbine baqtashylyq mәdeniyetpen baylanysty. Al qazaqtardyng negizgi últtyq aspaby – dombyra. Búl – eki shekti, shertip oinalatyn kýy aspaby, qazaq muzykasynyng ruhany ózegi sanalady. Dombyrada oinau óneri YuNESKO tarapynan adamzattyng materialdyq emes mәdeny múrasy retinde moyyndalghan. Qazaq muzykasy men filosofiyasynyng damuynda әl-Faraby esimi erekshe oryn alady. Ol – islamdyq aristotelizmning kórnekti ókili, muzyka teoriyasynyng negizin qalaushylardyng biri, әri qazirgi Qazaqstan aumaghynda dýniyege kelgen ghúlama.

Abaydan bólek, qazaq ruhaniyaty men aghartushylyq salasynda әlemdik dengeyde tanylghan túlghalardyng biri – Ybyray Altynsariyn. Ol qazaq halqyna kórkem jazudy jәne bilim berudi jýieleude, sonday-aq qazaq tiline kirillisany engizude manyzdy ról atqardy. Kenes dәuirinde qazaq әdebiyetining damuyna airyqsha ýles qosqan aqyndar men jazushylar qatarynda Sәken Seyfulliyn, Baymaghambet Iztólin, Iliyas Jansýgirov, Múhtar Áuezov, Sәbit Múqanov, Beyimbet Maylin siyaqty túlghalar bar. Olardyng ishinde Múhtar Áuezov – qazaq әdebiyetining әlemdik dengeydegi ókili retinde erekshe oryn alady. Onyng shygharmashylyghy – mәdeniyet pen óner tarihynda ólsheusiz múra. XIX ghasyrda Qazaqstan aumaghy Semyonov-Tyan-Shanskiy, Rychkov, Melioranskiy, Radlov, Bartolid, Divaev siyaqty kóptegen iri zertteushilerding ghylymy qyzyghushylyghyn tudyrdy. Alayda búl qatarda Shoqan Uәlihanovtyng orny erekshe. Ol – qazaqtyng túnghysh kәsiby etnografy, tarihshysy, foliklortanushysy, geografy jәne sayahatshysy, әri qazaqtyng ghylymy etnografiyasy men tarihnamasynyng negizin qalaghan túlgha. Onyng enbekteri býgingi kýnge deyin Qazaqstan ghylymy men mәdeniyetining damuynda manyzyn joghaltqan joq.

Endi últtyq ashanalargha kelsek: Slovakiyada eng tanymal últtyq tagham – brynzalyq galushka. Avstro-Vengriya dәstýrinde gulyash, paprikash, shniyseli, quyrylghan irimshik pen langosh keng taralghan. Chehiyada últtyq as mәzirinde knedliky shoshqa etimen nemese «svichkova» jii kezdesedi. Qazaqstanda bolsa, kóshpeli ómir salty dәstýrli tagham mәdeniyetining negizi bolyp tabylady. Qazaq ashanasynyng basty taghamy – beshbarmaq. Búl taghamnyng atauy «bes sausaq» degen maghyna beredi jәne ol qolmen jeu dәstýrimen baylanysty. Beshbarmaq qaynatylghan et, jayylghan qamyr (lapsha) jәne sorpadan túrady. Reseyding dәstýrli taghamdaryna borsh, bәlish, qúimaq sekildi taghamdar jatady, biraq olardyng dayyndalu joly men resepti әr ónirge qaray ózgerip otyrady. Qazaq jәne orys ashanalary arasynda úqsastyqtar bolghanymen, basty aiyrmashylyq – et týrlerinde. Qazaqtar ýshin jylqy eti men týie eti – dәstýrli jәne keninen qoldanylatyn tagham týri bolsa, Reseyde siyr jәne shoshqa eti jii paydalanylady. Is-shara barysynda delegasiya mýsheleri slovak shishkisine úqsaytyn qazaqtyng bauyrsaghyn, sonday-aq serb buregine jaqyn keletin et salmaly samsany tatyp kórdi. Búl taghamdar әrtýrli elderding últtyq tagham mәdeniyetterindegi úqsastyqtar men ortaqtyqtardy aighaqtaydy.

Qazirgi mәdeny baylanystar

Merekeler túrghysynan alghanda, Slovakiya men Qazaqstandy Jenis kýni men 8 nauryz – Halyqaralyq әielder kýni siyaqty ortaq meyramdar biriktiredi. Búl kýnder – tek tarihy jadyny saqtau ghana emes, sonymen qatar tendikke, adam qúqyqtaryn qúrmetteuge degen úmtylystyng simvolyna ainalghan. Búl qúndylyqtar býgingi tanda eki elding ortaq adamgershilik negizderin kórsetedi.

Qazaqstan men Slovakiya arasyndaghy qazirgi qarym-qatynastar beybit jәne ózara tiyimdi sipatqa iye. Eki elding preziydentteri 1999, 2001, 2007 jәne 2010 jyldary birneshe ret kezdesti. Al 2018 jyly Slovakiya Preziydenti Peter Pellegriny Qazaqstangha resmy saparmen keldi. Osy kezdesulerding nәtiyjesinde 22 ekijaqty kelisimge qol qoyylyp, týrli saladaghy yntymaqtastyqty nyghaytugha naqty negiz qalandy. Býginde Slovakiyada premier-ministr – Robert Fiso, al Qazaqstannyng preziydenti – Qasym-Jomart Toqaev. 2024 jyldyng 15 mamyrda Slovakiya Premier-ministrine jasalghan qastandyq kezinde, Qazaqstan tarapy Slovakiya halqyna qoldau men yntymaqtastyq bildirui eki el arasyndaghy dostyqtyng jәne ortaq gumanistik ústanymdardyng taghy bir dәleli boldy.

Qazaqstan men Slovakiya arasyndaghy qazirgi mәdeny baylanystar ayasynda birqatar manyzdy oqighalardy atap ótuge bolady. Qazaqtyng tanymal oryndaushylary men shygharmashylyq újymdary – «Kamerata» ansambli, Mayra Múhamedqyzy, Jәmilya Serkibaeva, «Dәuir» ansambli men «Shabyt» orkestri Slovakiyada óner kórsetip, qazaq muzykasy men mәdeny dәstýrlerining baylyghyn kórermenge pash etti. Óz kezeginde, Slovakiyanyng ataqty «Luchnisa» ansambli qazaq sәn industriyasynyng kórsetilimine qatysyp, búl shara eki el arasyndaghy mәdeny almasudyng manyzyn aiqyn kórsetti. Mәdeny әriptestikting janashyl qadamdarynyng biri – Abay Qúnanbayúlynyng shygharmalarynyng slovak tiline audaryluy. Osyghan oray Slovakiya Ghylym akademiyasynyng Uniyversiytet kitaphanasynda Abay múrasyna arnalghan saltanatty is-shara úiymdastyryldy. Búl oqighalar halyqtar arasyndaghy ózara týsinistik pen qúrmetti terendetude manyzdy ról atqarady. Aldaghy uaqytta mәdeny yntymaqtastyqty odan әri damytugha qatysty aitqanda, Slovakiya Ýkimetining qazirgi tanda «tórt әlem» qaghidatyn ústanyp otyrghanyn atap ótken jón. Búl qaghida – әrtýrli mәdeniyetter men memleketterge ashyqtyq iydeyasyn bildiredi. Búl dýniyetanymnyng negizin Laso Novomeskiy úsynghan bolatyn. Ol Slovakiyany Shyghys pen Batys arasyndaghy kópir retinde elestetip, osy ústanym býginde tәjiriybe jýzinde jýzege asyp keledi. Atalghan kózqaras – euroortalyqtyq pen Shyghys elderine qatysty birjaqty týsinikten arylugha baghyttalghan manyzdy geosayasy betbúrys. Búl – últtyqty tanu arqyly ghana jalpyadamzattyqty týsinuge bolatynyn, al últtyq mәdeniyetter men jahandanu arasyndaghy әdiletti tepe-tendikke tek osynday jolmen qol jetkizuge bolatynyn dәleldeytin tújyrym.

Lukash Pernyi,

PhD. - slovak filosofy, kuliturolog, muzykant jәne jazushy

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