Jaqynda ghana qazaq oqyrmandary «Qazaqtyng qúpiya tarihy» atty kitappen qauyshty. Siyasy keuip ýlgermegen tuyndynyng avtory – Bekjan Ádenúly. Kitapta qazaq tarihynyng әlqissasy, qalyptasu joly, týrki tildes últtardyng ótkeni men meken etken aimaghy jóninde tyng derekter qamtylghan. Sonymen qatar, múndaghy jazbalardan Kenes tarihshylarynyng zertteuinen bastau alatyn derek-dәiekterding keybirining shyn mәninde búrmalanghanyn úghugha bolatynday. Tek kәsiby mamandarymyz tarapynan jiti zerdeleu qajet synayly. Olay deytinimiz jәne qyzyqtysy da osy, avtordyng ózi negizinen tarihshy emes, jay ghana energetiyk. Alayda, ol bala kezinen óz últynyng keshegisin biluge qatty qúshtar bolghan jәne sol qúshtarlyghyna bar kýsh-jigerimen jetuge úmtylghan. 

Rasynda, tariyhqa «әrkimnin-aq bar talasy». Sondyqtan Bekjan Ádenúlynyng әr paraghyn tek dәretpen, Allanyng atyn auzyna ala otyryp jazyp shyqqan búl enbegi últ keshegisin tanugha septesedi degen ýmit basym bizde. Búl – oqyrman retindegi oiymyz. Al «Qazaqtyng qúpiya tarihynyn» aq-qarasyn aiyrudy, saralap, zerdelep, baghasyn berudi kәnigi mamandarymyzdyng enshisine qaldyramyz. Avtordyng әngime auany tómendegidey.

– Bekjan agha, «Qazaqtyng qúpiya tarihy» kitabyn jazuynyzgha qanday jaghday týrtki boldy?

– Óz últymnyng tarihyn biluge bala jasymnan qúshtar boldym. On jasymda-aq Alpamys, Qobylandy batyr jyrlaryn jatqa biletinmin. Tarihy oqighalar bayandalghan kitaptardy oqyghanda bir tylsym qúpiya әlemge kirip ketkendey әserde bolatyn edim. Jә, naqty saualgha oralsam, әuelde men qazaqtyng salt-dәstýri Islam dinining tikeley yqpalymen qalyptasqany jayynda jazyp bastaghan edim. Óitkeni, qazirgi tanda asyl dinimizding jamaghaty arasynda últymyzdyng músylmandyghyna kýmәnmen qaraytyn teris pighyldaghy aghym ókilderi kóbeygeni ras. Osylargha tosqauyl qoy maqsatynda Islam men qazaq salt-dәstýrining egiz úghymday ekenin úqtyrugha tyryspaq bolghanmyn. Kitaptyng songhy jaghynda osy jaylar qysqasha bayandalady.

Sodan keyin Qazaq atauynyng shyghu tórkinin anyqtaghym keldi. Dәl osy mezetterde Elbasy Núrsúltan Nazarbaev «Halyq – tarih tolqynynda» jobasyn úsynyp, mamandargha jana tarihty jazudy mindettedi. Mine, búl bastama mening júmysymmen túspa-tús kelip, tipti, qúlshynysymdy arttyrdy. Osy izdenisterim jalpy Euraziya halyqtarynyng tarihyn «qoparugha» mәjbýr etti. Kóshpeli taypalargha qatysty solardan tapqan derekterim men tarihy sheshilmegen mәseleler osy kitaptyng jazyluyna týrtki boldy. Sebebi, tynymsyz enbegimning arqasynda ýsh úiyqtasam týsime kirmegen dýniyelerge keziktim, onyng ýlkeni – arab tarihshysy әri geografy Ál-Masudiyding «Shirvan men Al Bab tarihy» jazbasynyng audarmashynyng týsiniktemeleri kiristirilgen oryssha núsqasy. Osynday dýniyelerdegi derekter men kóshpelilerge qatysty tarihy mәlimetterdi birtútas jýielegenimde kóringen shyndyqtar meni shynymen tang qaldyrdy.

Taghy bir aita keterligi, býgingi jastar, qazirgi buyn Saq, Qún, Ýisýn jәne kóne týrkilerden jalpy habary bar. Biraq, olardyng qalay bizding babamyz bolatynynan, qazaqpen qalay jalghasatynynan beyhabar. Shyn tarihshylardyng da zertteulerine ýnilsek, әr dәuirding arasy jay ghana bir ýzik-ýzik dýnie siyaqty ekenin bayqaymyz. Orys tildi tarihshylardyng «Kóne týrkiler men býgingi týrki tildes halyqtardyng esh baylanysy bolmauy mýmkin» degen tújyrymdaryn da estip jýrmiz. Qazaq halqynyng ótkenin on tórtinshi ghasyrda aspannan salbyrap týskendey qylyp kórsetedi. Kerey men Jәnibek handardan búryn qazaq halqynyng tarihy bolmaghan siyaqty. Al naqty derekterdi zer sala saralasaq, Qazaq atauy men Qúng halqy atauy baylanysty ekenin jәne altynshy, jetinshi ghasyrlarda  qazaqtyng kórshi ólkelerde «qasaq», «qashaq», «hasa», «kozag»  degen búrmalaularmen atalghanyn anyq kóremiz. Onyng ýstine, әskery últ atalyp ketken kazaktardyng eski sózderining de, ataularynyng da bizben úqsastyghyn kezdeysoqtyq dep aita salu qiyn...

Biz qazaq halqynyng úrpaghy bolghannan keyin óz últymyzdyng aldyndaghy jauapkershilikti sezinuimiz qajet. Ár qazaq osyny úghynsa deymin. Keshegi babalarymyzda bәri boldy: baylyq ta, patshalyq ta, batyrlyq ta... Olar últ bolashaghy ýshin baylyghy men biyligin tәrk ete aldy, jandaryn berdi, qasyq qandaryn qidy. Nege? Óitkeni,  últynyng amandyghyn óz qara basynyng amandyghynan joghary qoydy, úrpaghynyng bolashaghy últynyng amandyghymen tikeley baylanysty ekenin jaqsy sezindi. Sondyqtan bizge osynday baytaq dala, tereng tarih múra bolyp qalyp otyr.

– Enbeginizdi bastan-ayaq oqyp shyqtyq. Tiliniz auyr, týsinu qiyngha soghatyny ras. Alayda, kórkemdigi túrghysynan kәsiby tarihshynyng jәne az-maz din mamanynyng stiyli bayqalady. Onyng ýstine, kitaptyng alghashqy betterine búl tuyndynyzdy tolyqtay tek dәretpen jazghanynyzdy aitypsyz jәne ara-túra Allanyng esimin auyzgha alasyz. Búl – dinshildiginiz be, әlde, qazaq tarihyna degen qúrmetinizding belgisi me?

– Kitap oqugha qiyn ekeni ras. Áuelgi núsqasynda múnan da qiyn bolatyn. Alayda, filologiya ghylymynyng kandidaty Shyrynbek Qoylybaevtyng kómegimen birshama jónge keltirildi, gramatikalyq qateleri qalypqa keltirildi. Ony oqudaghy endigi qiyndyq – mening sózderimdi quattaytyn derekterding der kezinde ornalastyrylyp otyruynda. Biraq ol derektersiz búl kitaptyng qúny bolmas edi. Sondyqtan olardy óz oryndarynda saqtadym jәne ony qajet etken oqyrman derekterdi týpnúsqasynan teksere alatynday silteme jasaldy.

Men aitar edim, búl kitaptyng negizgi mindeti – qazaq tarihyn zerttep, zerdelep jýrgen tarihshylargha septesu, dúrys derekterding baghytyna jol silteu jәne shynayy dýniyelerding qayda jatqanyn kórsetu. Basqalay esh mýddeni kózdemegenim ras, ataq shygharugha da qúmartpaghanym Allagha ayan. Jәne eng bastysy, búl enbek әli bitken joq, kitapta tarihymyz tolyq qamtylmaghan. Múny jalghastyratyn – tarihshylar, arheologtar, ghalymdar. Alayda, búl kitap qazaq halqynyng ghana emes, birtútas Evraziya halyqtary tarihyn dúrys týsinuge jol ashady dep bilemin. Men osynday dýniyeni jazghanyma quanamyn. Jazugha mýmkindik bergen Allagha shýkirshilik aitamyn. Sebebi, búl kitaptan oqyrman Islam dini men qazaq tarihynyng tyghyz baylanysta ekenin úghady. Mәselen, Orhan Eniysey jazbalarymen tuys runikalyq jazbalar sonau Skandinaviyada, Altyn adammen tabylghan dýniyelerde, Atillanyng tostaghanynda, Kiyevten shyqqan hazarlyq jazbalarda kezdesedi. Alayda, solardyng kópshiligi әli kýnge oqylghan joq. Nege? Óitkeni, ol qiyndyq halqymyzdyng jazbasynyng arab әripterine kóshuimen jәne Islam dini yqpalymen halyq sanasynda ornyqqan ózgeristerge baylanysty. Kóshpeli ghúmyr keshken babalarymyzdyng tanbalary an, qús, januarlardyng pishininde bolghany týsinikti. Islam dini kelgennen keyin sol babalarymyz jandy beyneni tanbagha ainaldyru oghan tabynumen birdey bolatynyn úghyp, sonyng bәrin jansyz beynelerge auystyrdy. Osy sebepten, qazaq taypalarynyng eshqaysysynyng tanbasynan jandy hayuannyng beynesi kezdespeydi. Búl qazaq ómirinde islam dinining dәrejesi qanday bolghanyn kórsetedi. Sondyqtan da eski týrki jazbalaryn úghyna almay qaldyq biz.

 «Adamnyng emes, Allanyng degeni bolady» dep týsingen músylman qazaqtyng balasy bolghandyqtan jәne qazaq halqynyng shynayy tarihyn ashudy Alla nәsip eter degen ýmitpen osy enbekti basynan ayaghyna deyin tek dәretti bolghan kýide jazyp shyqqanym ras. Shynynda, maghan ýlken mýmkindik berildi, әitpese, múnday enbek qarapayym men siyaqty adamnyng qolynan kelmes edi. Qasiyetti Qúranda «Árbir bilim iyesining ýstinde aitushy bar» degen maghynadaghy ayattar bar, yaghni, bilim iyesining izdenisi tabysty boluy oghan jogharydan beriletin mýmkindikke baylanysty. Áygili Mendeleev himiyalyq elementter kestesin týsinde dayyn týrde kórgeni barlyghymyzgha belgili jayt, al múnday tylsym jaylar tarihta jetkilikti.

– Bekjan agha, siz enbeginizding barysynda qazaq halqynyng qalyptasu tarihyn, qazaq taypalarynyng Europa dalasynda erkin kóship-qonghanyn, sayyn saharany jaulay sharlaghanyn әngimelep, týrki tildes últtardyng tamyryn qazaq taypalarynan tarqatasyz. Jәne qazaq últyna qatysty kóptegen derekterdi janasha saralap, qújat-dәiekterding mazmúnyn tól tarihymyzdyng mýddesinde sóiletesiz. Áriyne, quantarlyq jaghday. Dese de, «Qazaqtyng qúpiya tarihyndaghy» sizge deyin aitylmaghan dýniyelerdi zerdeleuge otandyq kәsiby tarihshylar nege qadam baspady dep oilaysyz, әlde, olardyng qarym-qabileti jetpedi me? Nemese, múnyng sayasy astary bar ma?

– Týrki tildi últtar ghana emes, orys, armyan, gruzin tәrizdi últtardyng da týbi týrkilik taypalardan qalyptasqany naqty tarihy derekter arqyly kórsetildi. Olardy týgeldey qazaqtan tarady deu dúrys bolmas, alayda, solar taraghan Qún, Saq, Ýisýn halyqtarynyng osy dәuir basynan Qazaqstan aumaghyndaghy tarihy biriguinen qalyptasqan birtútas alyp halyq «Qazaq» dep atalghany anyq. Bir qaraghanda mýmkin emes tәrizdi, alayda, osy kitapty múqiyat oqyp, týsingen adam osylay ekenin moyyndaydy dep bilemin. Euraziya dalasyn mekendegen últtardyng barlyghyn derlik ertedegi Saq (Skiyf), Ýisýn, Qúng halyqtarynyng jekelegen taypalary qalyptastyrghan. Al qazaq halqynyng jeke taypadan emes, sol Saq (Skiyf), Ýisýn, Qúng halyqtarynyng qazirgi Qazaqstan aimaghynda tarihy toptasuynan qalyptasqanyn tarihy derekter anyq dәleldeydi.

«Jeti atagha deyin qyz alyspau» zanynyng tek qazaq halqynda boluy jәne qazaq tilining ghana eshqanday dialektilerge bólinbeytini onyng Euraziya halyqtary taraghan «altyn tamyr» ekendigimen baylanysty. Islam dinin qabyldaghangha deyin taypalar «Aq» jәne «Qara» bolyp eki topqa bólingen jәne osy eki top arasynda qyz alysu dәstýri bolmaghan. «Teng tenimen, tezek qabymen» degen sóz sol zamannan qalsa kerek. Jeke taypa óz ishinde ghana qyz alysudan zamandar óte sol taypa atauymen jeke últ qalyptasyp otyrdy. Aytalyq, Tatar taypasynan – Tatar, Qyrghyz taypasynan – Qyrghyz, Úighyr taypasynan – Úighyr, Bashqúrt taypasynan – Bashqúrt, Alan taypasynan – Qarashay men Balqar, Manghyt taypasynan – Noghay, Qarapapah taypasynan – Qaraqalpaq, Abar taypasynan – Avar, Qabar taypasynan – Qabardiyn, Qúman taypasynan – Qúmyq, Ýzik kóshpelileri men Ýisýn otyryqshylarynan – Ózbek, Týrki taypasynan – Týrik, Hazar taypasynan – Azarbayjan, Búlghar taypasynan – Bolgar men Orys últtary qalyptasty. Qazaq halqy qalyptasqansonda búl ýrdis toqtaghan joq, olardyng songhysy – Noghay men Qaraqalpaq últtary. Ardaqty handarymyz halyq ary qaray ydyramas ýshin «jeti atagha deyin qyz almau» zanyn engizgenin kóremiz. Osylaysha «Altyn tamyrdy» ydyrap, tolyq joghaluydan sol «jeti atagha deyin qyz almau» zany saqtap qaldy. Qalghan taypalar ózara osylaysha jipsiz baylanyp, «Qazaq» halqy qúramynda saqtalyp qaldy. Alayda, halqymyz, Zakavkaziede bes ghasyr otyryp, sosyn qazirgi Ontýstik Resey men Ukraina aimaghyna ornyqqan ýlken bóliginen airyldy, olar – hristian dinin qabyldau arqyly shirkeu tili yqpalymen slavyan tildi halyqqa ainalghan kazaktar bolatyn, yaghni, qazirgi reseylik kazaktar men ukrain halqy.

Osy orayda, basqa últ ókilderi «Qazaqtar barlyq tarihy oqighalardy ózderine tartty» dep renjip, keii mýmkin. Alayda, olar negizinen shettep qalghan jeke taypalar esebinen últqa ainalghany tarihy shyndyq. Al qazaq halqy sol taypalar shyqqan «Altyn tamyrdyn» saqtalghan júrnaghy bolyp tabylady.

Resey imperiyasy men Stalin biyligi negizinen qazaq halqy tarihyn joigha úmtyldy. Totalitarizmdik jýienin  «bilgirleri» tarihy ataular men derekterdi qalayda Qazaq halqyna qatysy joqtay etip tújyrymdaydy, olardy ózbek, úighyr, qyrghyz, tatar, týrkimen, monghol tәrizdi halyqtargha tiyesili deuge deyin barady. Olar búl qadamgha bekerden beker barghan joq. Óitkeni, qazaqtan basqa últtardyng eshqaysysy týrki tildi halyqtardyng «Altyn tamyrymyz» dey almaytynyn jaqsy týsindi. Sol sebepten, Euraziya halyqtarynyng shynayy tarihyn qazaq halqy tarihyn zertteu arqyly ghana anyqtaugha mýmkindik tuady. Sondyqtan, bizderding osynday ortaq tarihymyz Qazaqstanda ómir sýrip otyrghan últtardy «Altyn tamyr» ayasynda biriktiretin kýshke ainaluy tiyis.

Osy kitapta aitylghan dýniyelerding býgingi kezenge deyin otandyq tarihshylar tarapynan aitylmauy qazirgi elimizding sayasatyna esh qatysy joq, mening biluimshe. Kerisinshe, qazaq tarihyn qayta zertteuge Elbasy Núrsúltan Nazarbaevtyng ózi tikeley núsqau bergenine barlyghymyz kuәmiz. Kenes ókimeti últtyq tarihshylardy qatang qadaghalap, slavyan tildi últtardan arnayy tarih mamandaryn dayyndaghanyn jәne jalpy últ tarihshylaryna ejelgi tarihty zertteuge mýmkindik bermegenin osy kitapta naqty derektermen jazdym. Jasyratyn týgi joq, býgingi qazaq tarihshylary negizinen qazaq handyghynan bergi ghasyrlardy zertteumen ainalysty. Al Qúng men Skifter tarihy nemese Hazar men Úly Bulghariya memleketteri tarihyn zertteu tek slavyan tildi ghalymdardyng enshisinde bolghany anyq. Qanymyzgha singen músylmandyq aq kónildiligimiz, sengishtigimiz bizding tarihshylargha slavyan tildi ghalymdardyng qate, jymysqy tújyrymyn «Qúran ýkimindey» qabyldatty. Áli de sol әdetten aryla almay otyrghanymyz taghy shyndyq. Olar: «Qazaqtyng Albany men Kavkaz Albaniyasyn jәne qazirgi Albaniya elin ózara qatysty dep sanamandar» deydi, bizder oilanbastan «lәppay» deymiz. Olar: «Tarbaghatayda bolghan Abar taypasynyng Kavkazdaghy Avarlar men Europada bolghan Avar qaghanatyn qúrghandargha qatysy joq» deydi, ony da solay sanamyzgha sinire saldyq. Olar: «Alandar iran tildi, óitkeni, Alandar úrpaghy – Osetinder» deydi, bizder bir-birine «Alan» dep sóileytin Balqar men Qarashaydy kóre túra, olardyng aitqanyna sendik. Olar: «Cherkes dep  Adygey halqynyng bir bóligi atalghan» deydi, al Adygey halqy búl ataudy eshqashan qabyldamaghanyn ózderi de moyyndaydy. Al bizder ózimizde Sherkesh taypasy bar ekenin bile túra, olardyng aitqanyn dúrys sanaymyz. Olar: «Kazaktar ishki Reseyden krepostnoy qúldyqtan qashqan orystardan qalyptasty» deydi, al bizder kazaktar jayynda on tórtinshi ghasyrdan belgili ekenin jәne krepostnoy qúldyq Reseyde tek on jetinshi ghasyrda ghana engizilgenin bile túra, olardyng ótirikterine sene ketemiz. Olar: «Zakavkaziede bolghan kasahiya eli men kashak halqy – kabardinderding ata-babasy» deydi, bizder ol jaqta qazir de bar kazah pen kasah ataularyn kóre túra jәne kabardinder sol zamanda Kavkaz manynda ómir sýrgen Qabar taypasy úrpaghy boluy mýmkin ekenin týsine túra, olardyng sózine toqtaymyz. Kazaktardyng kelbeti men kiyimderi sol kavkazdyqtarmen birdeyligin jәne olardyng eski sózderi qazaqsha ekenin bile túra, olardyng Zakavkazieden quylghan qazaqtar úrpaghy ekenine senbeymiz. Sebebi, reseylikterding «Olar Qazaq emes» degen bir auyz pikiri – «eng dúrys tújyrym». Olar Qyrym aimaghynda ómir sýrgen týrkitildi Rus pen Sakalban taypalaryn esh qatysy joq bolsa da búrmalap, ózderining arghy atalary etti. Biz bolsaq Kasahiya men Kashak jәne Kazak pen Kazah ataularynyng Qazaq halqyna tiyesili ekenin aitudan jasqanamyz. Nege? Álde, shynymen qúldyq psihologiyadaghy últqa tolyq ainalyp ýlgerdik pe? Qúldyng әrqashan qojayyngha elikteytini jәne «úrpaghym sol qojayyngha úqsasa eken» dep armandaytyny bar ghoy. Qazaqtardyng óz balalaryn jappay orys tildi etuge úmtyluy, qazaq qyzdary men әielderining barynsha sary shashty orysqa úqsaugha tyrysuy naghyz qúldar ekenimizge dәlel tәrizdi. «Dos jylatyp aitady». Namysymyzgha tiyse de, shyndyq – osy. Tek qazaqy tәrbiyede, saltty, dәstýrdi bilip ósken az ghana bóligimiz óz qadirin biletin nemese últtyq ruhy bar erkin qazaq bolyp saqtalyp qalghandaymyz. Osynday qasiretke jetuimizding bir sebebi – shynayy tarihymyzdyng belgisiz boluynan. Qazaq halqynyng basqa últtar taraghan «Altyn tamyr» ekenin bilgen úrpaq múnday beyshara halge týspes edi. Olar ózimen, últymen, tegimen maqtanatyn edi. Men osylay bolghanyn armandaymyn.

Qasiyetti Qúranda «Olar ózderin asa ailakermiz dep sanaydy, alayda, ózderin jaratqan Allanyng ailasy zor ekenin týsinbeydi» degen maghynadaghy ayat bar. Resey imperiyasy men Stalin sayasaty «Altyn tamyr» tarihyn asa ailakerlikpen qúrdymgha ketirdik» dep sanaghan bolar. Biraq Alla bizding tarihymyzdy sheber jasyryp qoyghanyna jәne ony halqymyz tәuelsizdik alghan qazirgi zamanda qayta tabuymyzgha mýmkindik bergenine osy kitap birden-bir kuә. Qazaq ghalymdarynyng endi ashyla bastaghan shynayy tarihty ary qaray jete zertteui, keneytui tughan últynyng aldyndaghy qasiyetti boryshy dep bileyik. Ol ýshin olardyng әrqaysysy óz ruyn ózgeden joghary sanaytyn «aurudan» aryluy qajet. Qazaqtyng jýzge bólinui men taypalar tuystyghy arasynda eshqanday baylanys bolmaghanyn osy kitap aighaqtaydy. Tuystyghy jaghynan Qonyrat, Berish, Shapyrashty, Ysty, Ysyq, Tóre jaqyn eken. Alban, Syban, Aday, Álim, Sirgeli, Saryýisýn, Taz taypalarynyng ózara qandastyghy bar. Arghyn, Oshaqty, Tabyn, Kerey rulary – bir tóbe. Tama, Nayman, Dulat, Tana, Jalayyr, Ramadan – bir-birimen jaqyndyghy bar.  Yaghni, tuystyq pen jýzding eshqanday baylanysy joq!

– Kitapty jazu barysynda Lev Gumiylevtin, Oljas Sýleymenovting enbekterin, әsirese, ghalamtor jelisindegi Uikiypediyanyng mәlimetterin kóbirek paydalanghanynyz angharylady. Búl oqyrmannyng kýmәnin tudyrady dep oilamaysyz ba?

– Bir nәrse anyq: men eshqanday janalyq ashqan joqpyn. Oidan birdene qúrastyrmaghanym da ras. Tek Lev Gumiylev, Oljas Sýleymenov, Múrad Adjy enbekterin jәne, eng bastysy, arab tarihshysy әri geografy Ál-Masudy jazbasynyng derekterin qoldandym. Olargha analitika jasap, saralap, zamanyna qaray jýielep, mozayka syndy qúrastyrdym. Bar bolghany, osy ghana. Sodan keyin búl kitapta tek qazaq handyghyna deyingi kezender talqylandy. Qazaq handyghynan bergi tarihty óz tarihshylarymyz tolyq zerttedi desek, qatelese qoymaymyz. Sondyqtan «qazaq tarihshylary derekterin qoldandy» dep basqa últ adamdary aiyptamas ýshin, óz tarihshylarymyzdyng enbekterindegi mәlimetterdi qoldanbaugha tyrystym. Ghalamtor kózindegi «Ukiypediya» jýiesi mening júmysymdy asa qatty jenildetkenin aituym kerek. Qazir bir zamandardaghyday arhiv aqtaryp, jyldar boyy tapjylmay otyratyn uaqyt emes. Qazir – aqparattyq tehnikanyng damyghan dәuiri.  Býkil jer betindegi últtardyng resmy tarihtary men ertede ótken taypalar jayyndaghy tarihy derekter osy «Ukiypediya» jýiesine orys tilinde engizilip qoyylghan. Olardy engizgender sol últtardyng ghylymy ókilderi bolghandyqtan, oghan senbeu – orynsyz. Óitkeni, ol mәlimetterdi qazaqqa jany ashyp, bireuding ilip qoymaghany anyq. Ár últ óz tarihyn shynayy týrde jazyp, jariyalaghan. Men solardyng tarihynan óz últymnyng tarihyna baylanysty derekterdi izdep taptym, býkil Euraziya halyqtarynyng ótkenin birtútas tarih retinde baylanystyryp, jýieleu  arqyly Qazaq tarihynyng «bizge bótender tanghanday» emestigin kórsettim. Ataqty Parfiya patshalyghyn ornatqan jәne biylegen Arghyn taypasy dese senbessiz. Alayda, jýielengen tarihy derekter osylay deydi!

– Enbeginizdegi «Asylýy taypasy jәne onyng úrpaqtary» turaly tújyrymynyz, meninshe, qoldanystaghy tarihta aitylmaydy. Oqyrmandarymyzgha úghynyqty bola týsu ýshin osy taqyrypty tarqata aityp berseniz.

– Búl kitaptyng «altyn dingegi» – osy Asylýi, әuelgi atauy Asylúya taypasy úrpaqtarynyng dәstýrli biyligi tarihy. Óitkeni, olardyng dәstýrli patshalyq etu tarihyn kórsetu arqyly Euraziyada ómir sýrgen halyqtardyng jәne memleketterding ózara tarihy baylanysyn anyqtay alamyz. Sonau bizding dәuirge deyingi ýshinshi ghasyrdan osy zamangha deyin Euraziya dalasynda ómir sýrgen memleketterdi biylep kelgen әuletterding sol Asylýy taypasy úrpaqtary ekeni anyq. Senu qiyn ba, osy kitapty múqiyat oqyp shyghynyz, sonda kóz jetkizesiz. Men shyn mәninde olardyng asa daryndy bolghanyna tang qalamyn. Qazaqtyng «tegine tartqan» degen sózi beker emes. Qazirgi Shapyrashty, Berish, Ysty, Ysyq, Qonyrat, Tóre jәne Sherkesh taypalary sol Asylýy taypasynan taraghandar. Áriyne, olar keyingi Islam dini yqpalymen qarapayym taypalarmen aralasugha mәjbýr boldy, osylaysha ózderining arghy týbin úmytqan. Úmytpaghany, tek Tóre taypasy. Óitkeni, olar – Islam dinin bilmegen Mongholiya aimaghynan kelgen Shynghyshan әuletinen. Islam dini yqpalymen qarapayym taypalarmen tyghyz aralasqandyqtan jәne jeke taypalar biylikke aralasqandyqtan, Asylýy taypasy úrpaqtary qazaqtyng barsha taypalary qúramyna sinip ketti. Olardyng keyingi zamandardaghy yqshamdalghan atauy As pen Ash, keyde Yas pen Ás jәne Ys dep te kezdesedi. Mysaly, Nayman taypasynda As ruy bolghany aitylady, sebebi, Nayman handyghy boldy jәne ony biylegen As toby keyin osy taypa qúramyna sindi. Shynghyshan dәriptegen Yasy dәstýrin bәri biledi, alayda, qaydan shyqqanyn eshqanday tarihshy anyqtay almady.

Bile bilsek, Qazaqstan atauyndaghy «stan» sózi qazaqtyng «ústan» degen sózinen qalyptasqan. Konstantinopoli qalasyn Stanbul etken Týrki Asyljik nemese Turky Seldjuk toby edi, olar sol qalany ózderine túraq bolsyn degen maghynada «Stan bol» dep ataghan. Al aty kórsetip otyrghanday, Týrki Asyljikter – Asylýy taypasy úrpaqtary, yaghni, qazaq halqynan. Tek úzaq ghasyrlar Oghyz taypalarynan qúralghan halyqty biylegendikten, oghyz tildi topqa ainaldy. Qazaqtyng hristian dinin qabyldaghan toby – kazaktar da óz túraghyn «Stan» dep ataghan, yaghny slavyan tili yqpalymen «Stanisa» dep ózgergen. Qazaq halqy biyleushiler otyrghan túraqty «As stany» dep ataghandyqtan, búl atau keyin memleket ortalyghy degen úghymdy beretin «Astana» sózi bolyp qalyptasty. Al qaydan shyqqany belgisiz delinetin «Týrk» nemese «Týrki» sózining arghy týbi «Tórgi» bolghan. Qytay derekteri ózderinde «r» men «ó» jәne «i» әrpi joqtyghynan «Tuge» dep kórsetken Asylýy taypasynyng tórtinshi ghasyrdaghy biyleushi ruy atauy. Osy eki әripi joq europalyq tilder yqpalymen «Tórgi Asúya» atauy «Turgiy» nemese «Turky Ashina» dep tariyhqa endi. Al óz otandaryndaghy osy biyleushiler atauynyng keyingi yqshamdalghan núsqasy – Tóre.

– Bekjan agha, kitaptaghy jazbalarynyzgha barlay qarasaq, Kenes tarihshylarynyng dýniyelerin tas-talqan etuge tyrysasyz. Kóp uәjderiniz, derekteriniz olardyng bizding sanamyzgha sindirip tastaghan «tarihyna» qarama-qayshy keledi. Olardyng qúitúrqy iydeologiyalaryn әshkereleuge asyghasyz. Sizding payymynyzsha, qazirgi otandyq tarihshylar da sol shenberden shygha almay jýrgen syqyldy, yaki, seskenedi, yaki, taptauryn sanadan shygha almaydy. Osy orayda, «Qazaqtyng qúpiya tarihyn» tónkeris deuge keledi me, әlde, sizding shyndyqty izdeuge degen talpynysynyzdyng nәtiyjesi me?

– Ukrayn ghalymynyng Shynghyshan jayynda jasaghan tújyrymy osy kitapta bar. Ol on tórtinshi ghasyrda Resey aimaghyn qazaqtar jaulap alghanyn jәne olardyng keyinnen Resey imperiyasy qúramynda azshylyqqa úrynghanyn aitady. Al on toghyzynshy ghasyrdaghy Resey imperiyasy ózine baghynyshty topqa ainalghan qazaqtardyng ózderin әuelde baghyndyrghandar ekenin moyyndaugha arlanghanyn jәne osy sebepten «jaulaushylar danqy» alystaghy bóten halyqqa tiyesili etilgenin aitady ol kisi. Yaghni, qalmaq pen oirat tekti taypalar otyrghan aimaqtan Mongoliya degen ataumen memleket ornattyrghan Resey imperiyasy edi jәne ony ary qaray jalghastyrghan Stalin biyligi boldy. Osylaysha búryn qazaq halqy tarihynda kezdespegen «monghol» degen jana halyq payda boldy. Shynghyshan zamanynda bolghan Manghyl taypasynyng atauy osylaysha qalmaq pen oirat tәrizdi taypalar negizgi halqy bolghan memleketting atauyna ainaldy jәne sol taypalardyng ortaq halyqtyq atauy monghol bolyp tez arada qalyptasyp ketti.

Stalin býkil týrki tildi últtardyng erteden bar arabsha jazbasyn әueli latyn әrpine, sosyn kirillisagha kóshirgeninen habardarmyz ghoy. Óz jazbalary bar armyan, gruzin últtarynda múnday ózgeris bolghan joq. Nege? Sebebi, orys halqy biyleushileri ghana emes, gruzin men armyan halyqtarynyng atqaminerlerine de óz últtarynyng arghy týbi týrkilik ekendigin moyyndau mýmkin emestey edi ol zamanda. Stalin biyligining maqsaty barlyq týrkitildi últtardyng tarihyn Resey imperiyasy zamany qalyptastyryp bastaghan jalghan jýiege birjolata ontaylastyru boldy.  Oghan negizgi kedergi ,búl halyqtardyng tarihy sonau VIII ghasyrdan arab әrpi kómegimen jazylyp saqtalghany jәne osy últtar adamdarynyng basym bóligi arabsha jazyp-oqy alatyn sauattylar ekendiginde edi. Osynday sebepterden, arab әrpi ornyna әueli latyn әrpin, sosyn kirilisany engizu arqyly atalghan halyqtardy jappay sauatsyzdargha ainaldyru kózdeldi. Olar búl ýdeden shyqty, eng bastysy, arab әripti jazbalardy qúnsyzdandyryp, keyingi úrpaqtyng ony oqy almauyna jol ashty. Arabsha әriptermen jazylghan shynayy tarihty osylay joq etti, ony saqtap qalghysy kelgen últ janashyrlary týgeldey joyyldy. «Kirilisamen oqyp-jaza almaghan sauatsyz» degen týsinik ornyqty.  Irandy XIX ghasyrdyng sonynan bastap Resey imperiyasy, sodan keyin Stalin sayasaty biylep-tóstegeni – tarihy shyndyq. Osy zamandarda ondaghy tarihy jazbalardaghy Shynghys han men qazaq halqyna qatysty ataular men derekterdi tolyqtay búrmalap ózgertti. Staliyn, Kenes ýkimeti mәngi bolar dep nemese týrki tildi últtar orystyq assimilyasiyagha úshyrap tez joyylady dep sengen bolar. Alayda, týrkilik últtardyng músylmandyq qalyptastyrghan dәstýrlerining orystyq dәstýrlerge ýilespeui olardyng aman qaluyna sebep bolghanday. Alla nәsip etip, egemendik aldyq, osylaysha, arab әripterimen qayta tabysyp, ótken tarihymyzdy tanugha jol ashyldy. Osy kitapta kóptegen ataulardyng arabsha jazylulary arqyly sonday búrmalaulardyng bolghanyn kórsetip kettim. Mysaly, qarah pen qazaq atauynyng týbi bir ekenin, yaghny «Karahaniyd» dep kórsetilip jýrgen memleketting dúrys atauy «Qazaq handyghy» bolghanyn jәne Altyn orda men Alash orda ataularynynda ózara baylanysy bar ekenin dәleldedim.

Osy «Qazaqtyng qúpiya tarihy» kitaby últ ziyalylary men ghalymdarynyng ótken tarihymyz jayly týsinikterine týbegeyli ózgeris qalyptastyrady dep ýmittenemin. Alayda, kóbi «men kimmin, ol kim?» degen oimen pendeshilikke salynyp, qarsy shyghar dep te qauiptenemin.

– Osy kitapty oqu barysynda kóptegen tyng mәlimetterdi kózimiz shaldy. Aytalyq, qazaq pen kazaktyng tuystyghy, qazaq ru-taypalarynyng tarihy, Kavkaz jerindegi qazaqtar, Europa dalasyndaghy týrkitildes últtardyng biyligi... Ár qaysysy bir kitaptyng jýgin kótererlik taqyryptar. Endeshe, aldaghy uaqytta osy enbeginizding jalghasyn nemese keneytip qayta jazu oiynyzda joq pa?

– Áriyne, «Qazaqtyng qúpiya tarihy» kitabynda ýlken kezenderdi qamtugha tyrysqanym anyq. Osy sebepten de ol oqugha qiyndau qarapayym oqyrmangha. Onyng ýstine, barlyq shyghyndy ózim kótergendikten barynsha yqshamdaugha tyrystym jәne osyghan deyingi núsqasyn myng dana etip tegin taratyp jiberdim. Tarihshy ghalymdarymyz  meni «ózine qatysty emes iske» aralasty dep kinәlamay, kerisinshe ózderine kómekshi dep qabyldasa, búl enbek ary qaray tolyqtala beretini sózsiz.

– Ángimenizge rahmet!

Súhbatty jýrgizgen – Ashat RAYQÚL

Abai.kz