OIRATTAR. OLAR KIMDER?
Tarihshylar atalghan ghylymy mәseleni asa qarastyrghan joq. 1967 jyly I.Ya.Zlatkin «qalmaq atauy XIV gh. birinshi jartysynda Altyn Ordanyng islamdanu prosesimen baylanysty»,- dep jazghan. Ol búl tújyrymdy qalmaqtardyng payda boluy turaly «Týrikterding shejiresindegi» (Shadjarat al-atrah) kuәlikterge negizdegen edi. Búl jerde «shamamen XV ghasyrdyng ortasynan bastap Qalmaq termiyni oirattardy bildiredi», - dep jazghan N.V.Ekeevpen kelispeuge bolady [10, 125].
Atalghan ghylymy mәsele boyynsha ýsh maqala jazyp, meylinshe ýles qosqan I.IY.Dremov [6] [7] [8]. Avtor býgingi qalmaqtardyng arghy atalary kelgenine deyin, XIV-XVI ghasyrlarda Shyghys Deshti-Qypshaqta qalmaqtar ómir sýrgeni turaly dәleldeytin jazbasha jәne kartografiyalyq kuәlikterding kóp sanyn jinay aldy. I.I. Dremov qalmaqtardy basqasha «jabayy tatarlar» jәne olar úzyn shash ósirgenin atap ótti [6, 134]. I.IY.Dremov: «Qalmaq atauy әuelgi monghol imperiyasynyng territoriyasynda týrli pútqa tabynushylargha «artta qalghan» nemese «músylman bolmay qalghandar» degen teris maghynada qoldanylyp, keyin etnikalyq sipatqa ie boldy» jep jazady [6, 135]
I.IY.Dremovtyng maqalalarynda keltirilgen kuәlikterdi bir kestede kórsetuge bolady:
Derek |
Uaqyt |
Kontekst |
Týrikterding shejiresi ( XV ghasyrdyng ortasyndaghy derek),Tórt úlys tarihy. |
1313 jyl (Ózbek han zamany) |
Islamdy qabyldamaghandar Qalmaqtar dep, al islamdy qabyldaghandar ózbekter dep atala bastaldy |
Bahr al Asrar ( XVII ghasyrdaghy derek) |
XV ghasyrdyng ortasy |
Ábilhayyr Itili ózeninen qyrghyzdargha deyin (býgingi Altay?) qalmaqtargha joryq bastady |
Fra Mauro kartasy |
1459 jyl |
Saratov pen Kamyshin manynda «Calmuzi sara» bar. IY.K.Fomenko atalghan qala Qalmaqtardyng Sarayy dep atalyp, Edilding ong jaghalauynda ornalasqanyn aitady |
Lihachev jylnamasy (1487) |
1480 jyl |
Ugradaghy túraqta qalmaqtar qatysqan |
Sofiya Novgorod kitaphanasynyng jinaghy |
XVI ghasyrdyng birinshi shiyregi |
Kaspiy tenizin qorshaghan Tatar jerining qúramyna Qalmaqtar enedi |
Qazaq anyzdary |
XVI ghasyrdyng basy |
Kóshpeli qalmaqtardyng jayylymdary Syrdariya men Arala tenizining jogharghy aghysynda Sary – ýishik (Sarayshyk?) nemese Ýishik ornalasqan. |
Matvey Mehovskiy |
1521 jyl |
Pútqa tabynushy úzyn shashty Qalmaqtar Edilden shyghysqa qaray ómir sýredi |
Sigizmund Gerbershteyn |
|
«Basqa tatarlar Ra ózenining arghy betinde ómir sýredi, tek solar (tatardyng ishinde) shash ósirip, qalmaqtar dep atalady» |
Antoniya Vida kartasy |
1537 jyl |
Qalmaqtar Edilden soltýstik-shyghysqa qaray ómir sýredi. Kalmucky manynda olar úzyn shash ósiretini turaly jazylghan. |
A. Kontariniy |
1474-1475 jyldar |
Edilding arghy betinde ómir sýretin kelesi taypa soltýstik-shyghysqa qaray. Olar beline deyin týsetin úzyn shashtarymen erekshelenedi jәne qatty suyqtar men ayazdarda Sitrahaniyge deyin jetetin, biraq túrghyndargha eshqanday zalaly joq, olardyng atauy taghy tatarlar. |
Merkatora kartasy |
1544 jyl |
Qalmaq tatarlary (kalmucki tartari) býgingi Múghadjar jerinde, Edil men Jayyqtan shyghysqa qaray kazak tatarlarmen (kasakki tartari) qatar, noghay tatarlarynan soltýstik – shyghysqa alyp kelgen |
Sebastiyan Munster |
1550 jyl |
Qalmaqtar Jayyq pen Ertisting arasynda ómir sýredi |
Antoniy Djenkinson |
1558 jyl |
Qalmaqtar Ortalyq Aziyanyng soltýstigine qaray Embi ózenining basynda, al qara qalmaqtar Qytaygha jaqyn jerde ómir sýredi |
Noghay ordasynan mәlimetter |
1535 jyl |
Noghay myrzalary qys boyy Embi ózeninde qalmaqtardyng shabuylyn kýtken. |
Danilo Gubiyn |
1535 god |
Qalmaqtar qazaqtargha berilgen, Embi ózeninde noghaylyqtar jasaqta túr. |
Ótemis qajy |
XVI ghasyrdyng birinshi jartysy |
Bir sózben, qalmaqtardyng salty osynday. Patsha nemese qanday da bir úly adam qaytys bolghan kezde, tobyr-tobyrymen әr taypa qayghylarymen jeke ortaqtasady jәne “chav-chav” zaryn ýsh ret oryndaydy. Kýni býginge deyin sonday dәstýr Úlytauda bar. |
Noghay ordasynan mәlimetter |
1556 jyl |
Altyúl ordasynyng negizin qalaushy Sheyh-Mamay qalmaqtardyng joryghyna toytarys berdi. |
Djonson R. |
1556 jyl |
Obi ózenining ontýstiginde qara qara jәne sary qalmaqtar ómir sýredi. |
Noghay ordasynan mәlimetter |
1560 jyl |
Astrahan mergenderi Sarayshyq manynda qalmaq adamdaryn tútqyndady |
Ivan Groznyidyng Stroganovtargha búiryghy |
1574 jyl |
Búharlyqtar, qazaqtar jәne qalmaqtarmen sauda jasaudy búiyrdy |
Noghay ordasynan mәlimetter |
1578 jyl |
Noghay aqsýiekterining sezinde «qalmaqtargha qarsy túru» maqsaty qúptalghan |
Stroganov jylnamasy |
1582 jyl |
Kóshim qalmak úlystaryna qashty |
1. Hafizy Tanysh «Abdulla-name», 2. Jizaq anghary jartasyndaghy jazu, 3. Muhammed Yusuf Munshiy |
1582 jyl |
Sary-Arqanyng qalmaqtary Búhar hany Abdulla men qazaq súltany Tәuekelden Úlytau tauynda, «Joshyhan» molasynyng manyndaghy Kenderlik, Syrdariya, Sarysu ózenderinen Esil ózenining salalaryna deyin jenilis tapty.
|
Sibir jylnamasy |
1591, 1598 jyldar |
Kóshimning qalmaqtarmen qaqtyghysy |
Qazaq hany Tәuekelding elshisi |
1595 jyl |
Tauekel qazaqtar men qalmaqtardyng hany boldy |
1597 jylghy patshalyq madaqtama |
1596 jyl |
Kóshimning adamdary qalmaqtyng adamdarymen soghysty |
Tary qalasy әsker basynyng habary |
1598 jyl |
Ontýstikten 500 qalmaq Obtyng jogharghy jaghyna kóship keldi. |
Hondius kartasy |
1606 jyl |
igoriyadan shyghysqa qaray, soltýstikten múhiytqa tayau qolmaqtar (Colmak), al Edil men Jayyqtyng shyghysynan Embining jogharghy betinde qalmaq tatarlary (Kalmucki Tartari) jәne olar odan әri shyghysqa qaray túrady |
Gerrits kartasy |
1613 jyl |
Oraldan shyghysqa qaray Kaspiy tenizining soltýstiginde, týrkimendermen qatar qalmúqtar (kalmucki) túrady. |
Ýlken syzba kitap (XVI ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysy) |
1627 jyldan búryn |
Kenderlik pen Sarysu (Ulytau aimaghy) ózenderining arasynda qazaqtyng kóshpeli ordasy, sonday-aq, qalmaqtar |
Osynshama kóptegen kuәlikter men XVII ghasyrdyng tek birinshi jartysynda Deshti-Qypshaqta oirat-qalmaqtar payda boldy degen naqty mәlimetter XIV-XVI ghasyrlardaghy oirattardan shyqqan býgingi qalmaqtar bir emestigine kóz jetkizuge mýmkindik beredi.
Qalmaqtar oirat-qalmaqtar kelmesten búryn XIV-XVIgh. shyghys Deshti Qypshaqta bolghan. Biz búl jerde I.IY.Dremovtyng qalmaqtar monghol tilin saqtap qalghan degen oiymen kelispeymiz [7, 110]. Berilgen oy dәiektelmegen. Áuel bastan qalmaqtardy islam dinin qabyldamaghan kóshpendiler dep ataghan. Qalmaqtardyng geografiyalyq kórsetkishteri boyynsha qazirgi Qazaqstannyng Embi ózeninen batys aumaqta ómir sýrgendigin naqtylaydy. Olardyng iyeligining qúramyna Úlytau, Sarysu men Kenderlik ózenderining aralyghy, soltýstikte Soltýstik Qazaqstan men Sibir kirdi. Biraq qalmaqtar úiymdasqan sayasy kýshti bolghan joq (Qazaq handyghy jәne noghaylarmen salystyrghanda), búl solay islam dinin qabyldamaghan kóshpeli halyq boldy. Sondyqtan da qalmaqtar birese Qazaq handyghynyn, birese Sibir handyghynyn, birese Noghay Ordasynyng qúramyna enip otyrdy. Olardyng osy handyqtardyng qaysysyna enui atalmysh elderding kýsh-әleuetining myqtylyghyna baylanysty boldy. Taghy da aita keterlik jayt, aq qalmaqtar – týrki tildes telengýtter (teleutter) dep ataldy, [14, 623]. Al altaylyq týrki halyqtary altay, biy nemese tauly qalmaqtar nemese ekijaqty-qalmaqtar dep ataldy [9, 147].
Sonday-aq, osy jerde I.I. Dremovtyng pikirine XV ghasyrdyng basynda Iogann Shilitberger tatarlardyng ýsh negizgi týrining bireui retinde tanyghan «qaytaqtar» (djamboylyq jәne mongholdarmen birge) - búl «Qalmaq» termiynining búrmalanghan jazbasy degen boljamdar qosugha bolady.
A.K.Alekseev: «qalmaqtardy jii qalmyqtarmen (jongharlarmen) tendestiredi, búl mýlde dúrys emes. Ashtarhanidterding ordasynda eki etnikalyq top ta qyzmet etti. Onyng ýstine Qalmaqtar «ilatiya» taypasynyng qúramyna, al qalmyq-jongharlar ordagha han gvrdiyasyn qúraytyn, әskery qúl (gul) retinde endi»,- dep jazdy [21, 168].
Bizding oiymyzsha, XIV-XVI ghasyrlardaghy Qalmaqtar búl keyinnen eki bólikke bólingen, islam dinin qabyldamaghan altynordalyq kóshpendi halyq: Qara Qalmaqtar (Qaraqalpaqtar) jәne Aq Qalmaqtar (Telengittir, Altaylyqtar), olardyng Qaraqalpaqtary ontýstikke Orta Aziyagha ketti (onda 1598 jyldan bastap mәlim), al keyin qara qalmyqtar dep ataghan Altaylyqtar, Oirat-Qalmaqtardyng qol astynda boldy.
Týrki tildes halyqtardyng foliklorynda da qalmaqtar turaly aighaqtar kezdestiruge bolatynyn atap ótken jón.
1. Daftary Chingiyz-name. Isanyng úly, ýisin Ametygha baghynghan halyq Qaltaq nemese Berqabaq dep ataldy [13, 29].
2. Bashqúrt Shejiresi. Mysalgha, Bashqúrttyng Yurmaty taypasynyng shejiresinde birinshi bolyp Búlghargha kelgen Qalbaqtyng kýieui Shiban-han dep jazylghan. Kelesi núsqasynda, Yurmatanyng altyn dingegi - Ayyry Qalbaq ruynan Shiban-han dep jazylghan [20, 123]. Basqa bashqúrt shejirelerinde bezqybaq, besqaltaq, besqalpaq, qalbaq, qaltaq degen halyq ataulary jii aitylady [20, 123-125]. Áuelde biz, Aera Qalbaq shyndyghynda Shibaniyd, al onyng úly Abujay búl Shibanidter әuletinen shyqqan, tanymal noghay hany Aboghay dep joramaldaghamyz [19, 138-139].
3. Qazaq Shejireleri. Sonday-aq, múnda Ayyrqalpaq kezdesetin Qazaq shejirelerin eske týsiruge bolady: «Sabiyan (Qazaq, Sozaq degen eki úl tughan, Ayyrqalpaqtyng әkesi). Sozaqtan qaraqalpaq halqy, al Qazaqtan - ýsh qazaq jýzining arghy atalary – Aqarys, Janarys, Bekarys bastau alady» [2, 45]. Búl jerde Sabiyan Shibangha, al Ayyrqalpaq bashqút shejiresindegi Ayyry (Aery) Qalbaqqa óte úqsas. Sonday-aq, M.J.Kópeevtyng shejiresinde: «Qasym hannyng balalary әkesining óliminen keyin han taghy men qalghan múra ýshin talasqa týsti. Mine osy kezde kórshiles bolghan noghaylyqtar, ózbekter, qalmaqtar qazaqtardyng jauyna ainaldy»,-dep jazdy [2, 134]. Kelesi Qazaq shejiresinde: «Ózara biyening qymyz bólise almay, úrysyp qalghan Qazaq pen Qalmaq tughan aghayyndylar bolghan»,- dep jazylghan [2, 222]. Odan әri, M.J. Kópeev: «noghaylardyng on taypa odaghy ydyrap, olardyng jetekshisi Ormanbet by ólgennen keyin, Saryarqa Qatty-syban túrghan qaraqalpaqtardyng qolastyna týsti», -dep jazady [2, 74]. Búl jerde de qara qalmaqtardyng basynda Syban (Shiban) esimdi adam túr. Qyzyghy, qazaq tilinde «ayyr qalpaq» qyrghyz etnosynyng ókilin bildiredi [22] [23] [24].
«Ótemis qajynyn» jalghasynan biz Shibanidterding bireuin Qalbaq búgha dep ataghanyn oqy alamyz [15, 65]. Genealogiya boyynsha Shibannyng úly, Bahadúrdyng úly Qútlyq búqagha tendestiriledi [12, 104].
4. Qaraqalpaq shejirleri: Bir shejirede: «Qazaq (qazaqtyng arghy atasy) jәne Sozaq (qaraqalpaqtardyng arghy atasy) – tughan aghayyndylar [4, 484]. Búl qaraqalpaq shejiresi qazaq shejiresine óte úqsas, tek aiyrmashylyghy - Qaraqalpaq shejiresinde әkesining esimi Ayyrqalpaq emes. 1900 jylghy Hiuada jazylghan shejire qazaq shejiresining mәlimetterimen tolyq sәikes keledi. Eri Qalpaq (qazaqtardy Ayyrqalpaq) Qazaq pen Sozaqtyng әkesi. Qazaqtar Qazaqtan, Qaraqalpaqtar Sozaqtan taraydy [11, 107]. Kelesi Qaraqalpaq shejiresinde Anes Qazaq pen Sozaqtyng әkesi retinde jazylghan. Qazaq ýlkeni jәne ýilengennen keyin maldyng basym bóligine ie bolghan. Renjigen Sozaq ýiden ketip, úzaq uaqyt qanghyryp, ýige qara bas kiyimmen oralyp, keyin onyng ózi de, úrpaghy da qaraqalpaq degen ataugha ie bolghany turaly aitylghan [4, 485]. Shejirening taghy bir núsqasynda, Anesting eki úly, meyrimdi Qaraqalpaq jәne Aqqalpak bolghan. Aqqalpaqtan qazaqtar taraydy [4, 485-486]. Sonday-aq, Qaraqalpaq shejirelerining birinde qazaqtyng hany ne Tәuekelge, ne Tәukege baghynghan, Úrany sol kezde mekendegen aimaghy Úlytaumen baylanysty, Qytay men Qypshaq rulary jayly aitylady.
Qaraqalpaqtardy biylegen Tәuekelding úly Batyr han. Qytay ruynan qyryq Qaraqalpaq – nókerlerlerining biri Tóbet keden alymdaryn bólisude renjip, ashumen Batyr-handy óltirdi. Osydan keyin qazaqtardyng keginen qorqyp, qaraqalpaqtar Úlytaugha qashty. Qytaylardyng úrany (klich), olardyng búryn mekendegen jerining qúrmetine oray Úlytau dep shyqty [11, 39]. T.A. Jdankonyng jazghanynday, Qaraqalpaqtyng ornyna qoldanystaghy qysqartylghan Qalpaq termiyni tarihy epos pen foliklorda, sonday-aq, atalghan halyqtyng arghy atasyn bilidiru ýshin, basqa da qaraqalpaq geneolgiyasynda keng taralghan [11, 110]. Qaraqalpaqtardan әkesining nemese anasynyng tegi taraghanda, qazaqtarda da osylay jay Qalpaq dep atalady [5, 106] [3, 215]
Biz biletindey, qaraqalpaqtar jayynda túnghysh ret Syghanaq qalasynyng manynda 1598 jyly aitylady [11, 134]. Sonday-aq, Manghyt ruy men Qaraqalpaq halqynyng atauy sinonim retinde aitylatynyn atap ótken jón [1, 199] [14, 293]. T.A. Jdanko qaraqalpaq anyzdaryna say qaraqalpaqtardyng Otany dep Qyrymdy, al arasynda qaraqalpaqtardyng arghy atasy ómir sýrgen Edil men Jayyqtyng aralyghy dep sanaydy [11, 127].
Qalmaqtar XIV ghasyrdyng basynan belgili, 1313 jyly Ózbek hanmen birge islam dinin qabyldaugha kelispegen altynordalyq kóshpendilerdi Qalmaqtar dep ataydy. Ózbek hannyng islamdandyru josparyna qarsy bolyp, Horezmge shabuyl jasaghan Shibanid Badaghúl bolghany mәlim. Onyng úly men inisi Sibirde Kýgedey Yasbúgha úlysynda biylik etken [18, 34]. Orda – Ejenning úrpaghy biylik etken atalghan úlys Kók Ordagha enui mýmkin. Dәl osy kezde Orda Ejen úlysynda Manghytaydyng úly Qalaq, әlde Qúbaq [17]. Ókinishke oray, 1328 jyldan keyin bizde eshqanday mәlimet joq. Qalbaq (osydan arabsha eki búrmalau Qalaq jәne Qúbaq) dep estilip, Qalmaq atauy onyng esiminen shyghuy tolyghymen mýmkin. Sonymen, Ózbek hangha baghynghandar «ózbekter» dep, al Qalbaqqa baghynghandar qalbaqtar (qalmaqtar) dep atala bastady. Qalmaqtar auyspastan, dәstýrli ghúryptaryn saqtap qaldy. XVI ghasyrdaghy qalmaqtar turaly mәlimetterdi I.I. Dremov óte jaqsy taldady. Ol kezde Qalmaqtar Úlytau audanynda mekendedi. 1595 jylghy mәlimetke say, Tәuekel soghysqan qalmaqtar (1585 jyly solardan onyng aghasy, Oraz-Muhammedting әkesi Ondan qaza tapty [16]) men onyng aghasy Shah-Múhammed biylik etken qaraqalpaqtar edi. Tәuekel han qaraqalpaqtargha islamdy uaghyzdaushy Qara–sheyh pen Sary – sheyhty jiberdi [11, 44]. Shah-Múhammedten keyin, qaraqalpaqtargha Tәuekelding úly Batyr han biylik jýrgizdi. Qaraqalpaqtardyng qara qalmaq pen aq qalmaqqa bólinui Sibirdi orystardyn, 1598 jyly Oraz-Múhammedting (Noghay Ordasynyng biyleushisi foliklorda kóbine Ormanbet retinde mәlim) óliminen, qalmaqtardy Tәuekelding jaulaushylyghynan keyin boluy mýmkin. Sondyqtan, qalmaqtardyng bir bóligi Qaraqalpaq degen ataumen (m-nyng b(p)-gha auysuy meylinshe jii kezdesetin jәit) belgili bolyp, ontýstikke ketuge mәjbýr boldy. Múnday Qara degen tirkesti tarihta óz Otanynan Jetisugha ketken Qaraqytaylar aldy. Batystan shyghysqa jyljyghan Qalmaqtardyng kelesi bóligi «aq qalmaqtar» oirattargha baghynugha mәjbýr boldy. Atalghan boljam, Edil men Jayyqta uaqytsha ornalasqanyna qaramastan, qaraqalpaqtar turaly qanday da bir mәlimetting joqtyghyn týsindiredi.
Jaqsylyq Sәbitov.
Abay.kz
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23. http://www.writers.kz/journals/?ID=10&NUM=119&CURENT=&ARTICLE=3509