Qazaq demokratiyalyq intelliygensiyasy ýshin әr uaqytta en negizgi mәsele — jer mәselesi boldy. Patsha ýkimeti, onyng múrageri bolghan Uaqytsha ýkimet, en sonynda Kenes ýkimeti men qazaq demokratiyalyq intelliygensiyasy arasyndaghy keyde ashyq, keyde astyrtyn jýrip otyrghan kýres, arbasulardyng týp-tamyry, qaynar kózi osy jer mәselesi edi. HH ghasyrdyng alghashqy shiyreginde búl mәselening qazaq eli ýshin qoghamdyq manyzyn ghylymy túrghydan óz dәrejesinde kóterip jәne tereng týsindirip bergen qayratker, ghalym, әriyne, Álihan Núrmúhamedúly Bókeyhanov edi. Uaqytsha ýkimetting Torghay oblystyq komissary qyzmetinde jýrgende de ol ýshin jer mәselesi en negizgi mәsele bolyp qala berdi. Olay bolsa, Á.Bókeyhanov búl kezende jer mәselesin qalay týsindi jәne ony sheshuding qanday joldaryn úsyndy? Endi osy saualgha jauap izdep kórelik.

Uaqytsha ýkimet qayshylyqty, әljuaz biylik ekendigin, al qaysybir qoghamdyq mәselelerdi sheshuge kelgende patsha ýkimetining tikeley múrageri bolghandyghyn, әsirese jer sayasaty anyq kórsetip berdi. Jeniske deyin soghysu sayasatyn jýrgize otyryp, ol eki birdey ottyng ortasynda qaldy. Bir jaghynan, ýkimet soghys jaghdayynda әskerdi jәne ishki súranysty azyq-týlikpen qamtamasyz etu ýshin sharualardyng talap-tilegimen az da bolsa eseptesuge mәjbýr bolsa, ekinshi jaghynan, ol orys burjuaziyasy men biyleushi toptarynyng ýkimeti bola otyryp, jer mәselesin demokratiyalyq negizde birjola sheshudi Qúryltay jinalysyna qaldyrdy. Ministrler Kenesining tóraghasy knyazi Livov 1917 jylghy 15 sәuirde barlyq oblystargha jibergen № 72228 jarlyghynda «sharualargha ózderine tiyesili jerge egin salugha kedergi jasalynbasyn, jerge baylanysty mәselelerdi әrkim óz betinshe sheshpeytin bolsyn, eldi azyq-týlikpen qamtamasyz etuge qajet jaghday qalyptastyrylsyn» dep kórsetip, al jerge baylanysty daulardy sheship otyru ýshin bolystyq jәne uezdik komiytetter janynan eginshiler men jer iyelenushilerden qúralatyn tatulastyru komissiyalaryn qúrudy úsyndy. Búghan qosymsha Eginshilik ministrligi «jer az, yaky jersiz sharualar jer jyrtyp, egin egu ýshin bos jerlerding bәrin jerge múqtaj sharualar biylsha paydalansyn» degen núsqau beredi. Búl sharalar, birinshiden, sharualardyng belgili bir bóligining taptyq narazylyghynyng bәsendeuine yqpalyn tiygizse, ekinshiden, azyq-týlik tapshylyghyn az da bolsa sheshuge jaghday tughyzghan edi.

Múnday sharalardyng 1916 jylghy kóterilisten keyin qazaq oblystaryndaghy últaralyq shiyelenisti bәsendetu maqsatynda da qarastyrylghandyghyn bayqaymyz. Osy jyldyng 3 sәuirinde eginshilik ministrining orynbasary Volkov Aqmola, Semey, Oral, Torghay, Jetisu, Syrdariya jәne Tomsk oblystyq pereselen mekemelerine 1038-nómirli jedelhat jiberip, onda jer mәselesin Qúryltay jinalysy sheshkenge deyin qazaq paydasynda túrghan jerlerden eki jaq yntymaqtasyp, rizashylyqpen kelisken oryndarda ghana bolmasa, jer kesu toqtalady. Zamannyng osynday auyr shaghynda qazaqtyng mal sharuasynyng qútyn shayqamas ýshin búryn alynghan, búl kýnge deyin mújyq ornamaghan hәm jazylmaghan uchaskeler qazaq auyldyq qoghamdarynyng paydalanuyna biylsha tegin berilsin" dep kórsetilgen edi [1,119 b.].

Sóitip, mamyr aiynda býkil imperiya kólemindegidey, qazaq oblystarynda da jer komiytetterin saylau nauqany bastalyp ketti. Búl shyn mәninde asa manyzdy sayasy shara bolatyn. Óitkeni Uaqytsha ýkimet Qúryltay jinalysyna úsynbaq bolghan jer reformasyna baylagysty qújattyng mazmúny jergilikti jerlerdegi komiytetterding búl mәselege baylanysty óz mýddelerin qoya bilui men ony ótkize aluyna kóp tәueldi edi. Qazaq demokratiyalyq intelliygensiyasy Uaqytsha ýkimetting jer komiytetterin qúru turaly sharasyn osy túrghydan qabyldady. «Qazaq» gazeti sәuir aiynan bastap Uaqytsha ýkimetting jer komiytetteri turaly erejesin, olardy qúru joldary men tәrtibin týsindirudi kózdegen týrli materialdar jariyalay bastaydy. Al onyng 1917 jylghy 24 mausymdaghy sanynda 1 shildeden bastap býkil qazaq oblystarynda jýretin auyl sharuashylyghy esebine baylanysty bir top qazaq ziyalylarynyng «Qazaq halqyna (Esep alu taqyrypty)» atty ýndeui jariyalanady Á. Bókeyhanov, A.Baytúrsynov, M.Dulatov, J.Jәnibekov, S.Kәdirbaev, E.Omarov, E.Túrmúhamedov jәne N.Begimbetov qol qoyghan búl ýndeu en aldymen halyqqa jýrgeli túrghan sanaqtyng mәn-jayyn týsindirudi kózdedi. «Búryn ókimet esep alarda, qazaq senbeytin edi» dep kórsetildi ýndeude. — «Jerimiz mol, egindi kóp salamyz desek, jerden airylamyz ghoy» dep qorqatyn edi. «Malymyzdy kóp kórsetsek, alym-shyghyn kóp týsedi» dep jasyratyn edi. Adam esebin alatyn bolsa «nege adam esebin alady, bizden soldat alghaly jýrmesin» dep seziktenetin edi. Qysqasy, qazaq eski ókimetting rasyna da, ótirigine de birdey senbeytin edi. Onysynyng qisyny da bar edi«, — degen oidy bildirip, odan ary zamannyng ózgergenin, endigi jaghdayda sanaqqa búrynghy kózqaraspen qaraugha bolmaytyndyghyn aityp, onyng naqty jәne dәrejeli sebepterin keltiredi [2,77 b.].

Al osy uaqytta Uaqytsha ýkimetting jergilikti oryndardaghy jer sayasaty qanday kýide edi? Búl rette en aldymen kózge úratyn jaghday — Uaqytsha ýkimetting qazaq oblystaryndaghy jer mәselesinde eski ýkimetting sayasatyn kishkene de bolsa ózgertuge qúlyqsyzdyq tanytqandyghy. Anyghyraq aitqanda, ol búl salada patshalyq biylikting múrageri edi. Múny neden bayqaugha bolady?

1) Uaqytsha ýkimet revolusiyagha deyingi qazaq oblystaryndaghy jer mәselesinen jaqsy habarlar bola otyryp, revolusiyadan keyingi uaqytta ótken oblystyq qazaq sezderining ishki Reseyden orys sharualarynyng qazaq jerine qonys audaruyna shek qong, pereselen mekemelerin jong, sóitip, jer mәselesin belgili bir jýiege keltiru turaly ótinishterine qúlaq aspady. Mәselen, mamyr aiynyng orta túsyna qaray oblystyq komissarlar atyna jarlyq retinde mynaday mazmúndaghy jedelhat taratyldy:

«Proshu opovestiti Ispolniytelinye Komiytety, obshestvennye organizasii, chto v selyah udovletvoreniya raznoobraznyh nujd pereselenie iy podderjivaniya neokrepshih pereselencheskih hozyaystv, uchastnikov voyny neobhodimo sohranenie v neprikoslovnosty pereselencheskoy organizasiy iy bezostanovochnaya ee deyatelinosti. Vse otpuskaemye smety iy kredity dlya nujdy pereseleniya mogut byti rashoduemy po zakonu iskluchiytelino cherez zavedyvaiyshimy rayonami, kotorye otvetstvuit za pravilinoe iyh rashodovaniye... Za ministra Zemledeliya Volkov. Chinovnik osobyh porucheniy Pereselencheskogo Upravleniya Gedymiyn» [3,97 b.].

Múnday sipattaghy sayasatty jýrgizudegi maqsat patsha ýkimetining Qazaqstan siyaqty shet aimaqtardaghy otarlau sayasatynda qol jetken jetistikterdi birjola bekite týsu, sol arqyly imperiyalyq ýstemdikting jana týrin qamtamasyz etu edi. Osy mýddeni kózdegen ortalyq Pereselen basqarmasy 1917 jyly 29 nauryzda № 11 jarlyq týrindegi qatynas hatymen ózining oblystyq mekemelerine jana qalyptasqan jaghdaygha baylanysty tez arada qonys audarushylar ýshin dayyndalghan uchaskelerding kólemi men qúramyn anyqtaugha baghyttalghan sharalardy iske asyrudy tapsyrady. Osy núsqaudy oryndau maqsatynda ótkizilgen Jetisu oblystyq pereselen mekemeleri qyzmetkerlerining jinalysynda mynaday sheshimder qabyldady:

«I. Áli de paydalynylmay jatqan jer qorlaryn týgel esepke alyp, búrynghy dayyndaghan uchaskelerdi qayta qarau ýshin barlyq shaghyn audandarda arnayy komissiya qúrylsyn... II. Jer qoryn naqty paydalanu ýshin búratanalardy da, eski orys túrghyndaryn da jәne jana qonystanushylardy da jappay jerge ornalastyru qajet» [4,64 b.].

Kórip otyrghanymyzday, búl qújattan jer mәselesinde patsha ýkimeti ústanghan negizgi eki baghyt óz jalghasyn tapqan. Olar, birinshiden, sol búrynghyday qonys audarushylardy ornalastyratyn jer qorlaryn dayyndau, ekinshiden, sol qorlardy molyraq jasau ýshin qazaqtardy jappay jerge ornalastyru.

2) 1917 jyly qyrkýiek aiynda Almatyda bolyp ótken Jetisu oblystyq qazaq sezi 1916 jylghy kóterilisting sebep-saldary turaly mәsele qarap, kóterilisting shyghuyna birden-bir sebep bolghan Veleskiy basqarghan oblystyq pereselen mekemesining «qazaq halqyn jaqsy jerden mahrum» qaldyrudy kózdegen qaskýnem sayasaty ekendigi aitylyp, sezd Ministrler Kenesining Tóraghasy men eginshilik ministrine Veleskiyding isin tekserip, ózin jauapqa tartudy súraydy. Al búl kezde Veleskiy myrza Orynbor guberniyalyq Memlekettik mýlik mekemesin basqarushy edi.

Mine, osy siyaqty búrynghy patsha chinovnikterining jana biylik túsyndaghy otarshyl is-әreketin bayandaytyn faktilerdi basqa oblystardan da keltiruge bolatyn edi.

3. Uaqytsha ýkimetting pereselen mekemeler jýiesin saqtap qaludaghy taghy bir maqsaty aqpan revolusiyasynan keyingi ailarda jana oryngha qonys audarghan sharualardyng arasynda, keyin ishki Reseyge qayta kóshu turaly qozghalys bas kótere bastaydy, soghan jol bermeu edi. Eginshilik ministrligi men Pereselen basqarmasy 1917 jyly mausymda jergilikti biylik oryndaryna joldaghan № 367 resmy hatynda «Oraldyng arghy ietine baryp ornalasqan qonys audarushylardyng arasynda songhy kezde otanyna qaytyp tez arada pomeshikter jerin bóliske salu niyetinen tuyndaghan qozghalys bayqalady. Qonys audarushylardyng qaysybiri jana jerde jinaghan mýlikterin jappay satyp, salghan egindik jerlerin, pishenin tastap, Reseydegi pomeshikter jerin bóliske salu ýshin asyghys qaytuda» dep kórsetip, búl qozghalysty óris aldyrmay toqtatugha qajet sharalardy iske asyrudy ótinedi.

Pereselenderdi ishki Reseyge qaytarmau sharalaryn 1917 jyly mausym aiynda ótken Jetisu oblystyq orys sharualary sezi de qarastyrdy. Sezde bayandama jasaghan oblystyq pereselen mekemesining bastyghy Goncharevskiy orys sharualary keyin Reseyge qayta kóship pomeshiktik, memlekettik, monastyrlyq jәne basqa jerlerdi bóliske salghan kýnning ózinde Jetisudaghyday qúnarly jer ýlesi olargha tiymeytindigin jan-jaqty negizdey kelip, oblysta agrarlyq mәseleni sheshuding mynaday jolyn úsynady: «Orys selolarynyng múqtajyn óteudi birinshi kezekke qoya otyryp, olargha qazaq pen qyrghyzdardyng jaramdy egis jerlerdi men shabyndyqtarynan kesip әperu kerek. Búl ispen jer komiytetteri shúghyldanyp, biraz jer Qúryltay jinalysyna deyin-aq bólinip beriluge tiyis, al mәseleni birjola Qúryltay jinalysy sheshedi» [5,27 b.].

Sonymen, qoryta aitqanda, Uaqytsha ýkimet jәne onyng jergilkti mekemeleri jer mәselesin Qúryltay jinalysyna qaldyrghanymen, shyn mәninde ashyqtan-ashyq otarlau sayasatyn ústandy, al Ortalyq Pereselen basqarmasy bastaghan eski patsha chinovnikteri búrynghy biylik túsynda istep ýlgermegen isterin Qúryltaygha deyin oryndap alugha tyrysty.

Áriyne, qazaq demokratiyalyq intelliygensiyasynyng Uaqytsha ýkimetting jer sayasatyna kózqarasy, aqpan jәne qazan revolusiyalyq ózgeristeri aralyghynda bir kýide boldy desek qatelikke úrynar edik. Eger olar shilde oqighalary dәne shildedegi birinshi jalpyqazaq sezine deyin jer mәselesin jana biylik shenberinde, Qúryltay jinalysy arqyly sheshuge senimdi bolsa, jaghday mýldem shiyelenisip ketken 17-jyldyng ekinshi jartysynda búl mәselening birjola sheshiluin últtyq memlekettik derbestikpen baylanystyra qarady.

Á. Bókeyhanov 1917 jylghy kóktemde Torghay oblysynda bolghan jer daularyna jii aralasyp, qazaqtargha basu aityp, tek zandyq negizde ghana әreket jasaudy qatang týrde talap etedi. Onyng múnday aiqyndamasyn IYlek bolysy № 2 auyly qazaqtary 1917 jyly 13 mamyrda oblystyq uprava tóraghasy Tkachenko men onyng orynbasary Qadyrbaevtyng qatysuymen qabyldanghan sheshimge kelispeytinditerin bildiredi. Daudyng tipten ózara qaqtyghysqa aparuynan qauiptengen Á.Bókeyhanov № 2 auyl qazaqtaryna: «...Orys pen qazaq jerleri arasyna soqamen jyrtylyp shep tartylatyn bolady, odan ary qazaqtar maldaryn jiberip, pishen oryp, egin ekpeytin bolsyn.

Orystarmen úryspay, jarasymdy ómir sýrudi ótinemin. Óitpegen jaghdayda qazaqtar jazalanatyn bolady» dep jazdy.

Al qazaqtargha kórshi orys selosynyng Azamattyq Komiytetine jazghan qatynas hatynda: «...V nastoyashee perehodnoe vremya v interesah gosudarstva iy zakrepleniya zavoevannyh svobod neobhodimo, chtoby vse grajdane Rossiy bez razlichiya partii, nasionalinosty iy veroispovedeniya, jily mejdu soboy v ladu, pomogaya po siyle vozmojnosty drug drugu.

Poetomu proshu grajdan uchastka № 434 prinyati svoy mery, chtoby ne bylo nikakih stolknoveniy iy nedorazumeniy na zemskoy osnove...» dep, olardy da ózara jarasylymdyqqa shaqyrdy [6,37 b.].

Shilde aiynan bastap Á.Bókeyhanovtyng jer jәne basqa qoghamdyq mәselelerge baylanysty kózqarasy prinsiptik ózgeristerge úshyraydy. Oghan sebepshi bolghan, birinshiden, Uaqytsha ýkimetting jalpy imperiya kólemindegi sayasy prosesterdi iygeru qabiletining kýn ótken sayyn tómendeui bolsa, ekinshiden, óz qúramyna engen kadetter partiyasy men maqsat-mýddesi aiqyndala týsken últ-azattyq qozghalystyng negizgi prinsiptik mәselelerde ózara jitining alshaqtay týsui edi. Eger imperiya kóleminde memlekettik tәrtipting anarhiyalyq kórinisterge oryn bere bastauy últtyq memlekettik derbestik turaly mәseleni neghúrlym batylyraq qoigha iytermelese, últtyq bostandyq ýshin kýres qarqynynyng ósui kóptegen mәselelerdi, sonyng ishinde, en aldymen, jer turaly mәseleni ashyq-anyq, últtyq mýdde túrghysynan derbes kóterudi talap etti, búdan bylayghy oqighalar aghymy reseylik sayasy úiymynyng jeteginde jýrudi kótermedi.

Á.Bókeyhanovtyng búl kezendegi jer mәselesine baylanysty kózqarasy, belgili dәrejede, shildedegi birinshi jalpyqazaq sezining sheshimderinde, sonday-aq odan keyingi uaqyttaghy jazghan materialdarynda, әsirese «Jalpy Sibir sezi» atty maqalasynda aiqyn kórindi. Shildedegi jalpyqazaq sezinde ol kadet partiyasy qúramynan shyghuynyng basty sebebi esebinde jer mәselesin keltirip «Kadet» partiyasy jer adamgha menshikti bolyp berilse de jóg deydi. Bizding qazaq jerdi menshikti qylyp alsa, bashqúrtsha kórshi mújyqqa satyp, biraz jylda sypyrylyp jalanash shygha keledi" dep týsindirip, qazaqtarda mýliktengen jerding bolmauyn, jerding auylgha, bolysqa beriluin jaqtady.

1917 jyldyng kýzine qaray Á.Bókeyhnovtyng qazaq elining bolashaq memlekettik qúrylymy turaly kózqarasy da belgili bir jýiege týsip qalghanyn bayqaymyz. Ol ózining búl mәselege qatysty kózqarasyn Sibir sezinen qaytar jolda Semeydegi qazaq júrtshylyghymen bolghan kezdesude sóilegen sózinde bayandaydy. Onyng qysqa mazmúny mynaghan sayady:

1) Resey kóp últty, ýlken memleket. Onyng qúramynda,y әrbir halyqtyng tól damu jolynan, kýndelikti tirshiliginen tuyndap jatqan óz ereksheliteri bar. Al «osynday tili, jaratylysy, jany bir-birinen bólek halyqtardy bir top kisi qanday aqyldy bolsa da, bәrining keregin bilip, bәrine layyqty zang jasap, bir ortalyqtan basqara almaydy. Layyqty zandy ózderine ózeri ghana jasay alugha mýmkin». Jalpygha birdey qolayly zang shygharatyn oryn — Qúryltay jinalysy.

2) Qúryltay jinalysyna qazaq elinen saylanghan deputattar Resey memleketining avtonomiyalar (óz biyligi ózinde) odaghy boluyn qoldaghany jón Al «avtonomiya ýsh týrli: 1) qany birkelki, 2) jeri birgelki, 3) sharuasy birgelik».

3) Qazaq eli jeke avtonomiya alugha әzir emes. Óitkeni «avtonomiyany jýrgizip әketerlik kisimiz tipti jetkiliksiz, qazaqtyng jalpysyn tarih dayarlaghan joz». Sondyqtan qazaq eli «jeri birgelki avtonomiyany qabyldapSibirge» qosyla túrady. Qay kýni ózin-ózi basqarugha jarasa, sol kýni Sibirden bólinip avtonomiya almaq.

Á.Bókeyhanov búl sózinde qazaq oblystarynyng Týrkistanmen birigip avtonomiya qúruyna ýzildi-kesildi qarsy. Onyng pikirinshe, búl eki jaq ta mәdeniyetining tómendigine baylanysty ózderin-ózi basqarugha dayar emes. Al qosylghan kýnde , inisiativa diny reaksiyalyq kýshterding qolyna auyp ketui tolyq yqtimal.

Á.Bókeyhanovtyng búl aitylghan pikirleri qayshylyqsyz emes-tin. Ony kóp úzamay uaqyttyng ózi-aq kórsetip bergen bolatyn. Ol jóninde әngime kelesi tarauda bolmaq. Biz әzirge Uaqytsha ýkimet komissary Á.Bókeyhanovtyng 17 jyldyng kýzine qaray qoghamdyq kózqarasynda bolyp ótken ózgeristerdi bayandaumen toqtalmaqpyz.

Á.Bókeyhnov 1917 jyly 15 jeltoqsanda, yaghny ony Alashorda ýkimetining tóraghasy etip saylaghan ekinshi jalpyqazaq sezi ayaqtalghan kýnning ertenine komissarlyq qyzmetten otstavkagha ketetindigin mәlimdedi. Búl, әriyne, onyng sayasy qayratkerlik jolyndaghy taghy bir kezenning ayaqtaluy ghana emes, sonymen birge osy uaqytqa deyin ózi aldyna maqsat etip qoyghan mýddeler ýshin kýresting jana jaghdayda, kelesi jana kezenning bastaluy edi.

Orynbekova.R.J., student, ghylymy jetekshi:

Beysenbekova.N.A., t.gh.k. dosent, E.A. Bóketov atyndaghy Qaraghandy memlekettik uniyversiyteti Qaraghandy q. 

Paydalanylghan әdebiyetter tizimi:

1. Janpeisova J., Tenisbaev K. Kazahskaya nasionalinaya intelliygensiya v vostaniy 1916 goda /- Almaty: Jalyn, 1997.- 134

2. Omarbekúly S. «Alash» shanyraghyn birge kóterisken / S.Omarbekúly // Aqiqat.- 2001.- № 4.- 55 bet.

3. Abjanov H.M. Seliskaya intelliygensiya Kazahstana v usloviyah sovershenstvovaniya sosializma / H.M.Abjanov.-Almaty: Ghylym,1988.-188 s.

4. Ozghanbaev Ó. Resey Memlekettik Dumasy jәne Qazaqstan / Ó.Ozghanbaev.- Almaty: Núrly Álem, 1997.- 360 bet.

5. Esmaghambetov K. L. Azat ruhtyng kýreskeri / K.L. Esmaghambetov.- Almaty: Órkeniyet, 2003.- 176 bet.

6. Toghjanúly Gh. Abay / Gh.Toghjanúly.- Almaty: Qazan, 1935.- 163 bet. 
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