Senbi, 23 Qarasha 2024
Alashorda 12038 0 pikir 6 Jeltoqsan, 2016 saghat 12:03

Cerik Dәuletov. ORMAN ELINDEGI ALShYN RULARY (jalghasy)

Jalghasy. Ótken bólimderin tómendegi siltemelerden oqy alasyzdar: 

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Búl shejiredegi Shyqshyt- oryssha Shishkiyt- qazirgi Resey men Mongholiyanyng shekarasymen aghatyn ózen, Eniyseyding bastaularynyng biri. Al Shyqshyt jaqta ómir sýrgen taypalar Oyrat, Búryiat, Barsún, Úrsút, Qabqanas, Qanqas, Túbas kimder, olar Orman eline jata ma, Alshyngha qatysy bar ma?

Buryat pen Tuva qazir Resey Federasiyasynyng qúramynda ekeni belgili, al barsud, ursud, habhanas, hangay rulary - Ishki Mongholiyada.

Oyratqa keletin bolsaq, keybir ghalymdar «oyrat» sózin mongholdyn«oy»- orman jәne «ard» -halyq degensózderinen payda bolghan, demek, orman halqy dep týsindiredi.

 XIII – XIV ghgh. ómir sýrgen  әigili parsy tarihshysy jәne memleket qayratkeriRashid әd-Din ózining «Jamigh at-tauariyh» jylnamalar jinaghynda oirattar turaly tarauda «Mongholdyng qúpiya shejiresinde» atalghan oirattar kósemi Qúdúqa bek pen Shynghyshan әuletining qúda-andalyghy turaly egjey-tegjeyli tarqatady. Alayda Rashid әd-Din oirattardy orman halqy dep atamaghan.

Sibirding tauly-taygaly aimaqtarynda ómir sýrgen oirattar keyinirek Shynghyshannan jenilis tapqan naymandar men kereyitterding jerlerin iyemdendi,XIII ghasyrdyng basynda olardyng jalpy sany 200 myng boldy deydi Chernenko Vadim menAryngazin Rizat.[1]

«Altyn tobchyda» da Oirat pen Orman eli bólek atalady. «[Shynghys qaghan]… qyryq týmen Monghol, tórt týmenOyrat, alty myng Ýjiyget, Onghúcha, Osqi, Barghy, Búrat, Toua, Úranqan, Úrúghtan, Qamighan, Egýt, Orman әuleti, Ala jylqyly, Altyn tepsheli úsaq- týiek el, Kýreng it eli, Basy joq el, Shúbar jalghyz ayaqty el, Edón ekten elderin uysyna alyp, barystay ústap, ayday jaryp, óz degenimen jýrip, Edón ekten úlystan alym alyp, Jambutib әleminde Búrqannyng әmirimen, tәnirding jebeuimen, qara basty adamnyng qalyby bola túra, osynshama úlystyng basyn biriktirip, bes týsti úly úlys, tórt jattyng essiz búzaqylaryna esberip, Úlysty qúryp, tórdi nyghaytugha júmylghan sәit tektilerden týmen noyanyn, myndyq noyanyn, ondyq noyandaryn saylady».[2]

Qalay degende de, Oirattar men Alshyndardyng tarihy vektorlary әrtýrli boldy. Kezinde dýniyeni dýr silkindirgen oirattardyng qazir Resey, Qytay, Mongholiyada tek júrnaqtary qaldy.

Sonymen «Mongholdardyng qúpiya shejiresinen» jogharyda keltirilgen ýzindideAlshyndar bar ma?

Bar, ol Tóeles = Tólester!

Senimdiligimning sebebi- men Tólespin. Atym men ata-tegimdi tómennen joghary qaray atasam Serik-Taghybergen-Dәulet-Mәmbetaly-Kishkentay-Amaldyq-Asan-Baqtybay-Tólespin!

Gapplotobym boyynsha S3s (M-48) Alshynmyn.

13 ghasyrda Tólester Orman eli bolghan

Tólesterding Orman eli bolghany «Mongholdardyng qúpiya shejiresinin»myna bir tarauynan da kórinedi:

«Shynghys qaghan Qorchygha:

 «Bala kezimnen meni jaqtap,

         Joryp aityp jón siltep,

         Osy shaqqa deyin birge

  Balshyqqa batysyp,

 Suyqqa siresip,

Qút-yryspen jýrding sen.

  Qorchy sol kezde  

  Joruym ras bolyp oryndalyp,

Tәnrige jaghar bolsa,

 Otyz әiel alayyn dep eding sen.

Endeshe joruyng rastaldy. Syy tartu etip osy baghynghan el-júrttan jaqsy әiel, qyzdardy tandap, otyz әiel al»

dep jarlyq etti. Taghy «Qorchy ýsh myng Bagharynnyng ýstine Toqay, Ashyq ekeuimen birge Adarghún, Chynos,Tóýles, Telengýt, bolyp týmen etip toltyryp, Qorchy sen Ertis ózeni boyyndaghy orman eline deyingi jerdi biyle, sol jerdi qoryq etip, orman elin ertip Qorchy týmendi biyle»

 dep jarlyq etti».[3]

Rashid әd-Din boyynsha múndaghy Bagharyn, Adarghún, Chynos mongholdyng nirun taypasy, al Telengýt- jalayyrgha jatady.[4]

Tólester turaly birer sóz 

«Verhoviya reky «Alash» nahodyatsya v 70 verstah na vostok ot Tolesskogo ozera (Teleskoe ozero)»[5]

 

Tóles kóli[6]

 «Ákemiz, aghamyz qúraghan halyqtyng ataq-danqy joq bolmasyn dep, týrki halqy ýshin týn úiyqtamadym,kýndiz otyrmadym. Inim Kýlteginmen, eki uәzirimmen ólip-tirilip qúradym... Men ózim qaghan bolghanda jer-jerge tarap ketken halyq ólip-jitip, jayau-jalanash qayta keldi. Eng birinshi bolyp tóles taypasy oraldy».[7]732-jylytasqa basylghan osy shejireden- Orhon ózenining boyynan tabylghan Kýltegin  jazuynan-Tóles etnikalyq esimining Alshynnan kónerek ekeni kórinip túr. 

 

Kýltegin eskertkishi. Hushuu Saydam.Soltýstik Mongholiya.[8]

«...eta nadpisi, kak istoricheskiy dokument, iymeet pervostepennoe znacheniye, popolnyaya dovolino skudnye kitayskie izvestiya, otnosyashiyesya k epohe obrazovaniya novogo Tureskogo hanstva. V posleduishih strokah nadpisy skazano: «On- (Iliteres kagan) dal ustroystvo plemenam toles y tardush y naznachil togda je yabgu y shada... Aristov...piyshet, chto «teles esti imya plemeny osobogo ot tele», ostatkamiy  koego yavlyaiytsya nynetelengity ily teleuty, togda kak teles sohranilosi y donyne v tom je proiznosheniiy, v kakom ono vstrechaetsya v orhonskih nadpisyah».[9]Qazirde Tólester Alshynnyng ishinde myna taypalardyng qúramynda bar: 

Álimúly – Shekti- Qabaq -Tóles,

Álimúly – Qarakesek – Tobyl-Tóles,

Álimúly – Shómekey-Aspan-Tóles.

Tólester Jetirudyng ishinde de bar:

Jetiru – Ramadan – Balghaly-Tóles.

Sonymen birge tólesterqyrghyz, altay, tyva halyqtarynyng qúramynda bar. Tólesterding izi tipti Gruziyada da(Aqysqa týrikterining arasynda) bayqalady.

«Ocheni mnogo toponimov Gruzii, v tom chisle Ahyske, svyazano s razlichnymy plemenamy Turkskogo kaganata. Sudya po gruzinskoy toponimiyke, v VI v. zdesi v osnovnom osely plemena tolos…Izvestnye v istochnikah s III v. do n.e., ony projivaly vnachale v Sentralinoy Azii, no postepenno v rannem srednevekovie chasti iz nih okazalasi na Kavkaze. Y iymenno v ih srede vpervye v istoriy voznik v V v. Etnoniymturok (mn.ch. turkut), stavshee vposledstviy edinym iymenem vseh turkskih narodov mira. V Ahyske imya plemeny tolos otrazilosi v nazvaniy s.Tolosh (Aspindzskiy rayon)»,[10]deydi Ázirbayjan ghalymy, tarih ghylymdarynyng kandidaty Arif Yunusov. 

Sayat- ýrәnqaylar

Orman eli bolghan Alshyngha Tólesten basqa taghy qanday taypalar kirgen?

19-20ghgh. ómir sýrgen orys ghalymy G. Grumm-Grjimaylo «Mongholdardyng qúliya shejiresindegi» Joshynyng orman eline joryghy turaly bylay degen:

«V 1207 godu Chingis prikazal svoemu starshemu synu Djuchy priyvesty k pokornosty lesnye plemena, naselyavshie stranu Bargudji- tokum, t. e. Sayany y severnye predely Hangaya».[11]

Sayan taularyn mekendegen orman halyqtary sayan(soyon) sózine monghol tilining zandylyghymen kópshe týrde  «–t»  jalghauyn jalghau arqyly «Soyot» dep atalghan. Nirun mongholdar olardy kemsitip «ýrәnqay» degen.

URANHAY jyrtyq, jyrtylghan, tozghan, airylghan;~ deel jyrtyq   shapan;~ noorhoy jyrtyq tesik, jemtir-jemtir, alba-júlba.[12]

Ýrәnqaylar ózderin tuba nemese tyva dep ataydy. Onyng sebebi olar әuelde  Tuba ózenining jaghasynda túrghan. Sodan ósip-óne kele Sayan taularyna taraghan. 

 

«Samy sebya uryanhaysy (soyoty) nazyvayt tuba. Tuba – eto dubo kitaysev, plemya, v VIInashey ery naselyavshee Sayanskoe nagorie k zapadu y vostokuot oz. Kosogola (Iakinf – «Sobranie svedeniy o narodah, obitavshih v Sredney Aziy v drevnie vremena, 1,2, str.439,447). Tam je pomeshaet ih y «yani-chao-miy-shiy» (loc. cit., str. 131). No, kak my uje viydeliy,tubinsamy schitait sebya y matory (samoedy), zatem takje koybaly (Radloff– «ReisedurchdenAltai», v «Erman’sArchiv»,XXIII, Heft 2, str. 271) y karagasy (Katanov – «Pisima», str. 26); tubinsamy takje nazyvayt sosednie plemena y kumandinsev, kak y vseh voobshe biyskih tatar; ot Ulaly, piyshet Yadrinsev («Ob altaysah y chernevyh tatarov» v «Izv. IY.Russk. Geogr. Obsh.», 1881, XVII, vyp. IV, str.231) do Teleskogo ozera nahoditsya semi volostey chernevyh tatar tuba s osobym rodovym nazvaniyem dlya kajdoy volostiy;nakones, sredy kachinsev iymeetsya rod tuba – ostatky plemeny togo je iymeni, kotoroe russkie v 1629 godu zastaly na r. Tube y kotoroe vskore zatem vyselilosi na yug, chastiu na Sayany, chastiu na Abakan y Uybat, gde y primknulo k kachinskim tataram. Etih dannyh dostatochno, chtoby usomnitisya v pravilinosty prisvoeniya vsemy uryanhaysamy iymeny tuba. V etom sluchae my, mojet byti, stalkivaemsya s yavleniyem, analogichnym tomu, kotoroe dait nam alashaniskie hoshouty, kotorye, zabyv svoe proishojdeniye, nazyvaiyt sebya ölyotamy («Men-gu-y-mu-sziy», str. 147), t.e. iymenem, kotoroe im dait kitaysy. S uryanhaysamy moglo proizoyty nechto podobnoe. Kogda v ih sredu vlilisi tubalary (matory y drugie chasty samoedskogo plemeniy), to plemennoe nazvanie etih poslednih moglo peredatisya y osnovnomu yadru uryanhayskogo naroda. Vo vsyakom sluchae, etot narod predstavlyaet v nastoyashee vremya dovolino slojnyy konglomerat, y antropologiya smojet vypolniti svoi zadachu, raschlenyaya ego na slagaishie ego rasovye elementy lishi v tom sluchae, esly stanet priyderjivatisya puti, ukazannogo K.I. Groshenko». [13] 

Ýrәnqaylardyng (tuva) VII ghasyrdaghy túrmys tirshiligi turaly Qytay derekkózderinen maghlúmat:

«Duvo olar dubo dep te atalady. Olardyng jerining teristik jaghy kishi tenizge (...Baykal kóli boluy mýmkin), kýnbatys jaghy szyanikunige (qyrghyzdar), ontýstik jaghy hueyhege (úighyrlar) deyin sozylyp jatady, ýsh arysqa bólinip, olardyng bәri óz aldyna biylik jýrgizedi...Ýilerin shópten túrghyzady, mal ósirmeydi, egin ekkendi de bilmeydi,qonystanghan jerinde sarana kóp ósedi, solardyng tamyryn qorek etedi. Búdan tys balyq ústap jәne an, qús aulap tirshilik etedi. Kiyim-keshekterin búlghyn jәne búghy terilerinen tigip kiyedi. Kedeyleri kiyimin qús qauyrsyndarynan toqyp kiyedi. Qúdalyqqa baylary jylqy beredi, kedeyleri búghy terisi men shópting tamyryn beredi.»[14]

1914 jyly patshaly Reseyding protektorattyghyn qabyldaghan Ýrәnqay ólkesi 1926 jyldan Tuva Halyq Respublikasy, 1944 jyldan Kenes Odaghynyng qúramyndaghy Tuva avtonomiyaly oblysy, 1961 jyldan Tuva ASSR-y, 1993 jyldan Respublika Tyva dep atalady.Tyvanyng astanasy Qyzyl qalasyndaghy sport sarayynaýrәnqaydan shyqqan danqty qolbasshy Sýbeteyding aty berilgen.

Sýbetey batyr

Soyot–ýrәnqaylardyng orman eli bolghany turaly Rashid әd-Dinning sózi:

« Koroche govorya, lesnyhplemen -- mnojestvo, potomu chto iyz odnoy 

[plemennoy] otrasly u odnogo brata yurt bylvblizy lesa, a u drugogo -- na ravniyne; proisshedshie je ot nih plemena poluchily dva iymeni.Odnako [sushestvuet] mnogo razlichiy mejduodnim lesnym plemenem y drugiym, potomu chto otlesa do lesa byvaet [rasstoyaniye] v mesyas puti, vdva mesyasa ily v desyati dney…

Plemya lesnyh uryankatov. 

Eto plemya ne prinadlejit k drugim uryankatam:

ony poluchily eto imya potomu, chto ih yurty byly v lesah».[15]

Al tólesterge qayta oralatyn bolsaq,  Rashiydәd-Din tólesterdi de, ýrәnqaylardy da  mongholgha keyin qosylghan halyqtar dep esepteydi.

 

«Narodnosti, kotoryh v nastoyashee vremya nazyvait mongolamiy, odnako vnachale ih nazvanie ne bylo takovym, potomu chto eto nazvanie poyavilosi spustya nekotoroe vremya posle niyh. Kajdoe otvetvlenie etih narodov[razdelilosi] na mnojestvo vetvey y kajdoe [iz niyh] poluchilo opredelennoe nazvaniye: djalaiyr, suniyt, tatar, merkiyt, kurlaut, tulas, tumat, bulagachiyn, keremuchiyn, urasut, tamgalyk, targut, oirat, bargut, kori, telengut, kesutami, uryanka, kurkan y sukaiyt».[16]

Orystyng әigili etnograf-ghalymy G. Grumm-Grjimaylo ótken ghasyrdyng basynda soyot- ýrәnqaylardyn  rulyq qúramyn zerttegen. Onyn                  «Zapadnaya Mongoliya y Uryanhayskiy kray» degen enbeginen sol soyot-ýrәnqaylardynarasynda Alshyndardyn

Tóles(Sayyn-noyan qosynynda, Jadana, Jakól, Úlykem, Temirsúq, Artorqalyq  ózenderining angharynda),

Qarakesek(Oynar sumynynda),

Kete (Alash pen Manjýrek ózenderining boyynda),

Aday(Aqsu ózenining angharynda),

Masqar (Urungu ózenining jaghasynda)

siyaqty rularynyng saqtalyp qalghanyn kóremiz.[17]

Demek, Alshyn -- Tóles jәne Sayat-ýrәnqay rularynan qúralghan Orman eli.

Alshyn sodan shyqty dep otyrghan sayat-ýrәnqay taypalarynyng qúramynda Grumm–Grjimaylo boyynsha Tama, Tabyn, Kerderi, Kereyit, Teleu, Jaghalbayly, Ramadanrulary kezdespeydi.Sondyqtan Jetiru taypasy Alshyngha jatpaydy, olar  keyinirek qosylghan degen әngimening jany bar.

(jalghasy bar)

abai.kz


[1]IYmena v istoriy Kazahstana:praviytely Djungarskogo hanstva v 17-18 vekah.www.kyrgyz.ru/?page=317

[2]Qazaqstan tarihy turaly monghol derektemeleri. 2- t.Almaty, Dayk-Press.2005 j. 268-b.

 

[3]Qazaqstan tarihy turaly monghol derektemeleri. 1-t. Almaty, Dayk-Press, 2005j. 264-b.

[4]«Sbornik letopiysey» 1-tom.Leningrad. SSSR GhA baspasy.1952 j. 93-b., 4-bólim, 2-tarau.

[5] M.Tynyshpaev Materialy k istoriy kirgiyz-kazakskogo naroda Tashkent.1925 j.54-b.

[9]G. Grumm-Grjimaylo. Zapadnaya Mongoliya y Uryanhayskiy kray. Leningrad, 1926 j. 2-tom. 282-284 bb.

[10]Ahyskinskie turki: Dvajdy deportirovannyy narod.

www.ahiska-gazeta.com/ru/pages/316.html

[11]G.Grumm-Grjimaylo. Zapadnaya Mongoliya y Uryanhayskiy kray. Leningrad, 1926 j. 2-tom. 415-416 bb.

[12]B. Bazylhan. Mongol-kazah toli. Ulaanbaatar ólgiy. 1984 j. 513-b.

[13]G. Grumm-Grjimaylo. Zapadnaya Mongoliya y Uryanhayskiy kray. Leningrad, 1926 j., 3-tom. 25-b.

[14]Qazaqstan tarihy turaly qytay derektemeleri. 4-t. Sini Tan shu, Hueygu (Hueyhe) bayany, aud. J. Oshan, Almaty, Dayk-Press, 2006-j, 381 b. 

[15]Sbornik letopiysey. 1-tom. Leningrad. SSSR GhA baspasy. 1952 j. 123-b.

[16]Sbornik letopiysey. 1-tom. Leningrad. SSSR GhA baspasy. 1952 j. 77-b.

[17]G. Grumm-Grjimaylo. Zapadnaya Mongoliya y Uryanhayskiy kray. Leningrad, 1926 j. 3-tom. 11-19 b.b.

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