Manghystau – qazaqtyng «Noghayly» dep atalghan epikalyq dәstýrining basynda túrghan ólke;

Manghystau – 14 ghasyrdaghy Kishi Qazaqiya, yaghny alghashqy qazaq memlekettigine bastau bolghan jer.

Serikbol Q.

14 ghasyr. ESEN-QAZAQTAR: dey-qazaqtar -  dey-alash, dey-alshyn, dey-arghyn, dey-әlim...

ÝZINDI

Serikbol Qondybay. Esen-Qazaq. – Almaty: «Arys» baspasy, 2006. – 94-119 better.

Andatu. Qazaqtyng belgili de erekshe talantty mifology, ómirden 37 jasynda  qyrshyn ketken Serikbol Qondybay 14 ghasyrdaghy Noghayly úlysynan bólinip, qazaq qauymyn qúrghan әrtekti tórk qauymdarynyng birigip, erkin qogham qúrghandyghyn tereng qisynmen, aighaqtarmen payymdaydy.Ol ghúmyrynyng jartysyn qazaqtyn tarihyn, mәdeniyetin, salt-sanasyn janghyrtugha arnap, sýbeli ýles qosqan jәne týbegeyli zertteude zor enbek etken qazaqtyng ólketanushy, geograf, publisist, etnograf-ghalymy. Tipti olardyng býgingi Qazaq elining atauyna negiz bolghan әri eponiym, әri etnonim «qazaq» sózi men Qazaq handyghynyng qúryluyna alghyshart jasaghan aluan júrttan biriken «alash» substratynyng Elek-Qobda, Jem-Saghyz, Ýstirt-Manghystau aimaghynda erkin әri ózin ózi basqaru jýiesimen ejelgi qazaqlyq dәstýrdi janghyrtqanyn taldap jazady. Olardyng qazaq shyghuyna da Noghayly úlysyndaghy oppozisiyalyq ahualdyng tuyndauy bolsa kerek. Búl - shamamen 1350-1390 jyldar aralyghy. Qazaq handyghyna deyingi tarihtyng bir mezetinde bolghan búl erkin qoghamnyng kýireuine birden bir sebep – Aqsaq Temirding osy ónirge soqqy berui kórinedi. Búghan әli resmy tarih baysaldy nazar audarghan joq, tereng payymdalmay otyr.

Jalpy alghanda, býgingi akademiyalyq tarih ghylymy S.Qondybay keltirip, dәiektep otyrghan 14-ghasyrda qalyptasqan әldebir «Esen-qazaq» qauymynyng bolghandyghy, onyng әkeli eponim retinde keyin etnonimge ainalu mýmkindigin,  ol sekildi «alash» úlany men eponiymi de osynday bir tarihy bastan keshken ýderis ekendigin әzir eskerip otyrghan joq. Bizding oiymyzsha, S.Qondybaydyng «Esen-qazaq» enbegi erekshe tarihy joba retinde zerttelui tiyis. Sonda, tipti býgingi kiyeli «Sararqa» geoniymining de búrynghy «dey-qazaqtardyn» aumaghyndaghy Saryarqadan tuyndaghanyna kóz jetkizu qiyn emes. Tipti, býgingi myzghymas delinetin irgeli taypalardyng ózi 15-16 ghasyrlardyng jaratyndylary ekenine kónil senetin ahualgha kuә boluymyz әbden mýmkin. Ázirshe obektiv zertteu ýrdisi búl aspektige júghysty bolmay otyr. Shynayy tarihtan ghylymy tarih qorqaqtauda.

Bizding payymymyzda, Serikboldyng ýsh jýz qúrylymynyng 17 ghasyrda qalyptasqanyn shamalauy da әbden qisyndy jәne oghan kirikken ru-taypalardyng әu basta tútas emestigi de aiqyn. Demek, Qazaqtyng memlekettik jýiesin ýshke bóluding qanday jaghdayda jәne qanshalyqty býgingi sipaty bolghandyghyna da kýmәn keltirip, qayta qaraytyn jayttar barshylyq.

Asyqpaymyz. Oghan da Uaqyt óz týzetuin engizer, tórelik eter. Ázirge rulyq bólinisting teris qylyghy qylt etken dәuirde ekenimizdi eskere otyryp, týrli jýzge bólshektelgen tútas úrpaqtar ózderin tuys sezinsin degen adal oimen osy jazbany arnayy keltirdik. Sebebi, maqsatymyz – bir rudyng mereyin ýstem etu ne onyng tarmaghyn biyiktetu emes, tarihtyng shynayy bet-beynesine tura qaraudy jas úrpaqqa ýiretu, tәlim etu ghana. Aqiqatqa qaymyqpay tura qaraytyn jana buyndy tәrbiyeleu – asyl múratymyz.

Jariyalaugha úsynghan – Serik Erghali, mәdeniyettanushy.

Alau-Mayram

Shetpe auylynyng teristiginde 7-8 km jerde, belgili Ayraqty tauynyng dәl irgesinde, ontýstik-shyghys jaghynda, Qosshymyrau degen jerde jerlengen, yaghny molasy bar Álau-Meyram (Áleu-Mayram) degen kóne әulie bar. Eleusiz jatqan osy bir kóne zirattaghy jerlengen kisiler turaly jergilikti foliklordyng saqtaghany jartymsyz.

«Áleu-Mayram, Shetpe, Shilgóz degen ýsh aghayyndy jigitting ýsheui de aruaqty kisiler bolypty. Shilgóz ben Áleu-Mayram búrynghyraq ólgen son, Shetpe ózin “ýsheumizding qalghan kózi men ghoy” dep “Ýshkóz” dep ataghan eken».

Shilgóz әulie — Ayraqty tauynyng teristik-batysynda (1-2 km jerde), Ayraqty men Sherqala monolitterining aralyghynda ornalasqan qauymdyqtaghy әuleiyning aty. Búl jergilikti týsinikteme ghana, basqa qosymsha maghlúmat bar ma, joq pa? – aita almaymyz.

Qazaqtar osy ýsh әuliyeni de “týrikpen” dep esepteydi, biraq aqparat jetispegen kezde qazaqtar ózderine belgisiz kónening barlyghyn kóbine-kóp týrikpenge menshikteytinin eskersek, osy etnikalyq anyqtamanyng absolut aighaq bola almaytynyn angharu qiyn emes.[1]

Arnayy eskerte keter jәit — Álau-Mayram bir jerde túrghan eki ghana beyit, yaghny osy eki beyit Áleu-Mayram degen bir kisining emes, Álau (Alau) men Mayram degen eki bólek kisiniki bolyp shyghady.

Álau (Alau) men Mayram degen kimder? Nelikten olar qatar jerlengen? Olardyng tegi men ómir sýrgen ortasyn, túlghasyn tanudyng joly bar ma? Mine, osynday saualdar qoyylyp otyr. Biz ýshin olardyng belgili bolghany qajet, qansha degenmen búl belgisiz túlghalar ózimiz túryp jatqan auyl-aymaqtaghy әuliyeler ghoy.

***

Aleuko men Áli biy. Kezinde G.N. Potanin qazaqtardyng auzynan jazyp alghan foliklorlyq shygharmalardyng arasynda "Aleuko-batyr y ego syn Orak" atty ertegi bar. Osy ertegide Baba Týkti shashty әziz, Aleuko-batyr, Áli bi, Aleukonyng balasy Oraq  degen balasy men Qarlyghash degen qyzy.

Oryssha hatqa týsirilgen Aleukony kәdimgi Alau batyr dep eseptep, ertegi (tarihy ertegi) jelisin bylay órbituge bolady:

"Alau batyr men Áli by dos bolady. Alau batyrdyng toghyz úly bolady. Kóbikti han bastaghan qalmaqtar elge basa-kóktep kirgende, onyng toghyz balasy da qaza bolady. Alau men Áli aman qashyp qútylady. Balasyz qalghan Alau әuliyeden әulie qoymay týneydi. Sonynda Baba Týktige kelip týnep, Baba Týkti aq kiyimdi shal keypinde Alaugha: «Toghyz úl kerek pe әlde toghyzyna tatityn bir úl kerek pe?" dep súraydy. Alau toghyzyna tatityn bir úldy súraydy. Sóitip, Alaudyng әieli úl men qyz – Oraq pen Qarlyghashty bosanady. Oraqtyng atyn Baba Týktining ózi qoyyp ketedi".[2]

G.N. Potanin búl ertegini Semey-Pavlodar aimaghynyng qazaqtarynan jazyp alghan.

Noghayly dәuirine qatysty foliklorlyq materialdardyng shyghys jaqtaghy qazaqtar arasyndaghy núsqalarynyng erekshelikteri arnayy zertteu taqyryby retinde jeke qarastyrugha túrady. Ázirge aitarymyz — atalmysh ortagha qatysty shyghys jaq anyz-ertegileri negizinen ózgermegen, búiyqqan kýiinde saqtalatyndyghy.

Osylardy “14 ghasyrdaghy Manghystau-Ýstirttik epos aldyndaghy material sarqynshaghy” dep, yaghny osy ertegilik túlghalardy naqty tarihy aimaqtyng topografiyasy men etno-mәdeny ortasyna sәikestendire alamyz ba? Osy saualgha qolda bar materialdar men olardan shyqqan qorytyndylardy qysqa kórsete otyryp, “iyә” dep jauap bere alamyz.

Birinshiden, noghayly delinetin epostyng Oraqtyng prototiypi bolghan manghystaulyq Erek (Ayraq, Ýirek) batyr ekendigin, osy esimmen ortaghasyrlyq erekli (erekli, airaqty) etnoniymining baylanysty ekendigin atap kórsettik. Al Ayraqty tauy bolsa әngime bolyp otyrghan Áleu-Mayramnyng soltýstik-batys jaghynda birer shaqyrym jerde ornalasqan, yaghny tiyip túr.

Ekinshiden, Oraqtyng әkesi róline ie bolghan Aleukony Alau nemese Áleu retinde qarastyrudyng reti keledi.

Ýshinshiden, Aleukogha bala beretin әulie — Baba Týkti shashty әzizding manghystaulyq molasy — Áleu-Mayramnan 80-aq shaqyrym jerde, týnegisi kelgen attyly kisi osy qashyqtyqty bir-aq kýnde alady.

Tórtinshiden, Aleukonyng dosy delinetin Áli by epos mәlimetine sýiener bolsaq, Ayraqty elining biyi.

Mine, tórt kisining de Manghystaulyq ekendigining qisyny kelip túr.

Aleuko degenimiz sonymen Alau batyr.

Alau batyr

Alau batyr — Qyrym siklindegi toptasqan batyrlar qatarynda aitylatyn, sipaty jaghynan jyr-shoghyrdyng eng ejelgi qabatyna jatatyn, naghyz mifoepikalyq Qyrym men Úrymnyng kórinbeytin erenderining biri. Ol turaly jeke epos bolghanymen, kólemi shaghyn, sujeti az, yaghny kompozisiyasy júpyny, kóp saqtalmaghan. Osy jeke jyrdan basqa Alau batyr turaly epizodtar basqa jyrlarda da kezdesedi.[3]

Jyrlarda Alau esimimen baylanysty nazar audararlyq eki-ýsh mezet bar, biri — býkil jyr siklindegi batyrlargha “qart” degen anyqtama tek Qojaq pen Alaugha ghana beriledi. Er Targhynnyng Aqjýnis súludy alyp qashqandaghy artynan qart Qojaqtyng quuy sujeti jyrlardyng noghaylyq variantynda basqa keyipkerlerge qatysty aitylady. Noghaydyng “Aysyldyng úly Ámet batyr” degen jyrynda Ámet batyr hannyng qyzy Shaharbekti alyp qashady, ony qart Alau quyp jetedi.

Mine, osy bir sujette eki keyipkerlik toptyng eki sәti bar, birinshisi — eki variantta da quatyn batyrgha qart mәrtebesi berilgen, al osynday ataumen birde-bir basqa batyr atalyp kórmegen, ekinshisi qart Qojaq pen qart Alau esimderining etnonimdik sipaty. Qojaq nemese Qozaq — tarihy “qazaq” (qozaq, kasog, kasah) halqynyng aty, j >z auysymy qazaq tiline tәn, osynday auysymdar jyr siklining ózinde de bar (mysaly Qojan, Qozan, Qazan esimi). Al Alau nemese Alagh — ortaghasyrlyq alandardyng etnoniymi jәne, sirә, pechenegterding shejirelik esimi, mine, nelikten bir sujetting eki variantynda jas batyr súludy alyp qashqanda artynan qart batyr quady, nelikten eki variantta da qughynshy shaldyng esimderi tarihy etnonimder — qazaq pen alannyng atymen atalghan, osynyng astarynda ne jatyr? — degen saualgha jauap beru kerek-aq, biraq ol belgisiz, tek onyng kezdeysoq foliklorlyq mezet emes ekendigine senimdimiz.

Alau — tek alan júrtynyng eponiymi ghana emes, Kishi jýz — alshyndardyng shejirelik týp-atasy, kәdimgi alash, alshyn etnoúghymdaryna negiz bolghan esim-eponiym. Áuelde ol, sirә, Alagh (Alaq) formasynda alandar men pechenegter tanymdyq jýiesinde qoldanylghan, al *dey-búlghar-kasogtarda onyng aty basqa bolyp Alsiyq (Alisiagar) týrinde aitylghan, keyingi eki-ýsh dýrkin jýrgizilgen qayta qauymdasularda qalyptasqan әlimúly-bayúly ekilik birlestigining týpki atasyna ainalghan. Qalay bolghanda da alandar 14 ghasyrda esen-qazaq qauymyn qalyptastyruda sheshushi ról atqarghan synayly. Sondyqtan onyng Shetpe manyndaghy Áleuge (Áleu-Mayramgha) “jersindirilui” asa manyzdy әreket bolmaq.

Alau — 14 ghasyrdyng tarihy túlghasy ma, әlde 14 ghasyrdaghy qyrgha shyghyp ketken esen-qazaqtardyng bir etnikalyq komponentine ainalghan alandardyng az tobynyng epostaghy túlghalanuy ma? Songhysy qisyndy siyaqty, yaghny “alau” sózining alshyn shejiresine kiriguine qarap, sol zamandarda alan tobynan shyqqan naqty batyrlardy da tegine qaray “Alau batyrlar” dep atauy әbden mýmkin (búl jerde Alau — jalpy esim).

Alau batyrgha qatysty taghy bir mezetti aitpastan búryn soltýstik kavkazdyq (eng aldymen, osetindik) nart eposynyng mysaldarynan ýzindi keltiremiz. Soltýstik-batys kavkazdyq halyqtar eposyndaghy batyr-narttar auylynyng ortanghy kvartaly Alagata dep atalady.

Alagata (Alau ruy) — ózining jauyngerliginen góri abyzdyghymen (zan-din-qúqyq funksiyasy) kózge týsetin kvartal, ru. Osy ýiding (rudyn) epostaghy eki basty sipaty bar:
Birinshi sipaty — narttardyng kiyeli tostaghany — “uasamonga” osy rudyng ýiinde saqtalady. Búl tostaghan jay tostaghan emes, aqiqat sózge ghana den qoyatyn kiyeli (anyzda siqyrly) tórt qyrly tostaghan.
Ekinshi sipaty — tostaghannyng osynda saqtaluyna baylanysty narttardyng jinalysy osy rudyng ýiinde ótedi.

"Alagata slavitsya umom, nikogda ne uchastvet v pohodah. U nih hranitsya nartskaya volshebnaya chasha uasamanga. V dome Alagata postoyanno proishodit pirshestva. Na nartskih pirshestvah za pravdivyy rasskaz o svoih podvigah Batradz udostaivaetsya togo, chto chasha Uasamonga podnimaetsya k ego ustam".[4]

“Uasamonga” nemese “nartamonga” (amonga — “ukazatelinisa”) — búl osetin sózi, al qazaqta osy mәndes “ym", “ymdau”, “emeurin” (“namek, namekati, ukazati nezametno”) degen sózding bar ekendigin jәne tilimizde e > a dybystyq auysymy bar ekendigin eske sala ketemiz. Yaghni, qazaqtyng “emeurin” (emegrin > amagryn) jәne “ymmen beru” sózi men osetinning “amonga” sózi bir týrkilik týbirden shyghuy әbden mýmkindigin aita alamyz.

“Uasamonga — v osetinskom nartskom epose volshebnaya chetyrehugolinaya chasha. Ona byla neissyakaema. Ona hranitsya v dome Alagata, gde obychno sovershaitsya nartovskie pirshestva. Esly kto-libo iz piruishih govoril pravdu o svoih ratnyh podvigah, chasha sama podnimalasi k ego gubam, esly je hvastalsya ponaprasnu, ona ne trogalasi s mesta. Soglasno balkarskomu variantu, na pirah pered kajdym nartom stoyal bochonok, napolovinu napolnennyy hmelinym. Esly podvigi, kotorymy hvastalsya kakoy-libo nart, byly verny, bochonok trijdy perelivalsya cherez kray...”[5].  Osy qysqasha ýzindiden bizding jeke súryptap kórseter ýsh sәtimiz bar:
Birinshi — Alag ýiinde batyrlardyng jinaluy;
Ekinshi — batyrlardyng syra iship, mas boluy;
Ýshinshi — olardyng erlik salystyryp, maqtanuy.

Biz búl ýzik-әngimelerdi Alag ruynyng ýiinde ýnemi jiyn-toy bolyp, tek sol ýide ghana nart batyrlarynyng jinalatynyn kórsetu ýshin keltirdik. Endi Qyrym mysalyna kóshemiz.

“Aysa úly Ahmet” jyrynda mynaday epizod bar:[6]
“Alau, Aysa bastaghan batyrlar noghaydan bólinip kóship ketedi, olardyng habaryn biluge jәne reti kelse keri qaytarugha ýgitteuge Asan qayghy balasy Abatty jiberedi. Abat, qasynda Toghan, Qarghaboyly Qaztughandy ertip, Alau batyrdyng ýiine keledi. Kelse, múnda Ahmet pen Alau bar eken. Erler jinalyp otyryp kenes qúrady, sosyn qymyz iship, mas bolady. Sóitip otyryp, Abat batyr qyzyp alyp, sóz sóilep, erlik salystyrady...”

Mine, osy erlik salystyru mәselesine Múryn jyrau 30 jyr jolyn arnaghan eken, bizge búl jerde keregi:
Birinshi — Alau batyrdyng ýiinde jinalyp kenes ótkizui;
Ekinshi — qymyz[7] iship, mas bolu faktisi;
Ýshinshi — erlik salystyruy.

Mine, osetin miyfindegi syranyng ornyna qazaq jyrynda qymyz ishilgeni bolmasa, ýsh әreket te qaytalanyp otyr.

Eki eposta da jiyn bolatyn ýy bireu, ol — Alag/Alaudyng ýii. Qazaq tostaghannyng simvolikasyn barynsha mol saqtaghanymen naqty anyzdyq tostaghan obrazyn saqtamaghan. Al kavkazdyqtar tostaghan simvolikasyn úmytyp, onyng esesine óz jyrynda tostaghan beynesin jaqsy saqtaghan. Qazaqtyng músylmandyq etikalyq standarty jyrlarda “sharap”, “syra” degen sózding ózin sol ghasyrlarda-aq alyp tastaghanyn eskersek, eki epostyng osy sujeti ortaq bastaudan shyqqandyghyn bayqau qiyn bolmas.

Osy erender jiyny turaly toqtalsaq, osetindik epos variantynda múnday jiyn “nihas” dep atalsa, adygtarda “hasa” delinedi. Búl — demokratiyalyq tiptegi qauymnyng jiyny. Qazaq epostarynda múnday jiynnyng ejelgi atauy saqtalmaghan. Olar keyingi músylmandyq “mәjilis” degen sózben auystyrylghan. Biraq qazaq aqyndary óz ólenderinde osynday jiynnyng kóne qazaqsha atauyn saqtay alghan, ol — “alqa” delinedi. Osy “alqa” sózi men “alag” sózining birtektiligi Alagata ýiindegi jiynnan keyin kezdeysoq úqsastyq bola almaytyny týsinikti.

“Alqany” orysshalap “krug” deuge de bolady. Orys-kazaktardyng dәl osynday jiynyn “krug” dep ataytynyn júrtshylyq estip te jýrgen shyghar, búl — týrki úghymynyng audarmasy ghana. “Alag” sózining bir tuyndy mәni — “barlyq júrt, kópshilik, júrtshylyq, әleumet, jamaghat”, yaghny “halyq” degen sóz. Osylaysha, alan eposyndaghy “ata-baba elinin” atynyng Alag boluy týsinikti. Onyng miftik epikasynda Askar men Borata ózara kýresken eki dýnie bolghan. Al epos synyqtaryn qabyldaghan osetinder men basqa kavkazdyqtar osy modelidi týsinbegeni anyq. Sondyqtan osy ýshtikti tau halqynyng kosmosyna tәn tau betkeyindegi auyl dengeyine týsiru arqyly saqtay alghan.

Alagh ýiindegi saqtalghan tórtbúryshty tostaghan iydeyasynyng ózi eki qabatty, birinshisinde – tostaghannyng ózi miftik simvol bolyp tabylady. Ekinshisinde – tostaghannyng tórtknl pishini ghalam modelining bir mysaly bolyp tabylady. Tórtbúrysh pen Alagh sózderining qatar kelui Alagh - orta dýnie – iygerilgen kosmostyng tórtbúryshty nemese kvadrat ekendigin kórsetedi, tórtkil dýnie – jalpy kóshpelilik miftik ghalam formasy bolyp tabylady. Búl jerde alaghtyng adamzat kosmosy әri sol kosmostyng tostaghan siyaqty modeli bolyp túr.

Alau batyrgha әlgi top batyrdyng ishindegi basshylyq etu mәrtebesi turaly eshtene saqtalmaghan, onyng jyrda aitylghan noghaydan bólinuin tarihta bolghan alshyndardyng noghaydan bólinip, ýlken qazaqqa qosylu faktysy (16 ghasyr) dep boljaghannan góri, Áz Jәnibek hannyng kezindegi olardyng qyrgha shyghyp ketip, esen-qazaqtargha ainaluy degen qisyndyraq siyaqty.

Mine, Alau ýiining negizgi funksiyasyn kórip otyrmyz, ol — belgili bir toptyn, qauymdardyng jinalyp, kenes qúratyn orny. Múnda búl rudyng ókilderi biylik (abyzdyq) qyzmet atqaryp, abyzdyq simvoly bolghan tostaghangha iye. Al endi osy sipatty naqty, Álәu-Mayram mysalyna keltirsek, 14 ghasyrlardaghy esen-qazaqtardyng (ayraqtylardyn) jiyn qúratyn jeri jazda Ýstirtting ýstinde bolatyn bolsa, qysqy uaqyttarda osy kýngi Shetpe manyndaghy Ayraqtynyng manynda ótetin bolghan dep joramaldaugha bolady.

Osy Ayraqty týbindegi Alaudyng ýiine qatysty aitylghan topshygha qosymsha dәiek bolar taghy bir jayt bar. Ayraqty tauynyng ontýstik-shyghys, yaghny Álәu-Mayramgha qaraghan betindegi jartasynda afishalyq baghanagha úqsas jartas syzbalary bar. A. Medoevting auzymen әrtýrli ataugha ie bolghan jartastaghy suretterding ishindegi kórnektisi — Ghalam beynesi. Búl kartina sufistik dýniyetanymgha say týsindiriledi. Búl gravurada ertedegi adamdardyng dýniyeni qanday keyipte týsingendigi kórsetilgen. Sufistik islam ilimining týsinigi boyynsha, ghalam degendi syghymdalyp-tyghyzdala da, úlghayyp-keneye de alatyn materiya týiinshegi dep bilgen. Mine, jartastaghy Ghalam kartinasy osynday týsinikti beynelegen synayly.

Medoev bolsa osy suretterdi salghan 18-19 ghasyrlardyng adaylary degen joramal jasaghan, adaylardyng islamdyq diny tanymynda da osy sufistik týsinikting bolghandyghy belgili. Biraq tastaghy suretterdi solar saldy deuding reti joq siyaqty. Óitkeni osy týsinikti biletin kez kelgen aday emes, diny jaghynan sauatty әri islamnyng suret salugha tiym salghanyna qaramay suret salugha qoryqpaytyn, suretshilik fantaziyasy bar molda-aday boluy kerek. Al 18 ghasyrdaghy adaydaghy oqyghandardy anyz jady jaqsy biledi, tipti attaryn da ataydy, olar — Bekst-ata men Qyrymqúl degen kisi. Al 19 ghasyrdaghy biz bilmeytin aday moldasy osynday suret salumen ainalyspas ta edi, óitkeni islam dinining tiri jandy beyneleudi qúptamaghandyghyn aityp óttik emes pe? Sondyqtan osynday kýmәndilikterdi algha tarta otyryp, suretterdi salushy 18-19 ghasyrlardyng adayy emes, 14 ghasyrdyng esen-qazaghy (ayraqtysy) degimiz keledi. Biz 14 ghasyrdyng jappay islamdanu ghasyry bolghandyghyn, Manghystaudyng da mashayyqtar mekenine ainala bastaghanyn aityp óttik. Osynday jaghdayda sol mashayyqtardyng biri osy jartastardaghy gravuralardy salghan da bolar.

Bir qyzyghy, osy jartastaghy kórkemsuret galereyasy Áleu-Mayramnyng molasyna jaqyn jerde, әri Shayyr jaq betinen Ýstirtke aparatyn jolgha da tayau jatyr. Sondyqtan “14 ghasyrdaghy airaqtylardyng jiyn qúratyn Alaudyng ýii osy jerde bolghan” dep joramaldaugha bolady.

Áli biy

Keltirilgen ertegilik epos júrnaghyndaghy taghy bir esim — Áli bi. Biz ony 14 ghasyrdyng realdy túlghasy dey alamyz ba? Solay dep qabyldaugha tura keledi, óitkeni Áli by esimining jiyiligi men ornyqtylyghy qazaq foliklorynda Oraqtan da, Alaudan da kem emes.

Áli by turaly Qyrym siklinde birneshe mәlimet bar. “Shora batyr” jyrynyng barlyq derlik varianttarynda kezdesetin Áli (Áli) esimining Ýstirt-Manghystau kenistigimen baylanysty bolu mýmkindigi de óz aldyna atap ótuge túrarlyq jaghday. Jyrdyng bir núsqasyndaghy Áli — Qarahan degen ólsiz han biyleytin “noghayly men týrikmen elinin” batyry, bii retinde kórinedi.[8]
Taghy bir núsqadaghy Áli — jay ghana “Qarahan elindegi airaqty ruynan shyqqan”[9], búl jerde noghayly da, týrikmen de atauy aitylmaydy, onyng esesine Ayraqty degen belgisiz ru aty kezdesedi.

Mәshhýr Jýsip Kópeyúlynyng qarasózben bergen “Shora batyrynda” da Nәrik elinen kelip, bir “aq qalanyng manyndaghy on san noghayly Ayraqty eline[10], myng ýili jasyl týrikmenge keledi. Týrikmenning Qarahan degen hany, Áli by bii bolypty”[11], yaghny búl varianttaghy Álining eli — taghy da Týrikmenning Qarahan degen han biyleytin eli[12]. Taghy bir variantta Nәrikting barghan jeri — Ýrgenish manyndaghy Aqsha han eli, tek búl jyrda Áli aty joq, onyng ornyna Aqtashy by shyqqan.[13] Sirә, Aqtashy — realdy Áli biyding laqaby boluy kerek, óitkeni aqtashy (ahtachi) — Shynghyshan engizgen han-saray mansap-alpaghy ataqtarynyng biri, onyng bastapqy funksiyasy — “qoy baghushylardyng ýstinen qaraushy” (“zavedungshiy pastuhamy oves”) bolghan. Al Rashid ad-Dinning jazbasynda osy ataumen hannyng “jeke jylqy ýiirlerining at baghushysyn” ataghan eken. Soghan qaraghanda, Áli tore túqymdarynyng (han-sýltandardyn) birining qaramaghynda aqtashylyq qyzmet atqaruy da әbden mýmkin.

Osy bir jyrdyng tórt týrli variantynda Áli-Nәrik-Shora obrazdarynyng tóniregin kómkergen epikalyq etnonimder men toponimder jәne antroponimderdi tizip shyqsaq, bizge belgilisi:

Ayraqty	belgisiz el, ru
Qarahan	týrikpen hany, týrikpen elining aty
Noghayly-Týrikpen eli	eki etnikalyq negizi bar epostyq qogham
Aqshahan eli	epos boyynsha Ýrgenish manyndaghy týrikpen eli

 

Qarahan atauy keltirilgen tórt varianttyng ýsheuinde de kezdesedi, yaghny búl da epostyng bastapqy variantynda bar jer nemese adam aty degendi bildiredi. Sondyqtan búghan qatysty joramal-týspaldar da eki sipattaghy bola alady. Qarahan sózining (esiminin) de Manghystau miftik-geografiyalyq kenistigine qatysy bar, ol óz aldyna jeke әngime.
Taghy bir sóz — Aqsha han esimindegi “aqsha” sózining mәn-maghynasy belgisiz (ony býgingi “aqsha” — “denigi” sózimen shatastyrudyng qajeti joq), biz tek “aqsha” degen sózding jer-su attary men ru esimderinde oryn alghandyghyn ghana aityp ótemiz. Osy esimning Manghystaugha qatystylyghy jóninde әngime qylyp óttik.
Al tizimde berilgen tórtinshi atau — noghayly-týrikmen eli tarihiy-geografiyalyq túrghydan tek Manghystau jәne oghan japsarlas Aral-Hasarly (Kaspiy) aralyq kenistiginde (Ýstirt, Oq-Balqan, Besqala) ghana boluy mýmkin, óitkeni tek osy aimaqta ghana tarihy noghaylylar men týrikmender qonsylas túryp, aralasa alady. Mine, búl jaghdayda bizding әlgindegi Aqshahan, Qarahan, Ayraqty siyaqty topshylarymyzdyng Manghystau-Ýstirttik varianty aktualdy bolyp shyghuymen birge, eng bastysy — Áli obrazy men esiminen de osy aimaqqa tәn nyshan-belgilerdi izdey bastaugha jol ashylady.

Berdibay R. Epos - el qazynasy. 1995. 194-6. Bizge belgili Aqtash degen jer, qorym Qaraghan týbekte, Fort-Shevchenkodan Aqtaugha qaray jýretin joldyng 22 km-nen soltýstikke qaray 2 km jerde, Qyzylózen auylynan soltýstikte 10 km jerde bar.

“Shora-Nәrik” jyrlaryndaghy Áli esimine Manashyúly Túyaqbay jyryndaghy Ormanbet biyding balasy delinetin Áli by esimin shendestiruge bolady. Ekeuining by boluy óz aldyna, “Manashyúly Túyaqbay” jyryndaghy eng basty oqigha — Ormanbet pen Manashynyng qaza bolu oqighasynyng bolghan jeri retinde naqty geografiyalyq nýktening — Ýstirtting Hasarly (Kaspiy) tenizine qaraghan syrghyndaghy Manashy, Kýikenýshqan, Ashaghardyng kórsetiluine qarap, búl jyrdaghy Álining (Áliydin) de adresi osy Ýstirt-Manghystaudan kórsetiluin qisyndy dep esepteuge bolady.

Al osy Áli men onyng әkesi Ormanbetting esimi men Mýryn jyraulyq “Er Kókshe” núsqasyndaghy Kókshe batyrdyng qarsylasy delingen qalmaq hany әri batyry — Ormanghalidyng (Orman-Ghali, Orman men Áli) aty bir tekti deuge bolady. Qalmaqta múnday adam esimi boluy mýmkin emes, sondyqtan qazaqtaghy talay adam atynyng ishinen osy Ormanghalidyng tandaluy kezdeysoq at qoy bola almaydy.

Áli by “Shora” jyrynyng barlyq variantynda da zorlyqshyl bolyp, jaghymsyz kelbetke ie bolghan, al “Manashyúly Túyaqbayda”, Potanindik “Aleukoda” ol jaqsy sipatqa ie bolghan. Sondyqtan Álige Shora-Nәrik jyrlaryndaghy jaman sipat beriluin bastapqy dey almaymyz. Ol da basqa keyipkerler siyaqty óz zamanynyng adamy bolghan, onyng epostaghy jaman bolyp shyghuy, yaghny onyng oppozisiyagha shyghuy 16 ghasyrdaghy edigelik dәstýrding jyrlaushylarynyng kózqarasyna say jýzege asyrylghan. Tarihy Nәrik pen Shora Nәrikúly 1546 jyly ólgen kórinedi, olay bolsa “Nәrik-Shora” jyrlary 16 ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda qalyptasa bastaghan, al jyrdyng sujetining jәne esimderining túraqtylyghy onyng kóne ekendigin kórsetedi. Kóne jyr bolghan, al Shora men Nәrik sol jyrlargha jasandy týrde engizilgen ýsteme-keyipkerler (vstavka) ghana, olar jana zaman jyraularynyng auzymen kóne jyrdy iyemdenip ketken. Mins, osynday jaghdayda Áli obrazy Shora men Áli nemese Nәrik pen Áli epikalyq dualizminde negativti sipatqa ie boldy.

“Manashyúly Túyaqbay” jyryndaghy Ormanbetting úly Áli — jaghymdy keyipker, ol Túyaqbaydy on bir biyding balalarymen tabystyrushy bolady jәne ózi Túyaqbaymen dos bolady. Artynan Túyaqbay men Áli ekeui Yndys hany Meyramhangha qarsy soghysady. Soghan qaraghanda Áli by әri batyr — aiqyn jaghymdy (pozitivti) obraz. Al osy ekeuin belgili bir etnikalyq sapagha keltirsek, Ormanbetúly Áli — *dey-ólim ruynyng eponiymi bolsa, Manashyúly Túyaqbaydy — *dey-uaq ruynyng eponiymi deuge bolar[14] edi, óitkeni “Túyaqbay” sózining uaq (uvaq, ubaq, ybaq > túyaq) sózine belgili bir sapadaghy úqsastyghyna baylanysty keyingi zamandarda tughan esim ekendigi kórinip túr.

Álibek, Áliby jәne Alibeg. Áli biyding 14 ghasyrdyng tarihy túlghasy boluy belgili bir keregharlyqtardy tughyzady, óitkeni onyng alan (nart-osetiyn) eposynda tikeley balamasy — Alibekting (Alibeg, Aliybek) boluy mynaday tarihy saualgha jauap izdeudi qajetsindiredi.

Eger Áli by (Alibek) 14 ghasyrdaghy manghystaulyq túlgha bolsa, onda býgingi soltýstik-kavkazdyq nart eposyndaghy Alibek obrazy olardyng eposyna 14 ghasyrdan keyin engen bolyp shyghady. Al eger Alibek 14 ghasyrgha deyingi kavkazdyq alan eposynyng keyipkeri bolghan bolsa, onda ol 14 ghasyrda manghystaulyq qazaq ortasynyng folikloryna kirikken tarihy emes, kәdimgi epikalyq keyipker ghana bola alady. Qaysysy dúrys? Oghan bere salatyn jauap joq, eki yqtimal joramaldyng dәiektiligin kórsetu ýshin kitap taqyrybynan tym auytqyp ketip, úzyn-sonar әngimeleuge kóshuge tura keledi. Sondyqtan kelte qayyryp, tek qana alan eposyndaghy Alibekting keybir sipattaryna toqtalyp ótemiz.

Alan eposyndaghy Alibek turaly jeke sujet joq deuge bolady, ol tek Totradz (Totrash) batyrdyng әkesi retinde aitylady. Alibek — alan mifoepikasyndaghy ýsh kvartaldy nart auylynyng ortanghy kvartaly bolyp túrghan Alagata, yaghny Alau ýiinen shyqqan kisi.

Alibek pen onyng úly Totyrash esimi soltýstik kavkazdyq epostargha ortaq, al belgili bir esim kópshilikke ortaq bolu ýshin olar әlgi esimdi erterekte qabyldauy tiyis, yaghny alan degen etnos jer betinde ómir sýrgen kezde (14 ghasyrdyng ayaghyna deyin) sol halyqtyng eposynyng Alibek degen keyipkeri keyingi ghasyrlarda soltýstik Kavkazdyq júrttargha taraghan. Mine, Alibek pen Totrash esimderining ómir sýru uaqyty eng beri degende 13-14 ghasyrlar (odan da búryn) bolyp shyghady. Biraq Alibek pen Áli biyding attas boluy (“biy”, “bey” sózining ózi “bek” sózinen órbip shyqqan ghoy) búl mәsele jóninde basqa joramal bar ekendigin kórsetti. Yaghny Alibek obrazy 14 ghasyrda Manghystau jerinde tuyp, keyingi 15-17 ghasyrlardyng bir sәtinde ghana soltýstik-kavkazdyq halyqtardyng nart eposyna kirikken.

Búghan, sirә, esen-qazaqtardyng batysqa ketken toby sebepker bolghan synayly[15].
Birinshiden, Alibekting Alagata (Alag > Alau) ýiine, yaghny ruyna jatuy (yaghny sol rudyng adamy boluy), ony qazaqtyng alshyndarynyng Alau jәne Álim ataularymen shendestiruge mýmkindik bere alady. Potanindik ertegidegi Aleuko men Áli biyding qatarlas bolyp aityluy osy etnikalyq ortany menzese kerek. Yaghny Alau-Aleuko — etnikalyq ortanyng jiyntyq keyiptenui bolsa, Alibek-Áliby — sol ortadan shyqqan naqty epostyq keyipker. Mine, osy orayda Áli esimi men Alau esimi birining ornyna biri jýretin esimder bola alady.

Ekinshiden, alan mifoepikasynyng ýshtik modeli boyynsha Alibek shyqqan Alag (Alagata) ruy — orta dýnie retinde abyzdyq funksiyagha iye, yaghny Alaudyng ózi de, onyng Alibek degen úrpaghy da batyrdan góri abyz qyzmetin atqaruy tiyis, osy әlgidegi qyzmetti ortaq qazaq dәstýrinde by dep atalghan adam atqarady. Al qazaqtyng by degen sózining kóne týrkilik núsqasy — bek, yaghny “Álibek” esimi býgin qazaqsha “Álibi” dep aitylar da edi.

Ýshinshiden, nart Alibek Totyrashtyng (Totrash, Totraz, Todradz, Tatarash) әkesi, al qazaqtyng Álibek batyr ertegisinde Totay esimi bar (ertegide ol esim batyrdyng eki qaryndasynyng bireuine berilgenimen, bastapqyda batyrdyng balasynyn, ne qyzynyng esimi retinde qoldanyluy әbden mýmkin).

Tórtinshiden, qazaqta Álibek batyr degen kóne epostyng ertegilik prozagha ainalghan týri bar (Ertegiler. 4 tom. 1989. 71-b.). Mine, ertegilik qazaq Álibegining dýniyege selebesin (qylyshyn) ústaghan kýiinde kelu motiyvi nart eposynda naqty Alibek turaly bolmasa da kezdesedi.

Besinshiden, nart Alibekting balasy Totyrashtyng esimi etimologiyalyq dengeyde Manghystau-týrikpendik tutyrka (tuturka, dudorga) etnoniymimen baylanysty boluy joqqa shygharylmaydy. Etimologiyasyn anyqtamay-aq, Totraz (Totradz, Totrash) sózining kóne, bastapqy aitylu qalpyn jasamaq bolsaq: Toradz > Totyrag > Totyrga sózderi shyghar edi. Múndaghy “yragh” sózi “yryq” degendi bildire me, әlde “yryq” (úrúq) — ru degen sóz be, ol jaghyn tap basyp aita qoi onay emes. Al onyng esesine biz týrk-oghyz etnikalyq ortasynan delinetin, biraq oghyzdyghyn shartty týrde ghana aitugha bolatyn dudorga, tuturka degen etnonimdermen shendestirip kóruge bolady. Dudorga — ortaghasyrlyq týrikpen (?) taypasy, ol keyin týrikpenning Goklen taypasynyng qúramyna kirgen, al tuturka — dudorganyng ekinshi, tarihy qújattarda jazylghan varianty ghana. Totrash-Totradzdardyng osy tutyrghamen shendesui tarihy jaghynan qisyndy bolmaq. Tek biz búl jerde tutyrghany oghyz ne týrikpen deuden góri, bastapqy etnikalyq tegi belgisiz taypanyng aty degendi jón kóremiz.

S.P. Polyakovtyng mәlimetine qarasaq, Oq-Balqan (jәne Manghystauda) jerindegi tuturka etnoniymining estilu uaqyty — 11-13 ghasyrlar, al 16-17 ghasyrdyng derekterinde dudurga dep jazylady. Týrikpendik kóne ru — tutyrkadan keyin gerkez ruy shyqqan. Goklenderding ýlken bir atasy gerkez dep atalsa, jalpy Goklenning ózi qayy jәne dudurga bolyp ekige bólinedi[16]. Mine, Totyrash esimi de, Bayúly shejiresindegi týp-ana Totannyn[17] esimi de osy etnonimmen baylanysty boluy yqtimal. Osy tutyrka ruynyng bir bóligi nemese jekelengen jigitteri 14 ghasyrda Manghystau-Ýstirttegi esen-qazaqtar qauymynyng qalyptasuyna qatysuy mýmkin, yaghny bir qazaq otauy (vatagasy) osylaysha atalyp, onyng negizinde Totyrash jiyntyq obrazy qalyptasqan da bolar.

Osetindik eposta Totradz (Totraz) Soslannyng (Sosrukonyn) dualistik qarsylasy retinde kórsetilse, adyg variantynda olar jamaghayyndar bolyp suretteledi. Qazaqta osy esimge jaqyndau keletin Totan (Dotan) esimi jәne osylay atalghan arhaikalyq epos ta bar. Búl epostyng epikalyq núsqasy jariya bolghan joq, ol jóninde tek R. Berdibayúlynyng zertteulerinen ghana biluge bolady. Totradz — Totrash oqighalary әr kavkazdyq variantta ózgeshe damyghan, sondyqtan qazaq-alan úqsastyghyn izdeu dәl, naqty úqsastyqtardy bere almaytyny týsinikti, tek Totradz batyrgha qatysty bir sujet qazaqtyng eposynda da bar ekendigin aita alamyz. Totradz ben Soslan jekpe-jekke shyqqanda Totradz ony kóteninen nayzagha shanshyp alyp, kýni boyy týsirmey kóterip jýredi. Dәl osynday oqigha qazaq eposynda da bar (Qosay men Soslan turaly salystyru әngimesin qara).

Altynshydan, Áli — Alau (Alag) sózining islamdyq normalargha beyimdeluinen shyqqan esim bolghannyng ózinde, osy esimning monghol shapqynshylyghyna deyingi alan júrty arasynda taraluy jәne onyng ýstine ýlken epikalyq manyzgha ie boluy kýmәndi. Óitkeni kavkazdyq alandar hristian dinin ústanghan, sondyqtan olardyng ózderining basty epikalyq erenin músylmansha atay qoyy neghaybil.

Jetinshiden, Álibek ertegisindegi Álibek batyrdyng qarsylasy Shýlingir batyr dep atalady, al Shýlingir (Chelunkiyr) — týrikpen jerindegi, Manghystau oblysynyng (yaghny Ýstirt qyrynyn) eng qiyr ontýstik shetine jalghasyp jatqan qyrdyng aty (Qaplanqyrmen qatarlas, Oq-Balqannyng ontýstik-shyghysy). 14 ghasyrdaghy týrikpender men airaqtylar (esen-qazaqtar nemese erekliler) arasyndaghy qaqtyghystardyng yqtimaldyghyn eskersek, manghystaulyq airaqtylar men shýlingirlik týrikpender arasynda bolghan soghystar turaly anyzdar keyinirek ózgeriske úshyrap, jerding nemese týrikpen ruynyng atauy qazaq foliklorynda qarsylas batyrdyng esimine ainalyp ketui mýmkin.

Sonymen, Áli (Áli bi, Áli bek) — 14 ghasyrdyn, Manghystau-Ýstirt aimaghynyng asa kórnekti obrazy. Onyng jamandyghy qasyndaghy Oraqtan ne Shoradan artyq emes, jaqsylyghy olardykinen kem emes. Tek jyr tudyrushy orta osy Álining basqarghan ortasyna qarama-qarsy tirlikte bolghan bolu kerek, sondyqtan Álige jyrdyng tarihy teatrynyng sahnasynda kóbinese jaghymsyz keyipkerding róli kóp tiygen. Biz ózin aq, qarsylasyn qara dep bolatyn aitysker aqyn emes, ótkenge beytarap (neytral) kózben qaraytyn zertteushimiz, sondyqtan da Áli biyding asa kórnekti túlgha ekendigin týsinip, onyng jyraudan alghan jaman sipatyn sylyp alyp tastaugha tolyq mýmkindigimiz bar.

Mine, tarihy bolsyn-bolmasyn, meyli jay ghana miftik-epostyq túlgha (belgili bir etnikalyq toptyng keyiptenui) bolsyn, — Áli biyding Manghystau-Ýstirt kenistigimen tyghyz baylanysty beyne ekenin eshqanday kýmәnsiz qabyldaymyz. Búl jaghdayda әlgi Álәu-Mayram әuliyesindegi Álәudi alau etnikalyq ortasynan shyqqan Áli biyding ekinshi aty dep qabyldaugha tolyq mýmkindik bar, jyrda bir-birine qarsylas bolyp beynelengen Áli by men Meyramhan osy bir manghystaulyq týpkirde Álәu-Mayram bolyp qosarlana jerlengen de shyghar. Solay degenge sengimiz-aq keledi.

Áli by — Álim. Eponim — belgili bir nysangha ne topqa (qalagha, jerge, rugha, halyqqa t.b.) ózining esimin berushi degendi bildiredi. Keybir adam aty rulyq-taypalyq birlestikting atauyna negiz bolady, mine, at berushi túlghany eponim deydi. Al biz әngimelep otyrghan Áli degen túlgha qazaqtyng iri territoriyalyq (rulyq) birlestigi bolyp sanalatyn alty ata Álimge at berushi bola ala ma?

Áli by esimining qazaq epikalyq dәstýrinde túraqtylyqqa jetui, onyng airaqty eline by boluy, keyinirek onyng aty iyelengen toptyng (rudyn) qalyptasuy mýmkindigin kórsetedi. Al Álining de, airaqtylardyng (esen-qazaqtardyn) da

týrikpen-qypshaq tildi aralas-qúralas orta bolghandyghyn eskerip, osynday jana rudyng payda boluy joldaryn týrikpen arasynda izdestirip kórelik.

Ábilghazy 15 ghasyrda Oq-Balqandy mekendegen týrikpen taypalary qatarynda adakly-hyzyr, alili, duschi, qaraoyly, salordy ataydy. Ol uaqytta ersary halqy Ábulhanda (Oq-Balqanda) otyratyn edi... “Ol uaqytta Ýrgenishten Ábulhangha baru bir auystan ekinshi auylgha barghanday edi. Óitkeni Ámu suy Ýrgenish qalasynyng týbinen ótip, Ábulhan tauynyng kýn shyghysyna baryp, taudyng týbine jetip, qúbyla tarapynan ýiirilip, kýn batysqa baryp, odan ótip, Oghyrja baryp Mazandaran tenizine qúyar edi. Ámu dariyasynyng eki jaghy Oghyrjagha jetkenshe eginshilik, jýzim baghy jәne aghash óser edi. Jazda maly barlar shybyn-shirkeyden qashyp, alystau jerlerdegi qúdyq basyna kóship, qys sudyng jaghasyna keler edi. Baylyq pen mamyrajaylyqtyng shegi joq edi. Pishketten Qart Keshitke deyin sudyng eki jaghynda ataqty hazar eli otyratyn edi. Qart Keshitten Ábulhan tauynyng kýn batysyna deyin eki jaghynda Ály eli otyratyn edi. Odan tenizge qúighan jerge deyin týieshi halqy otyratyn edi”[18]. Ábilghazynyng osy sipattamasy 1540-1550 jyldardaghy oqighalargha baylanysty sóz arasynda keltirilgen. Búl Orta Aziyany jaulap alghan kóshpeli ózbekterding hany Ilibars balasy Sufiyannyng zamany edi, sondyqtan S. Polyakovtyng mәlimetindegi 15 ghasyrdy "16 ghasyr" dep týsingen dúrys siyaqty. Eng bastysy — 1540-50 jyldary Oq-Balqannyng manynan ótken dariyanyng boyynda “beymәlim Ály elinin” otyruy.

Al Mirhond sol tústa (Polyakov dereginshe — 15 ghasyr) osy aimaqtaghy Toqtamys kisilerin sóz qylady[19]. Myndaghy alily etnoniymi ekinshi bir jazyluynda aly eli, yaghny “Áli eli” dep jazylady.

Mine, 15 ghasyrda Oq-Balqanda túrghan Áli ruynyng (onyng o basta týrikmen boluy shart emes) qúrylysynan attap bir ghasyr búryn, yaghny 14 ghasyrda Manghystau men Ýstirtke mekendeui de mýmkin jaghday.

S.P. Polyakovtyng pikirine jýginsek, ali-ily ruynyng payda boluy, dәlirek aitqanda, “ali-ili” degen atpen kóne ru-taypalardyng qalghan-qútqan júrnaqtary (konsorsiya nemese konviksiya) negizinde jana territoriyalyq birlestikke (rugha) birikken qauymnyng payda boluy 16-17 ghasyrlargha keledi eken: “Vremya 16-17 vv. dlya severo-zapadnoy Turkmeniy harakterno poyavleniyem novyh grupp — ali-iliy, tiyvedjy y dr. Naryadu s nimy chetko proslejivaitsya oguzskie plemena — imiyr, igder, alka-oyly, kara-oyly, dudurga, salory”[20]. Áriyne, Polyakovtyng túspaly óte az aqparatqa negizdelip jasalghan, sondyqtan Áli-Ily ruynyng qalyptasuyn bir (tipti, bir-eki) ghasyrgha keri shegeruge bolady. Eger "әli" degen top 14 ghasyrda Ýstirt pen Manghystaudaghy alash-qazaqtardyng qúramynda bolsa, onda 1392 jylghy Aqsaq Temirding alash balalaryn óltirgen uaqytynan son, 14 ghasyrdyng ayaghy, 15 ghasyrda olardyng qaldyghy Manghystaugha, odan Oq-Balqangha auyp, sol jerdegi týrikmen rularymen aralasyp, tili men bolmysy túrghysynan týrikmendenip ketkende, "Áli-Ili" degen jana, endigi jerde týrikmen ruyn qúrghan bolyp shyghady.

Týrikmenstanda, Oq-Balqannyng ontýstik jaghynda, ólgi Mirhond pen Ábilghazynyng Álily ruy túrdy dep kórsetken aimaghynda býginde Mayramaly (Bayram-Ali) degen qalashyq bar, osyghan aty úqsas qala Ázirbayjan jerinde de bar, ol — Aliy-Bayramliy.

Áli men Bayramnyng (Áli men Meyramnyn) eki jerde qatarlasa aityluy, bizdinshe, kezdeysoq emes. Osylar 14 ghasyrdaghy esen-qazaqtyq Áli men Meyramhan esimderine baylanysty bolghan, yaghny 14 ghasyrdyng ayaghyndaghy esen-qazaq oiranynan keyin Týrikmenstangha, odan Ontýstik Kavkazgha ketken Áli men Meyram esen-qazaqtarynyng túqymdarynan qalghan toponimder (eldi mekender) atauy boluy mýmkin. Aldynghy әngimelerge qaraghanda, búl da qiyal emes, qisyndy túspal siyaqty.

1896 jyly Ashhabadta jaryq kórgen “Voennyy obzor” kitabynda kórsetilgen Manghystau ónirindegi 2834 qúdyghy bar 294 sudyng aty atalypty, mine, sol qúdyqtardyng arasynda Bayram-Aly degen qúdyq, jer aty Manghystauda da bolghan eken[21]. Tek onyng naqty orny kórsetilmegen, ony shamalap Janaózen qalasynan ontýstik-batysta 45 km jerdegi Bayram, Qyzyladyr ónirlerinde bolar dep shamalap kórsetuge bolady. Mine, osynday taghy bir Bayram-Aly tabylyp otyrghan jaghdayda “Áli men Mayramnyng bastapqy koordinaty qayda?” degen saualgha jauap izdegende, onda Manghystau jerindegi Ayraqty tauynyng kýngey-shyghys jaghynda jatqan kóne әulie delinetin Álәu-Mayram әulie — osy Áli-Alau men Meyramnyng (eger olardy 14 ghasyrda ómir sýrgen naqty bi, atamandar dep týsiner bolsaq) molasy degen dúrys bolar edi.

Sonymen, 14 ghasyrdyng ayaghynda oiran bolghan esen-qazaqtardyng (nemese airaqtylardyn) Áli-Mayram tobynyng (vataghasynyn) bir bóligi ontýstikke, Týrikmenstangha ketip, 15-16 ghasyrlarda “Áli eli” dep atalatyn jana týrikmen ruyna negiz bolghan. Al sol baghytqa ketken taghy bir toby Irangha, Ázirbayjangha ketip, týrikmen-әzirbayjan tildi qyzylbastardyng qataryna qosyluy әbden mýmkin jәit.

Al sol esen-qazaqtyq Áli (Alau-Mayram nemese Óli-Mayram) tobynyng negizgi bóligi qypshaq tildi ortada qalyp, 15 ghasyrda býkil Noghayly — Deshti-Qypshaqqa taralyp, býgingi Álim jәne Arghyn-Meyram rulyq-taypalyq birlestikterine ýiytqy bolghan deuding de qisyny bar. Aqsaq Temir (jәne basqa handar) oirandaghan kezde jan-jaqqa ydyrap ketken qazaqtardyng ishindegi Álilerding bir bóligi Oq-Balqangha ketip, 15 ghasyrda týrikmen ruy retinde kórinse, bir bóligi Torghay, Oraltau, Esil-Tobyl aimaghyna qaray ketip, keyingi Álimúly tobyna ýiytqy bolghan dey alamyz. Áriyne, búl boljam ghana. Bir kisiden taratyp ru men halyqty shygharatyn shejireden asa almaghan ghalymdarymyzgha osynday damu, payda bolu joldaryn dәleldep, sendire qoy aigha úshyp barumen birdey qiyn sharua, biraq biz, әueli Ýstirtte túryp, artynan Saryarqada ýlken rulyq qauymgha ýiytqy bolghan Er Kekshe, Er Qosay úrpaqtary - uaqtardyng da boluy mysalyna qarap, osynday damu sýrleuin mýmkin nәrse dey alamyz. Jalpy osy jana etnogenez dәuirine (prosesine) azdap ta bolsa kónil bólgenimiz dúrys siyaqty.

***

15 ghasyrdan keyin nemese qaytadan býrshik atqan sheshekter

14 ghasyrdyng ayaghynda bolghan Alash oirany nemese esen-qazaqtar oirany Dala kóshpelilerining erkin de órkeniyetti qogham qúru әreketin bayansyz etip, basy qúralghan qyryq qúrau qoghamdy byt-shyt qylyp ydyratyp jiberdi. Biraq búl zaman aqyr emes, jana órkendeuding de basy edi. Oiran bolghan júrttyng ýlkendi-kishili shashyraghan qaldyqtary, jekelengen túlghalary býkil dalagha, eng aldymen, qypshaq tildi kenistikke tarap ketti. Olar barghan jerlerinde sol jerdegi shejirelik tegining bólek bolghanymen, tili, túrmys-salty, әdet-ghúrpy men diny senimderi úqsas bolghan ru-taypalarmen qauymdasty. Biri jergilikti rulyq-taypalyq birlestikterge singendey, iz-týssiz atyn da, zatyn da joghaltyp ketse, endi bireuleri, kerisinshe, barghan jerlerinde jana rulyq-taypalyq qúrylymdardyng qalyptasuyna ýiytqy bolyp, ózderining esen-qazaqtyq tegin shejirelik-zeyindik dengeyde úmytqanymen, týisiktik, sana-sezim astaryndaghy dengeyde saqtap qaldy. Múnday jana qazaqy (15-16 ghasyrlar ýshin jana qazaqtar) taghdyry, qalyptasu joly týrlishe bolyp órbidi.

Biz esen-qazaqtardyng 15 ghasyrdaghy qaldyqtarynan órbigen birneshe jana subetnikalyq qúrylymdy atap kórsete alamyz.

Birinshi — bayúldar, yaghny esen-qazaqtardyng oirannan qalghan eng ýlken toby. Olar alghashqy qazaqylyq qauymdar qalyptasqan Manghystau-Ýstirt, Jem-Saghyz, Oiyl-Qobda, Jayyq-Ózen, Mýghaljar aimaghynda qalyp, 15 ghasyrda “Noghay” degen atpen dýrildegen Edige-Núradyn túqymdarynyng taypalyq birlestikterine ekinshi qatardaghy top esebinde kirdi.

Ekinshi — әlimúly nemese Qarakesekter, Esil-Tobyl aimaghyna yghysqan esen-qazaqtardyng ekinshi iri toby. Olar basqa úsaq (kete, shómekey, t.b.) rulardy ózderine qosyp, jana qauymdasudyng basynda túrdy.

Ýshinshi — uaqtar, yaghny Er Kókshe men Er Qosaydyng resmy úrpaqtary, olar esen-qazaqtyq, jad negizinde soltýstik dalalarda jana rulyq birlestikti qúrdy. Keyin qazaqtyng Orta jýzdik tobyna jeke ru esebinde kirdi.

Tórtinshi — arghyndar, soltýstik dalagha ketken esen-qazaqtardyng bir iri toby, sirә, “Meyram” nemese “Qarakesek” dep atalghan top osy aimaqtaghy kishi rulardy, 13-14 ghasyrlarda “Arghyn” atyna ie bolghan jergilikti shaghyn toptardy qauymdastyryp, 15-16 ghasyrlarda býgingi Orta jýzdik arghyndardyng negizin qalyptastyrdy.

Besinshi top — sirgeliler, ontýstikke, Qaratau-Syr aimaghyna ketken esen-qazaqtardyng qaldyghy. Múnda olar ózderining negizgi úiytqysy men sirgeli degen atpen Úly jýzdik jeke rudy qalyptastyrdy.

Búlardan basqa jeke, shaghyn toptar da bolghan shyghar, mәselen, býgingi Orta jýzdik kerey ruynyng úitqysy bolghandar da osy esen-qazaq ortasynan shyqqan degen joramalymyz bar, biraq qolda bar materialdar auqymy olardy saralap, anyqtaugha mýmkindik bermeydi. Soghan qaramastan, birinshi qazaqtardyng túqymdary әrtýrli sapada býgingi qazaqtyng kelbetin jasauda sheshushi ról atqarghanyn aitugha bolady. Qazaqtyng ýsh aimaghynan da, yaghny ýsh jýzinen de oryn alghan olar qazaq atyn, iydeyasyn taratushylar boldy.

***

Álim jәne Alash. Múhametjan Tynyshbaevtyng jazbalarynyng ishinde keyingi zertteushilermen berilmegen birli-jarym joytylghan joramaldar bar. Solardyng biri — alash atauynyng býkil qazaqtyq úghym bolyp taralmastan búrynghy tek dey-alshyn qauymdarynyng arasynda taralu yqtimaldyghy turaly oilar. Tana ruynan shyqqan batyr әri by Jiyembetting Esimhangha aitqan sózderindegi “Alashyma úran salarmyn” degenine qatysty M. Tynyshbaev bylay deydi: “Eto fraza opredelenno ukazyvaet, chto alchiny pribyly k Esymu  sravniytelino nedavno i, vo vtoryh  (chto osobenno interesno), chto uran alash v eto vremya prinadlejal preimushestvenno alchinu”[22]. Tynyshbaev osy oiyna qosymsha tirek retinde taghy eki mysal keltirgen. Ayta ketu kerek, Múhametjan da Shoqannyn, Levshinning jazbalaryn paydalanghan, al Múhametjannyng jazbalary men pikirlerin keyingi zertteushiler (mysaly, Q. Salghariyn) de keninen paydalanghan. Al onyng keltirgen ólen-mysaldaryn býgingi, tolyqtyrylghan núsqasynda qayta kórsetuge bolady.

Alash ta alash bolghaly,
Alasha atqa mingeli,
Ala shúbar tu baylap,
Alashqa úran bergeli,
Álim edi aghasy,
Sholpan edi anasy[23].

Jiyembet jyraudyng Esimhangha aitqany:
Qayratym qansha qaytsa da,
Múnyna, hanym, shydaman.
Arqagha qaray kóshermin,
Alashyma úran desermin,
At qúiryghyn kesermin,
At saurysyn berermin,
Alysta dәuren sýrermin.
Qaramasan, hanym, qarama,
Sensiz de kýnimdi kórermin[24].

Eger "Alash" esimin bastapqyda tek *dey-alshyndardyn[25] menshikti aty bolghandyghyn eskersek, onda sol *dey-alshyn birlestigining eki qanatty birlestigi (әlimúly-bayúly) әlimúly tobyndaghy mәrtebesi ýlken bolyp, ol agha sanalghan. Olay bolsa, ruy ólim Jaskileng aqynnyng berish-bayúlydan shyqqan Múrat aqyngha “Álimning aghasy” deui tarihiy-shejirelik túrghydan әbden oryndy, óitkeni ol alash dep tek әlim men bayúlydan túratyn kóne alashtardy aityp otyr. Sondyqtan búl qauymdastyqtaghy Álimning aghalyghy shejirelik iyerarhiya túrghysynan alghanda dúrys. Búl jerde Múrattyng bergen jauaby aitys prinsiypi tarapynan dúrys bolghanymen, shejire tarihy ýshin manyzdy emes.

Shejire boyynsha Alaudan nemese Alshynnan Qarakesekter (әlim toby) men Qydyrbaylar (bayúly toby) taraydy. Aghayyndy ekeuding ýlkeni — Qarakesek-Álim bolyp tabylady. Búl shejire aghashynyng basqa da núsqalary bar, biraq barlyghynda da osy eki balalyq prinsipting ishinde ýlken delinetini — osy Álim.

Mine, osy *dey-alash — *dey-әlim + *dey-bayúly formulasyn negizgi sanaytyn bolsaq, onda 1350—1390 jj. Esen-qazaq alashtaryndaghy eki negizgi toptyng ýlkeni osy Álimge keyinnen úiytqy bolghan *dey-әlim qazaqtary bolghan degen joramaldyng qisyny kele bastaydy. Al sol *dey-әlimderding izi Esen-qazaqtan (Ayraqtydan) tabyla ala ma?

Áli biydin, bir jaghynan, Alaudyng epikalyq dosy retinde (Potanindik ertegide) de, ekinshi jaghynan, Alaudyng ekinshi músylmandanghan aty retinde nemese Alau ruynan shyqqan bir biyding óz aty retinde Alau-Álimmen shendese alatynyn aityp óttik. Jaskileng men Mýrat aitysyndaghy, kezinde M. Tynyshbaev ta atap ótken óleng joldaryndaghy anyqtama da aitystaghy ózin-ózi asyra maqtau tәsili emes, shejirelik anyzdargha negizdelgen. “Alash, Alash bolghanda ...Álim edi aghasy, Sholpan edi anasy”, — delinui belgili bir dengeyde tarihy realdylyqty kórsetedi.

14 ghasyrda alash qauymy (bizding әngimemizdegi airaqtylar nemese esen-qazaqtar degenimiz — osy alash qauymy) qalyptasqanda, әli toby ýlken, agha statusyna ie bolghan. Ádette agha bolu ýshin abyzdyq funksiyagha ie bolu kerek, sondyqtan Áli-14 toby (konsorsiyasy) sufiylik mashayyqtardan nemese kóne diny abyzdardan shyqqan bir túlgha basqarghan qúrandy top (konsorsiya) bolghan[26] da shyghar, sondyqtan olar әlgi anyzdaghy jat júrttyq (mýmkin, parsy, Orta Aziya) dana qarttyng úrpaqtary mәrtebesine ie bolyp, esen-qazaq ortasynda belgili bir abyzdyq funksiyagha ie bolghan. Býgingi Álimning aghalyghy da sol funksiyadan qalghan sarqyn da shyghar.

***

Býgingi alty ata Álim toby — ýlken tarihiy-territoriyalyq birlestikterding biri bolghan. Bizge әlimúlynyng 18-20 ghasyrlardaghy qonystanu territoriyasynan basqa 17 ghasyrdaghy, tipti 16 ghasyrdaghy territoriyasy belgili. Álimder 16-17 ghasyrlarda Aral men Syrdariyadan ontýstikke jәne ontýstik-shyghysqa qarayghy Qyzylqúm kenistiginde, Samarqan men Búqaragha irgeles aimaqtarda mekendegen. Seyitqúldyn, Jalantostyng naqty ómir jolynyng osy aimaqpen baylanystyryluy osyghan kuә. Biraq a) әlimderding ózimen irgeles Orta nemese Úly jýz qazaqtarymen shejirelik baylanysqa emes, bayúly-alshynmen shejirelik baylanysqa týsui; ә) Alau esimine baylanysty boluy olardyng 16 ghasyrgha deyingi tarihy qalay bolghanda da batys dalamen baylanysty ekendigin kórsetedi.

Taghy bir eskerer jәit — qyrym-noghayly sikli, jalpy osy foliklorlyq keshen bayúlydarmen salystyrghanda әlimúly qazaqtarynda taralmaghan dese de bolghanday. Degenmen olardyng Kishi jýzdigi men Alau-dәstýrining naq noghayly ortasynan shyqqandyghyn kórsetedi. Osynday eki qarama-qayshylyqty tek mynaday sipatta týsindiruge bolady.

14 ghasyrdyng ayaghy, 15 ghasyrdyng basyndaghy Edige-Toqtamys-Temir soghystarynyng nәtiyjesinde ydyrap ketken esen-qazaqtardyng naqty bir toby, yaghny ózderin Álining nemese Áli (mebettin) úrpaghymyz dep ataghan toby Batys Qazaqstannan soltýstik-shyghysqa, Torghay, Saryarqa, Tobyl jaqqa ketken. Olay deytin sebebimiz — qolda bar әlim shejiresinde Qarakesek (Úlanaq)[27] dep atalghan iri tobynyng ishki eki bóligining Esil men Tabyl (Tobyl) balalary dep ataluy. Bir toptyng eki bóligining soltýstik daladaghy eki iri ózen atymen (Esil, Tobyl) ataluy kezdeysoqtyq emes. Búl 17-18 ghasyrlardaghy qalyptasqan әlim-qarakesek shejire dәstýrining óz tarihynyng bir sәtin osylaysha este saqtauynyng kórinisi.

Áli biyding úldary 15 ghasyrdyng birinshi jartysynda batystan Esil-Tobyl dalalaryna ketip, sol jerde az toptarmen qauymdasa bastaghan[28]. Búl — Noghay Ordasynyng shyghysqa qaray úlghayyp, sosyn Ábilhayyr biylegen kóshpeli ózbek handyghynyng kýsheygen túsy.

Sirә, salystyrmaly týrde qypshaq siyaqty iri taypalargha qaraghanda sany az bolghan әlimúldary әueli Noghay Ordasyna kirse, artynan kóshpeli Ózbek memleketine kirgen. 15 ghasyrdyng sonyna taman jәne 16 ghasyrdyng basyndaghy Dalanyng qazaq pen ózbek bolyp ekige ajyrasu kezinde әlimúldary kóshpeli ózbekter qatarynda Esil-Tobyl aimaghynan ontýstikke, Syr-Qyzylqúm jәne Kermiyne-Núratau aimaghyna qonys audarghan. Sany az bolsa da quatty әlimúldar sol aimaqtaghy ejelgi kóshpeli (ishinara otyryqshy) júrttardyng sarqyndary bolghan shómekeyler men ketelerdi, t.b. biriktirip, 16-17 ghasyrlarda ýlken әlimúly-qarakesek birlestigine ainalghan. Ol kezde qazaq pen kóshpeli ózbekting bir-birinen aiyrmashylyghy shamaly edi, sondyqtan әlimúldary qazaq-ózbek ekiúdaylyghynan birte-birte qazaqtyqty tandap alghan.

Búl kezde әlimúldary bayaghy esen-qazaq-ayraqtylyq Álini úmytyp ketkenimen, shejirelik týp-ata Álimge ainalghan týrin saqtap qalghan edi. Sonday-aq, shejirelik jad olardyng Alash, Alau, yaghny alshyn ekendigin de saqtap qaldy, sondyqtan 17 ghasyrdyng ayaghynda ýsh jýzdik qúrylym qalyptasqanda, әlimúly bayúlymen birge Kishi jýzdik topqa ainalghan edi.

Óz kezeginde, býkil әlimúlyna eponim bolghan Áli biydi manghystaulyq esen-qazaqtarynyng biyi, atamany dep atay alamyz. Manghystaudaghy Ayraqty tauynyng ontýstik-shyghys betinde eleusiz jatqan eki molanyng (Áleu-Mayram) biri osy Áliniki (Álimdiki) degenge de yntaly bolghan jón sekildi. Tútas bir júrttyng arghy atasynyng Manghystauda jatuy ólke tarihy ýshin eleusiz qalmas degen oidamyz.

Áli jigitterining batystan soltýstik-shyghys dalalargha ketuimen Uaq ruynyng bizge belgili 11 ishki ruynyng bireui Álimbet dep ataluy da osymen baylanystyrylady (múndaghy diny ýsteme — ýmbetti alyp tastasaq, shyghatyn jalghyz sóz — Ály bolmaq). Sol siyaqty adaydyng Múnalynan bes balanyng biri — Ály de baghzy Álimen baylanysta boluy әbden mýmkin[29].

Meyramhan — arghyndaghy bes meyramnyng atasy

Álәu-Mayramnyng qúrandy atauyndaghy ekinshi komponent — Mayram esimi. Osy Mayramdy qazaqtyng arghyn ruyndaghy “bes meyram” dep atalghan iri, ru qúraushy úiytqysyna at bergen arghy ata bola alady dep topshylay alamyz ba? Ol ýshin ýlkendi-kishili dәleldemelerdi úsynyp kóreyik.
Birinshiden, Álәu-Mayramnyng eki tuysqany delinetin Shilgóz, Ýshkóz (Shetpe) esimderindegi “kóz” úghymy oigha birden arghynnyng “kóz tanbasyn” sap etkizip týsire ketedi. Kóne miftik tanymda Kóz — kýn belgisi, “kýnning kózi”, sonday-aq danalyq pen abyzdyqtyng nyshany bolyp tabylady. Alau nemese Alagata ýiindegi biylik, abyzdyq sipattyng angharyluy da, Arghynnyng resmy týrde jalpy qazaqtyq ýshtik әleumettik-funksiyalyq bólinude abyz, by (“Orta jýzge qalam berip daugha qoy” nemese “kitap berip, nemese qamshy berip daugha qoy”) mәrtebesine ie boluy osy tanbagha ie boluymen astasyp jatqan siyaqty. Arghyndyq bes-meyram býkil arghyn elining negizgi úiytqysy bolyp sanalady, yaghny arghynnyng jalpyqazaqtyq abyzdyq funksiyasy alghashynda, yaghny 15-16 ghasyrlarda arghyn ishindegi tek bes-meyramnyng enshisinde boluy әbden mýmkin. Al bes-meyram tobyn qalyptastyrushylar ózderining arghy atasy retinde osy kózge qatysy bar Álәu-Mayramdy eseptegen de shyghar.
Ekinshiden, Orta jýz ben Kishi jýz arasyndaghy shejirelik sabaqtastyq eng aldymen әlim-arghyn sabaqtastyghy arqyly kórinedi. Álim men Arghynnyng shejirelik keshenindegi úqsastyqtargha qarap, olardyng belgili bir dәrejede ortaq bastaulargha iyek ekendigin kórsetedi. Osy jaghdayda Álәu-Mayram esimindegi alau (әlim) men meyram esimderining qatar túruy osy tuystyqty kórsetetin siyaqty.
Ýshinshiden, aldynghy әngimelerimizde sóz qylghanday “әli” men “meyram” sózining qatarlasa jýrui oghyz-týrki dýniyesindegi tarihy toponimderden kórinis tapqan. Týrikmenstandaghy Bayram-Aly men Ázirbayjandaghy Achiy-Bayramly әli (sonymen birge meyram tobynyng da) 14 ghasyrdan keyingi týrikmen baghytyndaghy damu kenistiginde jatqan ataular, osy qala attary bastapqyda etnonimge baylanysty boluy mýmkin.
Tórtinshiden, Meyramhan — Múryn jyrau núsqasynyng Manashyúly Túyaqbay jyryndaghy qalmaq hanynyng esimi. Ol — epos boyynsha “óz batyrlary” bolyp sanalatyn Manashyúly Túyaqbay men Ormanbet biyding balasy Áli batyrlardyng qarsylasy. Jyrdyng aty jyr ghoy, onyng tarihilyghy kóbinese “búqanyng búzaulaghanynday” bolyp shyghady emes pe. Biraq biz osy Meyram esimdi yndys-qalmaqtyng arghy aqiqat tegi Orta jýzdik ýlken ru — arghynnyng arghy úiytqy-atasy boluynda, yaghny *dey-arghynda jatyr degen joramaldy aitqymyz keledi. Rasynda da osy jyrdaghy Meyramhan men býgingi arghynnyng Bes Meyramy arasynda tikeley sabaqtastyq bar deuge bola ala ma? Áriyne, eng onayy — osy joramaldy joqqa shygharyp, jyrdaghy Meyramhan esimi — kezdeysoq aityla salghan jolshybay esim dey salu, degenmen azyn-aulaq zertteushilik intuisiya bayyptap qara degendi aitqanday bolady.
Naqty Meyramhangha qatysty aitarymyz: azghana materialda saqtalghan Manashyúly Túyaqbay, Ormanbetúly Áli men sol ekeuining qarsylasy — Meyramhan qúraytyn ýshtik te kezdeysoq esimder jiyntyghy emes. Olar — belgili bir rulyq-etnikalyq ortanyng *dey-obrazdary bolyp tabylady. Biz Manashyúly Túyaqbaydan — *dey-uaq — bolashaq Orta jýzdik uaq ruynyng 14 ghasyrdaghy úiytqysyn kórsek, Áliden — *dey-әlim, al Meyramhannan — *dey-meyram (arghyn) rularynyng etnikalyq úiytqysyn kóremiz.

Býgingi qazaqtyng arghyndary turaly shejire

Býgingi qazaqtyng arghyndary turaly shejire olardy Bes Meyram, Jeti Momyn dep eki ýlken topqa bóledi. Jalpy arghyn shejiresi de, basqa qazaqtyng ýlken rularynyng shejireleri siyaqty kóp núsqalylyghymen kózge týsedi. Bizding qarastyrar esimimiz tarapynan osy eki topqa bólinuding qolayly әri jii kezdesetin núsqa ekendigin aita otyryp, osy Bes Meyramgha: Quandyq, Sýiindik, Begendik, Shegendik, Qarakesek degen ishki rulardyng kiretinin de eske sala ketemiz[30]. Osyghan qarap-aq, 15-16 ghasyrlardaghy qazaq arghyndary negizgi eki týrli birlestikten nemese eki rulyq-etnikalyq komponentten túratyndyghyn bayqaymyz, yaghny 15-16 ghasyrlardaghy meyram toby (konsorsiyasy) basqa bir rulyq qauym — momyn konsorsiyasymen birlesip, qauymdasyp, býgingi arghyn júrtyn qalyptastyrghan. Olardyng qaysysy úiymdastyrushy boldy, qaysysy qosylushy boldy? Arghyn atyn osy eki toptyng qaysysy berdi? — búl saualdargha әli jauap berilgen joq. Biraq shejire boyynsha meyramdardyng Arghynnyng bәibishesi Ergýlden tughanyna qarap, arghyn-15-16 birlestiginde sheshushi rólge osy meyramdardyng ie bolghanyn aiqyndaugha bolady.
Biz osy meyramdardy esen-qazaqtarmen sabaqtastyrugha qúlyqtymyz. Biraq “mynau dәlel” dep tyndyra salar eshtene joq, tek keybir qisyndarmen shekteluge tura keledi.
Birinshiden, shejire arghyndaghy Meyramnyng qayyn júrtyn alshynnan shygharady. Onyng qalyndyghy Núrqiya — alshynnyng Dosbay degen kisisining qyzy eken. Sol qyzben onyng Qarqabat degen jengesi jәne taghy bir qyzmetshi bolghan jetim qyz kelipti desedi. Meyram bolsa, osy ýsheuin de qatyn etip alypty: Núrqiyadan — Quandyq, Sýiindik; Qarqabattan — Begendik, Shegendik; al jetim qyzdan Bolatqoja (Qarakesek) tuady[31]. Shejire bergen alshyngha jiyen bolu — tarihy dәldikti bermese de, tarihy etnogenez dәurenining baghytyn beredi. Qarakesek demekshi, búl atau Alty ata Álimúlyna da tiyesili atau, al shejirening alshyngha jiyendigine qarap, eki jaqtyng Qarakeseginde de býgingi shejire dәstýri úmytqan sabaqtastyq, ortaqtyq jatqandyghyn bayqaugha da bolady.
Ekinshiden, Q. Salgharin býgingi arghynnyng shejire dәstýrinde (kezinde M. Tynyshbaevtyng jinaghynda saqtalghan) arghyndardy “jogharghy” jәne “tómengi shekti” degen bólinuding joq ekendigin aitady da, Mәshhýr Jýsipting shejire keltirisinde osy ataudyng bar ekendigin eske salady. “Shekti” atauy epostyq dәstýrde bar, Alpamys jyrynyng bir núsqasynda kezdesedi.
Qarakesek atanghan Bolatqojanyng jengeley alghan әielinen Shúbyrtpaly men Shekti tuady. Mine, arghynnyng meyramy, meyramnyng ishindegi qarakesegi eki kórsetkish (óz aty, balasynyng aty) boyynsha alshyn-әlimning Jamanaghymen tektese alyp túr. “Býgingi arghyn shejireshisi bilmeydi eken” dep kóne shejireshilerden qalghan maghlúmattardan bas tarta almaymyz ghoy — shekti sózining arghynda boluyn N.A. Aristov ta atap ótken, sondyqtan osy eki shektilik (jogharghy, tómengi) bólinisten tarihy qisyndy kýtemiz. Yaghny shekti aqparatyn 17-20 ghasyrlar arghyny bilmegenimen, 15-16 ghasyrlar arghyndyq shejiresi bilgen dep joramaldaugha bolady.
M. Tynyshbaev jogharghy jәne tómengi shektini Toqal Arghynnan shygharghanymen, onyng atap ótken esimderi býgingi shejirelik núsqalarda kezdesse, tek Tәnbisúpy delinip jýrgen momyndyghy kýmәndi (ol Aynagózden (taghy da kóz?) tughan, al momyndar Momyn-anadan tughan ghoy) rudyng qúramynda kezdesedi.

Jogharghy shekti — tómengi shekti rulary

Jalpy, Múhamedjannyng jogharghy shekti — tómengi shekti rularynyng ishki ata-ru esimderi nazar audararlyq. Jogharghy Shekti degeni Ermen degen kisi, odan Shaghyr[32], Shaghyrdyng rularynyng ishinde Taz (Aldiyar), Shaqshaq, Madiyar, Aydarke degen esim-rular bolsa, olar bizge Orta jýzdik Uaq ruynyng jogharghy esimdik keshenin qúraytyn Ermen, Aydar attaryna úqsas. Búl osy bir arghyn-shektilerding de Uaq ruy siyaqty óz tegin Manghystau-Ýstirtpen baylanysty bolu yqtimaldyghyn kórsetedi.
Al Tómengi Shekti 10 esim-rudy toptastyra atapty. Olardyng ishinde Álimbet, Bayymbet, Begimbet, Qyryqmyltyq[33], Aqtajy, Baytajy esim-rularyn ataugha bolady. Múndaghy “Aqtajy” men “Baytajy” sózderi:
a) qyrymdyq jyrlardaghy Aqtash, Aqtashy han-biylerdi (Áli biyding laqabyn) eske týsiredi;
ә) “ajy” formanty Manghystau men Ýstirtke tәn oghyz-týrikpendik “adjy” (ashy suly qúdyq ne say) degen geografiyalyq atalymdy eske týsiredi;
b) “tajy” degen maghynasy belgisiz formant (Aq-tajy, Bay-tajy) bizge taz, tәzike (tәjike) degen aday men tazdyng etnonimderin eske týsiredi.

Qolda arghynnyng býgingi de, bayaghy da shejirelerining tolyqqandy núsqalary bolmaghandyqtan, naqty, sózsiz dәlel aita almaymyz. Onsyz da shejirelik myng qúbylghan shyrmauyqtan absolut aqiqatty bilse, tek Qúday taghala biledi. Qoldan keleri — tek úly jobany, nobayyn kórsetu bolmaqshy.
Atap kórsetilgen alshyn-arghyn úqsastyqtary bizge arghyndardyng belgili bir tobynyng qalay bolghanda da 15-16 ghasyrlardaghy qalyptasu dәuirine deyingi alshyndyq tekpen sabaqtasatyndyghyn kórsetedi. Ýsh qatyn alghan Meyram nelikten jyrdaghy Meyramhan bolmasqa? Jyrdaghy “qalmaq” degeni jay ýsteme ghana emes pe? Esen-qazaq zamanyndaghy alash-qazaq qauymy ishinde meyramdar da nemese Meyram degen ataqty kisi basqarghan konsorsiya — әskery vataga (otaq, otau) bolghan bolsyn delik.
Mine, kezinde jaulasyp, endi bitimge kelgen Áli men Túyaqbay basqarghan vatagalar birigip, osy Meyram vatagasymen soghysady. Meyram ataman osynday shayqastyng birinde óle me, әlde tiri qala ma? — әngime onda emes. Osynday qaqtyghystar sol Esen-qazaq júrtynda anyz bolyp aitylady. Áriyne, múnday anyzdy jengen jaqtyng keyingi úrpaqtary este saqtaydy. Keyin, Edige úrpaqtary biylegen Noghayly zamanynda osynday anyz materialy jyrgha ainaldyrylady nemese bir jana jyrgha sujet bolyp enip ketedi. Múnday jyrda endi ru esimderi úmytylady da, bayaghy eki vataga arasyndaghy qaqtyghys epostyq óz (noghayly) jәne jau (yndys, qalmaq) dengeyine shygharylyp, bayaghy anyzdyq esimdi iyelengen batyrlar endi jana epostyq etnikalyq tólqújatqa ie bolady. Bayaghy vataganyng atamany bolghan Meyram endi “qalmaqtyng Meyramhanyna” ainalady.

Meyram úldary 15-16 ghasyrlarda qalyptasqan qazaq-arghyn qauymdasuynda eleuli ról atqarghanymen, esen-qazaqtyq sipatty saqtay almaghan. Sondyqtan olar kóp arghynnyng ishinde azshylyq bolyp, sol kópshilikting shejirelik dәstýrining ynghayyna qaray keyin Orta jýzdik shenberge kirigip ketken. Búl endi kórkem-әdeby sipattaghy rekonstruksiya, biraq dәl osynday bolmasa da, oqigha aghymy osy baghytta damyghany anyq. Biz ýshin әzirge manyzdysy — Meyramnyng molasy Manghystauda jatqandyghy.

[1] Jergilikti auyzeki tilde qoldanylatyn “Álәu” sózi dýrysy qazaq tilivde “Alau” sózine ainaluy tiyis. Býl sózdi biz bastapqyda “әuel” sózining býrmalanghan týri. yaghny bastapqy aityluy arabtyng “avvali” sózimen baylanysty bolar dep joramaldaghanbyz, biraq keyingi zertteuler onyng kýmәndi ekendigin kórsetti.

[2] Kazahskiy foliklor v sobraniy G.N. Potanina. A., 1972. S.116

[3] *“Oraq-Mamay” jyrynda (141, 148-66.) ol Ahmet, t.b. batyrlarmen birge Oraq pen Mamaygha jәrdemdesedi; “Qarasay-Qazida” (65-6.) Ámet, “Aysanyng úly Ahmette” (196, 201, 203-66.), “Ámet batyrda” kezdesedi, yaghny onyng esimi jyr sujetin tolyqtyrushy rólinde kórinedi.

[4] Mifologicheskiy slovari. S. 28, 89.

[5]Mifologicheskiy slovari. S. 559.

[6] Batyrlar jyry. 6-t.,1990.198-b.

[7] Qazaqstannyng keybir aimaqtarynda, mәselen, Aqtóbening Shalqar maghynasy (pivo) men kóne maghynasynyng (qymyz) aiyrmashylyghyn este ýstaghan jón.

[8] Berdibay R. Epos - el kazynasy. 1995. 175-6.

[9] Berdibay R. Epos - el qazynasy. 1995. 194-6.

[10] 1,2 Potanindik ertegilik nýsqadaghy Alaudyng (Aleukonyn) balasy Oraq bolyp shyghuy men Áli biyding Ayraqty (Ayraq-Oraq) elining bii boluy ara- synda da sәikestik bar siyaqty. Óitkeni Oraq jyryna negiz bolghan Ayraq (Ýirek) degen mifoepikalyq esim de Manghystaugha baylanysty ghoy. Berdibay R. Epos - el qazynasy. 1995. 173-196-66. 115 Berdibay R. Epos — el qazynasy. 1995. 195-6.

[11] Berdibay R. Epos - el kazynasy. 1995. 173-196-bb.

[12] Berdibay R. Epos - el kazynasy. 1995. 195-6.

[13] Berdibay R. Epos - el qazynasy. 1995. 194-6. Bizge belgili Aqtash degen jer, qorym Qaraghan týbekte, Fort-Shevchenkodan Aqtaugha qaray jýretin joldyng 22 km-nen soltýstikke qaray 2 km jerde, Kyzylózen auylynan soltýstikte 10 km jerde bar.

[14] Eger Álini - әlim, Týyaqbaydy - uaq deytin bolsaq, onda Meyram- handy keyingi arghyndardyng negizgi bir boligin qalyptastyrushy bes mey- ramnyng eponiymi deuge de bolar edi. Biraq osynday joramaldy esh dәlelsiz basa aita almaymyz, oitkeni dәstýrli shejire aghymynan asa almaytyn zertgeushi qauymyna, býltartpas dәlel bolmas, mýnday jyr metamorfo- zasyn týsindire qoy onay sharua emes.

[15] 14 ghasyrdyng sonynda, ne 15 ghasyrdyng alghashqy shiyreginde ydyrap ketken esen-qazaqtardyng bir toby Ne Hazariya tenizi jaghyna, ne Edil-Jayyq arqyly batysqa, Soltýstik Kavkaz ben Don aimaghyna ketui әbden mýmkin. Soltýstik Kavkaz halyqtaryndaghy nart eposyndaghy Sosruko, Batraz, Alibek esimderi men múndaghy obrazdardyng qazaq epikasyndaghy izderi, sonday-aq býgingi Osetiyadaghy Alagiyr, Adayhoh toponimderining boluy osynday joramaldyng negizsiz emes ekendigin kórsetedi. Búl jaghdaygha býkil nart eposynyng geneziysi jónindegi tújyrymdardy týbegeyli ózgertu tura keler edi.

[16] Polyakov S.P. Etnicheskaya istoriya sev.-zap. Turkmeniy v srednie veka. 1973. S. 128, 134.

[17] Qashaghan Kýrjimanúlynyng "Aday tegi" degen dastanyndaghy miftik sipaty bar shejire boyynsha Qydyrqojanyng (Qydyrbay — Bayúly ruy) eki ýlken әieli bolghan eken, birining aty Janby bolsa, ekinshisining aty Totan: "Bir qyz, er kórmey bala bolghan eken (bala bolmaghan, Janbiy), Janby men Totan anannan". 119 — degen joldardan bayúlygha kirgen on bir rudyng ókilderi ózderin osy eki anadan bastaydy. Osy Totan men Álibek ertegisindegi Totay esimderining sazdyq bastauy ortaq bolar dep shamalanady.

[18] Ábilghazy. Týrk shejiresi. 135-6.

[19] Polyakov S.P. Etnicheskaya istoriya sev.-zap. Turkmeniy v srednie veka. 1973. S. 7.

[20] Polyakov S.P. Etnicheskaya istoriya sev.-zap. Turkmeniy v srednie veka. 1973. S.133.

[21] Qarjaubaev Q. Qúdyq — sharualar múrasy // Jana ómir. 1990. 18 qazan.

[22] Tynyshbaev M. Veliyke bedstviya. 1992. S. 72-73.

[23] Sydyqov Q. Alqalasa әleumet. 1991. 57-58-better.

[24] Bes ghasyr jyrlaydy. 1-tom, 1989. 52-53-better.

[25] Orys jәne europalyq terminologiya dәstýrinde belgili bir jay-kýiding bastapqy jәne keyingi ózgeriske úshyraghan týrin belgileu ýshin proto, pra, do, pred (mysaly, prototýrki, pratýrki, dotýrki, predtýrki), epi, post (mysaly, epiygeriyn, postsovetskiy) degen sózderdi prefiks retinde qoldanady. Týrik tilderinde, onyng ishinde qazaqta da prefiks jýiesi joq, sondyqtan osynday termin jasauda qiyndyqtar kezdesedi. Mysaly, prototýrikterdi týrikke deyingi týrikter dep audarugha tura keledi, búl úzaq–shúbalynqy, oqugha da, aitugha da qiyn. Biz sondyqtan proto (pred, pra) sózining ornyna jasandy dey- (deyin, deyingi sózining qysqartylghan týri), al post, epilog, posttýrki sózderin auystyru ýshin keyin (keyingi, keyingisin) qoldanghan jón dep oilaymyz. Mysaly: dey-alshyn – alshyndargha deyingi, nemese býgingi alshyn birlestigine deyingi kezen; bәidi – bәidiler, yaghny býgingi bәidilerge negiz bolghan kóne rulardyng shartty atauy.

[26] Dini-abyzdyq toptyng uaqyt óte kele jeke rugha ainalu mysaldary "qoja", "seyit", "maqtym", "shyq", "ata" siyaqty rulardyng payda boluynan kórinedi. Basynda injidar, kýnderding konsorsiumy bolghan osy adamdar toby keyin qoghamdyq rugha ainalghan kórinedi. Mysaly, Asan nemese Esen abyzdyng tóniregine jinalghan top keyin ata ruyna ainalyp, olardyng etnogenezdik qúryluy bar, sondyqtan Ólimning alghashqy úiymdyq konsorsium esebinde payda bolyp, keyin joramaldargha tolyq mýmkindik bar.

[27] Manghystau týbeginde, Taushyq pen Jynghyldy auyldarynyng aralyghynda Úlanaq degen jer bar. Jergilikti qazaqtar jer atyn "Úlanaq" degen týrkimen әulesining atymen baylanystyratynymen ol әulie turaly esiminen basqa eshtene bilmeydi. Manghystaulyq qazaqtar daghayda neghúrlym әuliyelerding kim ekenin ajyrata almaghandy oilandyr bir týrkimen әulesining ne sәlde saluy әdeti bar, Úlanaq әulie de osynday mysal, sondyqtan onyng esimin Qarakesek-Úlanaq etnoniymimen baylanystyrudyng qisyny bar. Onyng ýstine qazaqtar týrkimenning "oghlan" sózin ózgertip qoldanady, mysaly, Oghlanly — Oghlandy. Sondyqtan Úlanaq atauynyng Oghlanaq bolmauy, naq Úlanaq boluynda da kóptik prinsip jatsa kerek.

[28] Orys tarihshysy Levshin jazyp qaldyrghan degen Alash turaly anyz jelisi (qazaqtardyng Sibir tatarlarymen bir bolyp, bólinip ketui, Alashtyng Búqaradan tabyluy, qashuy) eng aldymen osy ólimshilerding 15-16 ghasyrlardaghy tarihyna, olardyng Esil-Tobyldan Qyzylqúmgha kóshu qozghalysymen baylanysty dep shamalanady. Býgingi baraba tatarlary ózderin tegi jaghynan tatarlargha emes, noghaylargha jaqyndyghyn eskersek, "dey-әlimder men baraba tatarlarynyng teginde jaqyndyq boluy yqtimal.

[29] Qalghany — Bóiimbet, Jauly, Shoghy jәne Alaoghlan (songhysy — Alaqúnan, Alaqúnan nemese Alaoghlan enshige әkelip Alatau-Altay jaqqa kóship ketken delinedi).

[30]  Shәkәrim Qúdayberdiúlynyng shejirelik enbegindegi týrkitekke qatysty derekterinde týrkiler arasynda da keybir arghyn ata esimderining kezdesetindigin jazady (sózbe-sóz: «Lubopytno, chto v nekotoryh svedeniyah izvestnyh kazahskih rodov – suinduk, shegendyk») Shәkәrim Qúdayberdiy-úly. Rodoslovnaya turkov, kirgizov, kazahov y hanskih dinastiy (perevod B.Kayrbekova). A., Jazushy. 1990. S.113.

Eger Shәkәrim Qúdayberdiúly keltirgen habardy eske týsirse, onda bizding de arghyndardyng keyingi orta ghasyrlyq etnogenezinde týrkitektik, manghystaulyq substratty izdestiruge tolyq mýmkindigimiz bar bolghany.

[31] Salgharin Q. Qazaqtyng qily tarihy. A.,1992.236-6.

[32] Shaghyr esimi men Aqtóbening Ýstirtke qaraghan betindegi Shaghyrdyng toponiyminin, Ýstirttegi Shaghyrbay týbegining atauy bir esimge negizdelui yqtimal.

[33] Adaydyng múndaghy tobyndaghy Áli, Bәiimbet, Shoghy nemese Qyryqmyltyq ishki rular esimderining qatar túruy men osyndaghy Álimbet, Bәiimbet, Qyryqmyltyq rularymen qatar túruyn da kezdeysoqtyq deuge bolmas.

Abai.kz