Tayau Shyghys — adamzat órkeniyetining besigi. Búl jerde payghambarlar ómir sýrdi, ýsh úly din – iudaizm, hristiandyq jәne islam osy ólkede dýniyege keldi. Biraq dәl osy qasiyetti jerde myndaghan jyldar boyy soghys, qayghy-qasiret, bosqyndyq pen әdiletsizdik toqtaghan emes. Izraili men Palestina arasyndaghy tartys — osy úzaq tarihtyng eng kýrdeli jalghasy.

Palestina men Izrailiding tarihy — adamzat órkeniyetining eng kýrdeli jәne qayshylyqqa toly betterining biri. Adamzat tarihynyng óneboyy talay imperiyalar búl aimaq ýshin kýresip, halyqtardyng taghdyry birneshe ret ózgeriske úshyrady. Evrey halqynyng әlemge taraluy (diaspora), olardyng ghasyrlar boyy qughyn-sýrginge úshyrauy jәne HH ghasyrdaghy Holokost qyrghyny osy tarihtyng eng qasiretti kezenderi bolyp tabylady.

Árige barar bolsaq, b.z.d. XIII ghasyr shamasynda ejelgi evrey taypalary qazirgi Izraili men Palestina aumaghynda qonystanyp, Izraili jәne Iudeya patshalyqtaryn qúrady. Búl kezende iudaizm dini qalyptasyp, IYerusalim ruhany ortalyqqa ainaldy. Alayda b.z.d. 586 jyly Vavilon patshasy Navuhodonosor IYerusalimdi jaulap alyp, ghibadathanalaryn qiratty. Evrey halqynyng bir bóligi Vavilongha aidaldy – búl oqigha «Babyl tútqyny» degen atpen tarihta qalghan. Keyin el qayta qalpyna kelse de, B.z. 70 jyly Rim әskerleri IYerusalimdi órtep, halyqty quyp taratty. Osydan bastap evrey halqy әlemning týkpir-týkpirine shashyrap ketti. Búl qúbylys tarihta «diaspora» degen atpen belgili boldy.

Diaspora kezeni eki myng jyldan astam uaqytqa sozyldy. Evreyler Europada, Tayau Shyghysta, Soltýstik Afrika men keyin Amerika qúrlyghynda ómir sýrdi. Olar barghan jerlerinde sauda, medisina, ghylym jәne qarjy salasynda tabysqa jetti. Degenmen, diny jәne mәdeny ereksheligine baylanysty evreyler jii kemsitilip, qughyngha úshyrady. Orta ghasyrlardaghy Europada olardy «basqasha senimdegiler» dep qabyldap, arnayy gettolarda ómir sýruge mәjbýr etti. Keybir elderde (mysaly, Ispaniya men Portugaliyada XV ghasyrda) evreyler hristian dinine ótpese, kýshtep elden quyldy. Búl kezeng antiysemitizmning — evreylerge qarsy óshpendilik iydeologiyasynyng — tarihy negizin qalady.

XIX ghasyrdyng sony — HH ghasyrdyng basy evrey halqynyng jana oyanu kezeni boldy. 1897 jyly Bazeli qalasynda (Shveysariya) alghashqy Sionizm kongresi ótti. Onyng úiymdastyrushysy — avstriyalyq publisist Teodor Gersli. Ol evrey halqy tek óz jerinde ghana bostandyq pen qauipsizdik taba alady dep sendi. 1917 jyly Birinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys kezinde Úlybritaniya syrtqy ister ministri Artur Balifur «Balifur deklarasiyasyn» jariyalady. Onda Palestinada evrey halqynyng últtyq otanyn qúrugha qoldau kórsetiletini aityldy. Búl sheshim evreylerding ýmitin oyatqanymen, aimaqtaghy arab halqynyng narazylyghyn tudyrdy.

Ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghystan keyin, 1947 jyly BÚÚ Palestinany eki memleketke — evrey jәne arab memleketterine  bólu jóninde qarar qabyldady. 1948 jyly Izraili memleketi resmy týrde jariyalandy.

Osy sәtten bastap Tayau Shyghystaghy sayasy jaghday týbegeyli ózgerdi: Izraili men arab elderi arasynda birneshe soghys (1948, 1967, 1973) ótti. Búl qaqtyghystar býginge deyin toqtaghan joq.

Izraili býginde Tayau Shyghystaghy eng damyghan memleketterding biri. Al Palestina halqy óz tәuelsizdigi ýshin kýresip keledi. Beybitshilik kelisimderi birneshe ret jasalghanymen, týpkilikti sheshimge qol jetkizilmedi.

Búl oqighalar bizge bir ýlken shyndyqty eske salady: qanday din, nәsil nemese últ bolmasyn, adam ómiri bәrinen qymbat. Tarihtaghy jaralar úmytylmaydy, biraq olardan sabaq alu — adamzattyng basty mindeti.

Býginde Izraili — ekonomikasy damyghan, ghylym men tehnologiya salasynda әlemdik kóshbasshylardyng biri. Palestina halqy Batys jaghalau men Gaza sektorynda avtonomiyalyq biylik qúrghanymen, tolyq tәuelsizdikke әli qol jetkize alghan joq. Izraili men Palestina arasyndaghy qaqtyghystar negizinen jer, shekara jәne IYerusalimning mәrtebesi tónireginde órbiydi. Kóptegen halyqaralyq úiymdar men elder beybit kelisim ornatugha talpynyp keledi, biraq týpkilikti sheshim әzirge tabylghan joq.

Beybitshilik joly — eng qiyn, biraq eng qajetti jol. Óitkeni tarih dәleldegendey, soghys eshqashan mәngi sheshim bola almaydy.

Palestina men Izraili arasyndaghy qaqtyghys — HH ghasyrdyng ortasynan beri sheshilmey kele jatqan eng úzaq әri eng kýrdeli halyqaralyq daulardyng biri. Búl soghys tek Tayau Shyghys aimaghyna ghana emes, býkil әlemdik sayasatqa, dinder men órkeniyetter arasyndaghy qarym-qatynasqa әser etti. Qaqtyghystyng týp-tamyry ghasyrlar boyghy jerge, últqa jәne diny múragha degen talasta jatyr.

Qaqtyghystyng negizi XX ghasyrdyng basynda, Osman imperiyasy ydyraghannan keyin qalanghan. 1917 jylghy Balifur deklarasiyasynda Úlybritaniya Palestina jerinde evrey halqynyng «últtyq otanyn qúrudy» qoldaytynyn mәlimdedi. Sol kezende Palestinada arab halqynyng ýlesi shamamen 90 payyz bolatyn. Europadaghy antiysemitizm men genosidten keyin (әsirese Holokosttan son) evreylerding Palestinagha jappay qonys audaruy artty.

Arab halqy búl jaghdaydy óz jerining tartyp alynuy retinde qabyldady. Nәtiyjesinde, 1947 jyly BÚÚ Palestinany arab jәne evrey memleketi etip ekige bólu jóninde sheshim qabyldady. Arab elderi búl jospargha qarsy shyqty. 1948 jyly Izraili memleketi qúrylghan kezde birinshi arab–izraili soghysy bastaldy.

Izraili men arab memleketteri arasyndaghy soghys bir ret emes, birneshe ret qaytalandy:

1948–1949 jj. — Birinshi arab–izraili soghysy (Izrailiding qúryluy).

1956 j. — Sues daghdarysy.

1967 j. — Alty kýndik soghys (Izraili IYerusalimning shyghysyn, Iordan ózenining batys jaghalauyn, Gaza sektory men Sinay týbegin basyp aldy).

1973 j. — Yom-Kippur soghysy.

Keyinnen Livan, Gaza, jәne Batys jaghalauda qaruly qaqtyghystar jalghasa berdi. Búl soghystardyng barlyghy ondaghan jyldargha sozylghan sayasi, diny jәne ekonomikalyq shiyelenisterding nәtiyjesi boldy.

1948 jylghy soghys kezinde 750 mynnan astam palestinalyq óz ýilerinen quyldy nemese bosqyngha ainaldy. Búl oqigha tarihta «Nakba» (arabsha — apat, qasiret) dep atalady. Kóptegen auyldar joyylyp, Izraili aumaghyna qosyldy. Býginde de milliondaghan palestinalyq bosqyn kórshi elder — Livan, Iordaniya, Siriya jәne Egiypet lagerlerinde túryp jatyr. Olardyng úrpaqtary óz jerine qaytu qúqyghyn talap etude, biraq búl mәsele sheshilmey keledi.

Izraili memleketi alghashqy qúrylghannan keyin óz aumaghyn birneshe esege úlghaytty. 1967 jylghy soghystan keyin Izraili IYerusalimning shyghysyn jәne Batys jaghalaudy iyelenip, múnda evrey qonystaryn (settlements) saludy bastady. Búl halyqaralyq qúqyq túrghysynan zansyz dep tanylghanymen, Izraili búl sayasatty jalghastyryp keledi.

Búl ekspansiya Palestinanyng egemendikke qol jetkizu mýmkindigin barghan sayyn shektedi.

Osyghan baylanysty 2023 jyly 7 qazanda «Hamas» úiymy Izrailige qarsy kýtpegen shabuyl jasady. Izraili jaghy búl әreketke jauap retinde Gaza sektorynda auqymdy әskery operasiya bastady. Sonyng saldarynan Palestina aumaghy kýn sayyn әue soqqylary men artilleriyalyq shabuyldargha úshyrap, beybit túrghyndar arasynda myndaghan adam qaza tapty. Birikken Últtar Úiymy (BÚÚ) men ózge de halyqaralyq úiymdar qaqtyghystyng ushyghuy aimaqtaghy gumanitarlyq jaghdaydy kýrt nasharlatqanyn mәlimdedi.

Palestina Densaulyq saqtau ministrligining dereginshe, 2025 jyldyng qyrkýiek aiyna deyin 64 mynnan astam palestinalyq qaza tapqan. Myndaghan adam jaraqat alyp, milliondaghan túrghyn ýilerin tastap ketuge mәjbýr boldy. Gaza sektorynda azyq-týlik, dәri-dәrmek jәne auyzsu tapshylyghy kýsheyip otyr. Halyqaralyq Qyzyl Krest pen Jarty ay jәne BÚÚ agenttikteri aimaqqa gumanitarlyq kómekti ýzdiksiz jetkizuge tyrysqanymen, әskery blokada men shabuyldar búl prosesti qiyndatyp jiberdi.

2025 jyldyng jazynda BÚÚ Bas Assambleyasy Izraili men Palestina arasyndaghy «tez arada jәne shartsyz atysty toqtatu» jónindegi rezolusiyany qabyldady. AQSh, Euroodaq, Týrkiya, Qatar, Saud Arabiyasy, sonday-aq Aziya men Afrika elderining kópshiligi Izrailige әskery operasiyalardy toqtatudy talap etude.

Izraili biyligi óz kezeginde әskery operasiyalardy «qauipsizdik pen kek alu sharasy» dep sipattap, Hamasty tolyghymen joigha niyetti ekenin mәlimdedi.
Al «Hamas» qozghalysy Izraili әskeri Gaza sektorynan tolyq shygharylmayynsha jәne blokada alynbayynsha, beybit kelisimge barmaytynyn aituda. Osy qayshylyqtar eki jaqtyng naqty jәne úzaq merzimdi atysty toqtatu kelisimine keluin tejep otyr.

Palestinadaghy qaruly qaqtyghystar men Izrailiding әskery operasiyalary saldarynan myndaghan beybit túrghyn qaza tapty. Ásirese, Gaza sektorynda halyq sany tyghyz ornalasqan aimaqtarda әskery shabuyldar auyr gumanitarlyq daghdarys tughyzdy. Elektr energiyasy, auyz su jәne medisina tapshylyghy milliondaghan adamnyng ómirin qiyndatyp otyr.

Halyqaralyq qauymdastyqtyng búl mәselege kózqarasy әrtýrli.

AQSh Izrailiding basty odaqtasy retinde onyng qauipsizdigin qoldaydy.

Europa elderi kóbine beybit sheshimdi qoldap, eki memleketting qatar ómir sýru prinsiypin («two-state solution») jaqtaydy.

Músylman elderi men BÚÚ Palestinanyng tәuelsizdigin qoldaydy jәne Izrailiding okkupasiyalyq sayasatyn syngha alady. Biraq geosayasy mýddeler men ekonomikalyq tәueldilikter búl daudyng әdil sheshimin tabugha kedergi keltirip otyr.

Palestina men Izraili arasyndaghy qaruly qaqtyghys — býgingi halyqaralyq kýn tәrtibindegi eng kýrdeli de qayghyly mәselening biri. 2023 jyldyng qazan aiynda bastalghan búl soghys әli de tolastaghan joq. Álemdik qauymdastyqtyng san mәrte eskertui men beybitshilikke shaqyruyna qaramastan, Gaza sektorynda bombalau men qyrghyn toqtar emes.

Suret: aa.com.tr saytynan alyndy.

Beybit halyq — soghys otynda

Gaza sektorynda elektr energiyasy men auyzsu tapshylyghy asqynyp túr. Dәri-dәrmek pen azyq-týlik jetispeydi. Myndaghan otbasy baspanasyz qaldy.
Birikken Últtar Úiymynyng dereginshe, Gaza halqynyng ýshten ekisi qazir bosqyn jaghdayynda ómir sýrude. Búl — tek aimaqtyq emes, adamzattyng ar-ojdanyna syn bolghan jaghday.

Álem elderi Izraili men Palestina arasyndaghy soghysty dereu toqtatugha ýndep keledi. Biylghy jyly BÚÚ Bas Assambleyasy arnayy rezolusiya qabyldap, «shartsyz jәne jedel atysty toqtatu» talabyn qoydy. Týrkiya, Qatar, Mysyr, Saud Arabiyasy, Qytay jәne Europa elderi de osy ústanymdy qoldady. Halyqaralyq gumanitarlyq úiymdar Gazagha kedergisiz gumanitarlyq kómek jetkizudi talap etude.

Alayda, qayshylyqtyng týiini tarqamauda. Izraili biyligi óz әreketin «qauipsizdik pen lankestikke qarsy kýres» dep týsindiredi. Olar Hamastyng әskery quatyn tolyq joydy maqsat etse, palestinalyq tarap Izraili әskeri Gaza sektorynan shygharylmayynsha beybit kelisim mýmkin emes dep sanaydy.
Búl eki týrli ústanym soghystyng toqtauyna kedergi keltirip otyr.

Bauyrlas halyqqa qoldau — adamgershilikting paryzy

Palestina halqynyng qazirgi jaghdayy — býkil músylman әlemin de alandatyp otyr. Qazaqstan Preziydenti Qasym-Jomart Toqaev birneshe mәrte halyqaralyq minberlerde beybitshilik ornatugha, qantógisti toqtatugha shaqyrghan bolatyn. Elimiz BÚÚ jәne Islam yntymaqtastyghy úiymy ayasynda gumanitarlyq kómek kórsetuge әzir ekenin mәlimdedi. Qazaq halqy ejelden beybitshilik pen әdildikke sýiengen el. Sol sebepti bizding el de búl mәselede beybit sheshimdi qoldaydy.

Palestinadaghy soghys — adamzattyng birtútas qasireti. Beybit túrghyndardyng kóz jasy men balanyng sheri — sayasy mýddeden biyik túrugha tiyis. Álem elderi kýsh biriktirip, qantógisti toqtatyp, әdiletti beybitshilik ornatugha úmtyluy qajet.

Al, býgingi kýnning basty talaby — soghysty toqtatu, beybit ómirdi saqtau jәne adam balasynyng ar-ojdanyn qorghau. Palestina men Izraili arasyndaghy soghys — tek jer men sayasattyng emes, adam taghdyrlarynyng qaqtyghysy. Myndaghan jyldar boyghy qasiyetti jerler býginde әlemdik beybitshilikting synaq alanyna ainaldy. Búl soghys tek aimaqtyq mәsele emes, ol býkil adamzattyng ar-újdany men әdiletke degen kózqarasyn kórsetedi.

Suret: aa.com.tr saytynan alyndy.

Endi biz qasiyetti qala ­ iyerusalim ýshin bolghan shayqastardy nazarlarynyzgha úsynamyz:
Ejelgi dәuir:

1. Dәuit pen IYerusalimning alynuy (b.z.d. shamamen 1000 j.)

Izraili patshasy Dәuit jebusitterden qalany tartyp alyp, ony ózining astanasy etti.

Osy oqigha IYerusalimning evrey halqynyng qasiyetti ortalyghyna ainaluyna negiz boldy.

2. Vavilondyqtardyng jaulap aluy (b.z.d. 586 j.)

Vavilon patshasy Navuhodonosor II qalany basyp alyp, Birinshi ghibadathanany (Solomonnyng ghibadathanasy) qiratty.

Izraili halqy Vavilongha jer audaryldy.

Antikalyq dәuir

3. Parsylar men grekter kezeni (b.z.d. 539–332 j.)

Parsylar evreylerge oralyp, Ekinshi ghibadathanany qalpyna keltiruge rúqsat berdi.

Keyin Aleksandr Makedonskiyding jaulap aluy bastaldy.

4. Rimdiktermen soghystar

b.z. 70 j. — Rim generaly Tit IYerusalimdi basyp alyp, Ekinshi ghibadathanany qiratty.

b.z. 132–135 j. — Bar-Kohba kóterilisi kezinde rimdikter qalany qayta qiratty jәne evreylerge kiruge tyiym saldy.

Orta ghasyrlar

5. Músylmandardyng jaulap aluy (638 j.)

Halifa Omar ibn әl-Hattabtyng әskeri Vizantiyadan IYerusalimdi aldy.

Músylmandar Qúbbat әs-Sahra men әl-Aqsa meshitin saldy.

6. Birinshi krest joryghy (1099 j.)

Europalyq krestshiler qalagha basyp kirip, músylmandar men evreylerdi qyryp, IYerusalim patshalyghyn qúrdy.

7. Salah ad-Dinning qayta jaulap aluy (1187 j.)

Músylman qolbasshysy Salah ad-Din krestshilerden qalany qaytaryp aldy.

Búl oqigha músylman әleminde ýlken ruhany jenis retinde este qaldy.

8. Keyingi krest joryqtary (1192–1244 jj.)

IYerusalim birneshe ret qol auystyrdy: beybit kelisimder arqyly hristiandargha uaqytsha berildi, keyin 1244 j. músylmandar týpkilikti qaytaryp aldy.

 Jana jәne qazirgi dәuir

9. Osman imperiyasynyng biyligi (1517–1917 jj.)

Súltan Selim I kezinde Osmandar qalagha kirip, tórt ghasyr biylik etti.

Qala salystyrmaly týrde beybit kezenge ótti.

10. Birinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys (1917 j.)

Britan generaly Allenby Osmandardan qalany aldy.

IYerusalim Britan mandatynyng qúramyna endi.

11. 1948 jylghy Arab-Izraili soghysy

Izraili memleketi qúrylghan son, qala batys (Izraili) jәne shyghys (Iordaniya) bolyp bólindi.

Eski qala shyghys jaghynda qaldy.

12. Alty kýndik soghys (1967 j.)

Izraili Shyghys IYerusalimdi basyp alyp, qalany biriktirdi.

Búl oqigha qazirgi Tayau Shyghys qaqtyghystarynyng basty sebebine ainaldy.

Qazirgi jaghday

Izraili býkil IYerusalimdi ózining astanasy dep jariyalaghanymen, BÚÚ men kóptegen elder Shyghys IYerusalimdi bolashaq Palestina memleketining astanasy dep tanidy.

Qala qazirgi tanda әlemdegi eng dauly jәne qasiyetti oryndardyng biri bolyp qala beredi.

Suret: Avtordyng múraghatynan alyndy.

Quat Qayranbaev

Abai.kz