Soghys tútqyndarynan әskery bólimder qúru iydeyasy qalay shyqty?
Kenestik tarihnamada Ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys tarihynyng synarjaq qaralghan mәselelerining biri - soghys tútqyndarynan jasaqtalghan әskery qúramalar tarihy. Áriyne, jalpy soghys tútqyndaryna «satqyn» degen aiyp taghylyp otyrghan kezende legiondargha kirgen tútqyndar turaly sóz kóteruding ózi de mýmkin emes edi. Al shetelderde soghys tútqyndarynan qúrylghan әskery bólimder tarihy keng týrde zerttelgen.

Soghys tútqyndarynan әskery bólimder qúru iydeyasy qalay shyqty?
Kenestik tarihnamada Ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys tarihynyng synarjaq qaralghan mәselelerining biri - soghys tútqyndarynan jasaqtalghan әskery qúramalar tarihy. Áriyne, jalpy soghys tútqyndaryna «satqyn» degen aiyp taghylyp otyrghan kezende legiondargha kirgen tútqyndar turaly sóz kóteruding ózi de mýmkin emes edi. Al shetelderde soghys tútqyndarynan qúrylghan әskery bólimder tarihy keng týrde zerttelgen.

Soghys tútqyndaryn sayasy ýgit-nasihattyq jәne әskery maqsatta paydalanu Birinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys kezinde-aq oryn alghan bolatyn. Reseyde Avstro-Vengriya әskerine qarsy maydangha salu ýshin tútqyndardan cheh legiony, serb bólimderi qúrylghan bolatyn. Germaniyada reseylik soghys tútqyndarynan A.Bermont-Avalov basqarghan әskery bólim jasaqtalghan. Ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys kezinde Germaniya qaruly kýshterining qatarynda sheteldik eriktilerden әskery bólimder qúru iydeyasy Batys Europanyng Germaniya basyp alghan elderinde shyqty. 1941 jyly 29 mausymda Germaniyanyng syrtqy ister ministri Y.Ribbentrop Gaagadaghy nemis elshisine Europanyng barlyq derlik elderinde Kenes Odaghyna qarsy kýresu maqsatymen erikti әskery bólimder qúrugha úmtylushy toptar bar ekendigin habarlaghan. Soghys jyldarynda Norvegiyanyn, Daniyanyn, Finlyandiyanyn, Gollandiyanyn, Beligiyanyn, Ispaniyanyn, Horvatiyanyn, Ýndistan men arab elderining eriktilerinen әskery qúramalar jasaqtaldy.

Kenes tútqyndarynan әskery bólimder qúru iydeyasyn jeke adamdar, emigranttar, tútqyndardyng ókilderi jәne basqa әrtýrli toptar kóterdi. Soghystyng alghashqy ailarynda Germaniyanyng Syrtqy ister ministrligine Iranda túryp jatqan týrikmen handary úrpaqtarynyng biri hat jazyp, onda Týrikmenstannyng tәuelsizdigi jolyndaghy kýreste paydalanu ýshin Germaniyada týrikmen әskery bólimderin qúru qajet degen úsynys jasaghan. Germaniyanyng Týrkiyadaghy elshisi Frans fon Papen 1941 jyly 25 shildede Syrtqy ister ministrligine jibergen hatynda Kenes Odaghyna qarsy kýreste ýgit-nasihat maqsatynda týrki tektes tútqyndardy paydalanu qajettiligin aityp, olardy jeke lagerilerge jinaugha kenes berdi. Soghys tútqyndarynyng ishindegi Kavkaz jәne týrki halyqtarynyng ókilderin bólip alu iydeyasy búghan deyin A.Rozenberg basqarghan Shyghys ministrliginde de kóterilgen bolatyn.

Europadaghy týrki emigranttary jәne soghys tútqyndary
Germaniyanyng Syrtqy ister ministrligi Kavkaz ben Týrkistan halyqtarynyng últtyq tәuelsizdikti ansaghan niyet-tilekterin Kenes Odaghyna qarsy soghysta paydalanu maqsatymen Týrkiyadaghy jәne Europa elderindegi emigranttar jәne olardyng úiymdary turaly mәlimetter jinastyra bastady. 1941 jyly 9 tamyzda Týrkiyadaghy german elshiligi «Prometey ligasynyn» M.Shoqay, E.Resul-Zade, M.Yakub, S.Seydahmet, S.Shamiyl, A.Ishaki, O.Qoja t.b. bedeldi qayratkerlerine sipattama berdi: «Polisha men Angliyany tabandy týrde jaqtap jýrgen qazandyq Ayaz Ishaky 1939 jyldyng 23 tamyzynda Týrki mәdeny ortalyghynda nemisterge qarsy sóz sóilegen, al 1940 jyly Sikorskiymen kezdesu maqsatymen Londongha barghan. Búqaralyq Osman Qojany soghystyng qarsanynda (1939 jyldyng tamyzynda) aghylshyndar Varshavadan Tegerangha alyp keldi, ol sol uaqyttan beri aghylshyndargha qyzmet etedi, Mústafa Shoqaev, qazaq, úzaq jyldan beri orys aqtarynyng belgili jetekshisi Milukovting pikirlesi, sonyng Parijde shygharatyn «Songhy janalyqtar» gazetining túraqty tilshisi, ózi Berlinde jeke jurnal shygharady, ony professor Yeshke men Syrtqy ister ministrligindegi Á.Ydyrys myrza jaqsy biledi». Germaniya Syrtqy ister ministrligi sayasy bólimining qyzmetkeri Á.Ydyrysqa osy hatta atalghan adamdargha jeke-jeke sipattama berudi tapsyrdy. Á.Ydyrys 1941 jyly 5 qyrkýiekte jazghan bayandamasynda Mústafa Shoqay turaly elshilikting hatynda berilgen mәlimetter dúrys ekendigin aita kelip, Shoqaydy «últshyl emes», «jartylay orys», «búryn orys-evrey, keyin polyak-evrey marksisterine qyzmet etken, demokratiyany jaqtaushy, býgingi Germaniyanyng jauy» dep sipattap, Shoqay siyaqty senimsiz adamdy Germaniyamen yntymaqtastyqqa shaqyru asa kýdikti әreket bolady degen qaupin bildirdi. Alayda nemister týrkistandyqtar arasynda asa bedeldi, Europadaghy týrki emigranttarynyng kóshbasshylarynyng biri bolghan Mústafa Shoqaydy paydalanu niyetinen birden bas tarta qoyghan joq. Mústafa Shoqaydy paydalanu mýmkindigi әsirese Shyghys ministrligin airyqsha qyzyqtyrdy. Óitkeni ony shyghys halyqtarynyng mәselesimen ainalysatyn barlyq mamandar men diplomattar týrki emigranttarynyng ishindegi eng kórnekti túlgha retinde sipattady. Mәselen, G.fon Mende týrki halyqtarynyng azattyq kýresining tarihyna arnalghan zertteuindegi M.Shoqaydyng «Týrkistan Kenesterding biyliginde» atty enbegine jasaghan siltemesinde ony Týrkistan emigranttarynyng kóshbasshysy dep ataghan. Sondyqtan Rozenbergting Fransiyada túratyn Shoqaydy Berlinge alghyzuy Shoqaydyng «nemisshildigine» emes, nemis týrkolog-ghalymdary men diplomattary arasynda airyqsha belgili bolghandyghyna baylanysty edi. Kenes ýkimetining Shoqaydy asa qauipti jau sanauy da osy sebepten tughan bolar. Óitkeni Shoqay Europadaghy kenestik emigranttar arasynda tanymal adam jәne ol jay ghana sayasatker emes, ghalym retinde de belgili, sonday-aq ol qay elde jýrse de Týrkistannyng patrioty bolghany anyq. Stalin ókimetining Qazaqstan men Orta Aziyanyng ziyalylaryn qúrtyp, endi bas kóteretin eshkim joq dep tynyshtanuyna Shoqay bóget boldy. Olar Shoqaydyng týrkishildik iydeyalary Kenes Odaghy túrghyndarynyng eleuli bóligin qúrap otyrghan týrki halyqtaryna yqpal jasauynan qauiptendi. Sondyqtan Shoqay qaza tapqannan keyin de Kenes ókimeti onyng azattyq turaly iydeyasyn Týrkistan halyqtarynyng sanasynan mýlde óshiru ýshin Shoqaydy «nemisterge qyzmet etti, legionnyng negizin saldy» dep aiyptap, sheyit ketken ghaziz jannyng esimin qaralady.

Shoqaydy Parijden Shyghys ministrligining talabymen Berlinge alyp keldi. Múraghat materialdaryna jýgineyik. Syrtqy ister ministrligi janynan qúrylghan Resey komiytetinde kenestik shyghys halyqtary mәselesimen ainalysatyn maman V.fon Hentigke diplomat Rudolif Nadoliny jazghan hatta «túrandyq tútqyndar mәselesin talqylau ýshin Rozenberg Parijden Mústafa Shoqaydy aldyrdy..., onyng assistenti - radioda qyzmet isteytin jas jigit Vely Kaym» degen mәlimetter bar. Mariya Shoqaydyng estelikterinen Mústafa Shoqaydy nasister Fransiyada 1941 jyldyng 22 mausymynda tútqyngha alghanyn, keyinirek bosatqanyn, al tamyz aiynyng basynda әskery adamdar kelip, Berlinge alyp ketkenin bilemiz. Berlinge Shoqaymen qatar kenes emigranttarynyng barlyghyn jinady. Maqsat - olardy kenestik soghys tútqyndary lagerilerin aralau ýshin qúrylghan komissiyalargha kirgizu edi.

Soghys tútqyndary lagerilerin aralau ýshin KSRO aumaghyndaghy halyqtardyng sheteldegi emigranttarynan jәne Resey tarihyn jaqsy biletin nemis mamandarynan shamamen 600-ge juyq adamnan 25 komissiya qúrylghan. Olardyng aldyna qoyghan mindet - tútqyndardyng tuyp-ósken jerin, bilimi men mamandyghyn jәne kónil kýiin anyqtau. Onda tútqyndardyng jalpy sany jәne әskery dәrejeleri, bilimderi, tamaqtanuy, kiyinui, kónil kýii týgel esepke alynghan. Komissiyanyng júmysy kezinde kenestik tútqyndardan legiondar qúru turaly mәsele әli sheshilmegen bolatyn.

Úly Otan soghysynyng alghashqy ailarynda Gitlerding búiryghy boyynsha kenestik tútqyndar qataryndaghy aziattardy German imperiyasynyng jerine әkeluge tyiym salyndy, olar Polisha t.b. nemister basyp alghan jerlerdegi lagerilerge ornalastyrylugha tiyisti boldy. Kóktemde legiondar qúru turaly әngime bastalghan kezde lagerilerden týrki tektesterdi izdep tizim jasaghanda, olardyng arasynda ólim-jitim basqa tútqyndargha qaraghanda әldeqayda joghary ekeni kórindi. Mysaly, 1941 jyldyng mausym-qyrkýiek ailarynda Polisha jerindegi lagerilerde shamamen 132 myng týrki tektes tútqyn bolsa, al 1942 jyldyng nauryzyna deyin olardyng 22 myny ghana tiri qalghan. Búl jaghdaygha nasisterding nәsilshildik sayasaty sebep bolghan. Salttarymyzdyng úqsastyghyna baylanysty tútqyndardyng birtalay bóligi evrey retinde de óltirilgen.

Shyghys ministrligi týrkistandyqtar ishindegi iri túlgha Mústafa Shoqaydy týrki tektes tútqyndardyng arasynda jýrgiziletin ýgit-nasihat júmysynda paydalanu ýshin alyp keldi, alayda Shoqaydyng lagerilerdi aralaghan kezdegi kónil kýii búl maqsatqa say kelmey qaldy. Mariya Shoqaydyng estelikterinde Mústafa Shoqaydyng lageridegi týrkistandyq tútqyndardyng auyr jaghdayyna ashyq narazylyq bildirip, nemis әkimshilik oryndaryna hat jazghany, ony tiyisti oryndargha tapsyru ýshin V.Kaiymge bergeni, Mústafa Shoqay qaytys bolghanda Berlinge kelgen Mariya Shoqaygha Kaym osy hattyng kóshirmesin bergeni turaly aitylady. Sondyqtan da bolar, nasister Mústafa Shoqaygha kýdikpen qarap, onyng ómirbayanyn qayta teksergen siyaqty. Germaniya Syrtqy ister ministrligining múraghatynda Shoqay qaytys bolghannan keyin jazylghan anyqtamagha qatysty jazbalar saqtalghan. Mústafa Shoqaydyng qazasy turaly anyqtamany mazmúnyn kelisu ýshin Syrtqy ister ministrligine jibergen. Ministrlikting qyzmetkeri Shverbeli anyqtamanyng Shoqaydy «Týrkistan últtyq komiytetining jetekshisi jәne alghashqy Týrkistan últtyq ýkimetining búrynghy basshysy» degen joldaryna kýdik bildirip: «Jalpy alghanda, Shoqayoghly býkil Týrkistan ýkimetining emes, jeke Qoqan últtyq ýkimetining jetekshilerining biri bolghan. Al ol jetekshisi boldy dep atalghan «Týrkistan últtyq komiyteti» búl jerde asa belgili emes. Berlinde odan basqa jalghyz týrkistandyq Vely Kaym bar, anyqtamagha da sol qol qoyypty, al ony Týrkiyada túratyn týrkistandyqtardyng kópshiligi bilmeydi», - dep jazghan. Alayda anyqtamada berilgen Shoqay turaly faktiler ras bolatyn, demek, nemister ózderining aitqanyna kóne qoymaghan, qandastarynyng lageridegi auyr jaghdayyna narazylyq bildirgen Shoqaydyng emigranttar arasyndaghy rólin tómendetuge tyrysqan siyaqty. Qújattaghy «Týrkistan últtyq komiyteti búl jerde asa belgili emes» degen sózder atalghan úiymnyng nasisterge jaghymdy úiymdar qatarynda bolmaghanyn kórsetedi. Týrkistan últtyq komiyteti keyinnen, legiondar qúrylghan song jәne basshylyghyna V.Kangm kelgen song ghana nasistermen ymyralasqan boluy kerek.

Emigranttar, legionerler jәne olardyng Týrkistannyng tәuelsizdigi turaly arman-tilekteri nasistik Germaniyanyng biyleushileri ýshin eng basty jau - Kenes Odaghyn әlsiretuding qúraly ghana boldy. Alayda nasisterding ýgit-nasihattyq aila-tәsilderi Kenes ókimetine týrki emigranttaryn Otanyn satty dep aiyptaugha mýmkindik berdi, múnyng ózi jat jerde halqynyng azattyghy ýshin kýresip, qaza tapqan nemese Otanynan mýlde alastatylyp púshayman bolghan týrki ziyalylarynyng taghdyryn auyrlata týsti. Kenes ókimeti 1921 jyldyng 15 jeltoqsanynda KSRO tólqújatyn 1922 jyldyng 1 mausymyna deyin almaghan emigranttar Kenes Odaghy azamattyghynan aiyrylady dep mәlimdedi. Demek, Mústafa Shoqay jәne basqa týrki emigranttary Ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys kezinde KSRO azamaty bolyp sanalmaytyn, sondyqtan olardy zang jýzinde (de-ngre) Otanyn satqandar qataryna qosugha bolmaydy. Olardyng Otany - Kenes Odaghy emes, búrynghy Týrkistan bolatyn, olar osy Otanynyng azattyghy ýshin kýresti, әriyne, olardyng keybireuleri tәuelsizdik jolyndaghy kýreste odaqtas retinde Germaniyany tandady, búl adasudyng da ózindik obektivti sebepteri bar. Búl mәsele jeke taldaudy qajet etedi, әitse de sebepterding biri retinde dýniyejýzilik soghystar aralyghyndaghy Kenes Odaghy men Germaniyanyng jaqyndasuy, 1939 jylghy KSRO men nasistik Germaniyanyng yntymaqtastyq jәne dostyq kelisimderi, 1939-1941 jyldary kenes baspasózining fashisterding ornyna sosial-demokrattardy, gitlerlik Germaniyanyng ornyna batystyng demokratiyalyq elderin airyqsha jamandauy siyaqty faktilerdi ataugha bolady. Europadaghy týrki emigranttary, sonyng ishinde Mústafa Shoqay ata-babalarynyng kindik qany tamghan Týrkistandy aqtyq demi qalghansha qúrmettep, ansap ótti.

Shyghys legiondarynyng qúryluy
1941 jyly 6 qazanda Vermaht Jogharghy qolbasshylyghy 18-armiyanyng qúramynda kazak (Kubani, Terek, Don kazaktary) jýzdigin qúru turaly búiryq shyghardy. Basqa legiondar turaly búiryq keshirek shyqty. Jalpy alghanda, Germaniyadaghy kenestik soghys tútqyndarynan mynaday әskery bólimder qúryldy: Orys azattyq armiyasy, Erikti kazak diviziyasy, Ukrain kóterilisshilerining armiyasy, Ukrain últtyq armiyasy, Belorus ólkelik qorghanysy, Kavkaz bataliony, Gruzin legiony, Armyan legiony, Ázirbayjan legiony, Týrkistan legiony, Edil-tatar legiony, Qalmaq atty әsker eskadrony. Batys zertteushilerining mәlimetteri boyynsha, osy әskery bólimderge kirgen tútqyndar sany 700 mynnan 1 milliongha deyin jetken. Erikti qúramalardyng qolbasshysy, general E.Kestring Gimmlerge Vermaht qúramyndaghy eriktiler bólimderinde 1 milliongha juyq kenes azamattary bar dep habarlaghan. Alayda Germaniyanyng әskery múraghatynyng materialdaryna qarasaq, búl bólimderge tútqyndarmen qatar, jau basyp alghan aimaqtardaghy jergilikti túrghyndar da kirgen. Sonymen qatar tútqyndardan qúrylghan bólimderding barlyghy birdey әskery bólimder emes, olardyng ishinde júmysshy bólimderi de bar. Soghys jyldaryndaghy qújattarda әskery bólimderge kirgenderdi «shyghys eriktileri» (Ostfreiwillige), al júmysshy bólimderine kirgenderdi «erikti kómekshiler» (Hilfswillige) dep ataghan. Qújattarda songhysy qysqasha «hivi» degen ataugha ie bolghan, «hiviylerdi» maydangha aparmaghan, olardy qosalqy júmystargha paydalanghan. Nemis zertteushisi G.Tessin 1943 jyly tikeley soghys maqsatyna paydalanu ýshin qúrylghan shyghys legiondarynyng 60 bólimi, 8 kazak bataliony, 1 artilleriya bólimi, 78 kompaniya (top), 5 batareya bolghan degen mәlimet beredi. Kenestik shyghys halyqtarynyng ókilderinen qúrylghan bólimder, jalpy alghanda, Shyghys legiondary degen ataugha ie boldy. Týrkistan legiony da osy topqa engizildi. 1941 jyly 15 qarashada 444-kýzet diviziyasynyng qatarynda Týrkistan polki qúryldy. Tórt rotadan túratyn búl polk 1942 jyldyng qysynda tek manyzdy obektilerdi kýzetu ýshin paydalanyldy. Týrkistan legiony degen ataumen jeke bólimder qúru 1942 jyldyng aqpanynda bastaldy. Polishada sol aida Týrkistan legionynyng ýiretu-jattyghu lageri qúryldy da, týrkistandyq soghys tútqyndaryn legiongha kiruge jappay ýgitteu júmysy jýrgizildi.

Jergilikti zertteushiler Týrkistan legionynyng qúramynda 180 mynnan 250 myngha deyin adam bolghan dep jýr. Búl nemis tarihshylarynyng enbekterinen alynghan. Mening tapqan qújattaryma qaraghanda, olardyng bәri birdey týrkistandyqtar bolmaghan. Legiondaghy jeke bataliondardyng últtyq qúramyn qaradym. Búl bataliondardyng qúramynda qazaq, ózbek, qyrghyz, týrikmen, tәjikten basqa gruziyn, orys, ukraiyn, kavkazdyq t.b. halyqtardyng ókilderi de bolghan. Nemis zertteushileri legionerlerding jalpy sanyn qaraghan, al últtyq qúramyn jeke-jeke alyp sanamay, legionnyng atymen «týrkistandyqtar» dep atap sanaghan, sonymen qatar legionerler qataryna júmysshy bataliondarynda bolghan týrkistandyqtardy da kirgizip jibergen.

Kezinde kenes әdebiyetinde legionerlerdi esesshilermen qatar qoi oryn aldy. Shyndyghynda, legiondar әskery bólimder boldy, olardyng 1944 jyly qúrylghan Shyghys-músylmandyq SS bólimine qatysy bolghan joq. Týrkistan legionynyng basshylary legionerlerge atalghan SS bólimine kiruge tyiym saldy. G. Tessinning anyqtamalyghynda berilgen SS bólimderining tiziminde eshqanday týrki bólimi kórsetilmegen.

Legiondargha kiruge tútqyndardy iytermelegen negizgi sebep - olardyng jaghdayynyng asa auyr boluy, ashtyq, jazalau, Kenes ókimetining olardy satqyn degen aiyp taghuy, tiri qalugha jantalasu, ata-babalarynyng dinin, salt-dәstýrin syilamaghan bolishevikterge degen renish taghy sol siyaqty týrli-týrli jaghdaylar. Mysaly, Cheshtohau lagerinde 1941 jyldyng kýzinde 32 myng týrkistandyq tútqyn bolghan, ashtyqtan, azaptan, aurudan qyryluy nәtiyjesinde 1942 jyldyng kókteminde olardyng 262-si ghana tiri qalghan. Legiongha kiretin eriktilerding tizimin jasaugha kelgender lageriden osy 262 adamdy ghana tapqan, qúr sýlderi qalghan, ashtyq pen aurudan azap kórgen osy 262 adam tiri qalu ýshin týgeldey legiongha jazylghan. Sondyqtan legionerlerding barlyghyn satqyn deu - tym qarabayyr týsinik. Týrkistan legiony degen mәsele qazir bizde tym birjaqty qaralyp jýr. Bireuler ony mindetti týrde aqtaydy, ekinshileri jamandaydy. Legiondar tarihy - Úly Otan soghysynyng eng kýrdeli jәne eng kiltipandy betteri, ony ghylymy túrghydan obektivti týrde zertteu qajet.

Gýljauhar Kókebaeva, tarih ghylymynyng doktory, Ál-Faraby atyndaghy QazÚU professory