Qazaq tarihynda erekshe oryn alatyn kezenderding biri – sol kezdegi Bókey ordasy dәuiri.

Búl kezeng tek belgili territoriyalyq qúrylymnyng ómir sýrgen uaqyty ghana demeyik, sonymen qatar, qazaq halqynyng sayasy oi-sanasynyn, basqaru mәdeniyetining jәne otarlyq qysym jaghdayynda qalyptasqan ómir saltyn aiqyn kórsetetin tarihy kezeng bolyp tabylady. Bókey ordasynyng qúryluy, damuy men joghaluy qazaq qoghamynyng taghdyrymen tyghyz baylanysty.

Bókey ordasynyng qúrylu sebepteri

XVIII ghasyrdyng sony men XIX ghasyrdyng basynda Kishi jýz qazaqtarynyng jaghdayy kýrdeli boldy. Jayylymdyq jerlerding taryluy, Jayyq ózeni boyyndaghy shekteuler, patshalyq Resey әkimshiligining ozbyr sayasaty qazaq rularynyng ómirin qiyndatty. Osynday jaghdayda Núraly hannyng úly, Kishi jýzding súltany Bókey Resey imperatory I Pavelge ishki Resey aumaghyna – Jayyqtyng ong jaghyna kóship-qonugha rúqsat súraydy.

1801 jyly patsha ýkimeti osy ótinishti qabyldap, Bókey bastaghan 5 myngha juyq qazaq otbasy Jayyq pen Edil arasyndaghy aimaqqa kóship bardy. Osylaysha tarihta Ishki Orda nemese Bókey Ordasy degen atpen belgili әkimshilik-sayasy qúrylym qalyptasty.

Bókey han jәne onyng sayasaty

Bókey hannyng basty maqsaty – qazaqqa keng jayylym, tynysh ómir sýruge jaghday jasau boldy. Ol Reseymen qarym-qatynasty júmsaq sayasat arqyly jýrgizip, halyqtyng mýddesin qorghaugha tyrysty. Bókey han kóship kelgen elge jer bólip, rulyq tartystardy kemituge, birlik ornatugha kýsh saldy.

Bókey 1815 jyly ómirden ótkennen keyin, onyng ornyna uaqytsha kenes basqardy. Keyin handyq biylik onyng úly Jәngir hangha ótti.

Bókey ordasynyng tarihyndaghy eng manyzdy kezeng – Jәngir hannyng biylik etui (1823–1845). Ol qazaq qoghamynda janashyldyq engizgen, bilimge den qoyghan, reformator túlgha retinde belgili.

Jәngir hannyng basqaruynda ordada alghashqy qazaq mektepteri ashyldy, medisinalyq punktter úiymdastyryldy, sauda-sattyq damydy, jәrmenkeler ótkizildi, zang jýiesine ózgerister engizildi, ordada meshit salyndy.

Jәngir han jana ýlgidegi handyq basqaru jýiesin qalyptastyrugha tyrysty. Ol Resey ýlgisindegi basqaru formasyna jaqyndap, túraqty әkimshilik apparat qúrdy. Búl keybir tarihy kózqarastar boyynsha janashyldyq bolsa, ekinshi bir kózqarastarda halyqqa jasalghan qysymnyng jana týri retinde baghalanady.

Jәngir han reformalary barlyq halyqqa birdey ong әser etpedi. Jer jaghdayy, salyq auyrtpalyghy, han tóniregindegi bay-shonjarlardyng ýstemdigi qarapayym halyqtyng narazylyghyn kýsheytti.

Osy jaghdaygha qarsy 1836–1838 jyldary Isatay Taymanúly men Mahambet Ótemisúly bastaghan últ-azattyq kóterilis oryn aldy. Búl kóterilis halyqtyng әleumettik әdiletsizdikke, jer tapshylyghyna jәne basqarudaghy ozbyrlyqqa qarsy narazylyghynyng kórinisi edi.

Kóterilis jeniliske úshyraghanymen, ol qazaq halqynyng erkindikke degen úmtylysyn aiqyn kórsetti jәne Bókey ordasynyng ishki qayshylyqtaryn ashyp berdi.

1845 jyly Jәngir han qaytys bolghannan keyin Resey imperiyasy Bókey ordasyndaghy handyq biylikti joiy turaly sheshim qabyldady. 1845 jyldan bastap Ishki Orda Resey әkimshiligining tikeley basqaruyna ótti.

Handyq biylikting joyyluy qazaq qoghamynda ýlken ózgeristerge әkeldi. Qazaq dalasyndaghy dәstýrli basqaru jýiesi ydyrap, patshalyq әkimshilik biylik engizildi. Búl otarlyq sayasattyng terendey týskenining naqty kórinisi boldy.

Bókey ordasynyng tarihy manyzy

Bókey ordasy – qazaq memlekettiligining damu jolyndaghy erekshe kezen. Ol bir jaghynan Resey imperiyasyna baghynyshty qúrylym bolsa, ekinshi jaghynan qazaq qoghamynyng ózindik memlekettik basqaru formasy retinde ómir sýrdi.

Búl kezende qazaq dalasyna europalyq bilim ýrdisi ene bastady, qoghamda jana mәdeny jәne әkimshilik tәjiriybeler qalyptasty, qazaq sayasy elitasy jana zaman talaptaryna beyimdele bastady.

Sonymen qatar, Bókey ordasy arqyly otarlyq sayasattyng qazaq qoghamyna tiygizgen әserin aiqyn aiqyn kóruge bolady. Jerden aiyru, basqaru jýiesining ózgerui, әleumettik tensizdikting kýshengi – osy kezenning negizgi belgileri.

Qazirgi kýnderi Bókey ordasy tek tarih beti emes, últtyq sananyng manyzdy bóligi retinde qarastyryluy tiyis. Batys Qazaqstan oblysynda ornalasqan búrynghy Orda auylynda tarihiy-mәdeny keshender saqtalghan. Jәngir hannyng sarayy, mektep ghimarattary, múrajaylar – sol dәuirding tiri kuәgerleri.

Búl nysandar býgingi úrpaqqa tarihty kózben kórip, sezinip týsinuge mýmkindik beredi. Bókey ordasynyng tarihyn tanu – óz memleketimizding qalyptasu jolyn úghynudyng manyzdy bóligi.

Bókey ordasy – qazaq halqynyng taghdyrly kezenining ainasy. Búl kezende halyq tәuelsizdik pen otarlyq kýshting arasynda ómir sýrdi, jana qoghamgha beyimdeluge mәjbýr boldy. Soghan qaramastan, qazaq halqy ózining tilin, dәstýrin, últtyq bolmysyn saqtap qaldy.

Bókey ordasynyng tarihy bizge kóp nәrseni ýiretedi: qanday qiyn kezeng bolsa da, halyqtyng ruhy men tarihy sanasy joyylmaydy. Búl – últtyng ómirshendigining belgisi.

Beysenghazy Úlyqbek,

Qazaqstan Jurnalister Odaghynyng mýshesi

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