AQBÓKENDER QYRYLDY. ENDIGI KEZEK KIMDIK?
Qazaqstan men Orta Aziya ekologiyasynyng basty jauy bolyp otyrghan kosmodrom «Bayqonyrdyn» qúrylysy 1955 jyly bastalyp, qazir 6717 sharshykilometr aimaqty alyp jatyr. 1957 jyly tamyzda alghashqy raketa úshyrylghan. Sodan bergi 60 jylda 1100 әrtýrli maqsattaghy kosmos apparattary jәne 100-den astam kontiynentaralyq ballistikalyq raketalar úshyrylyp synalypty. Sonymen qatar 38 týrli soghysqa qajetti, jappay qyryp joyatyn raketalar men kosmos kemelerinin 80–nen astam modifikasiyalary da synalghan.
Kosmodromdardan úshqan raketalardyn birinshi bólikteri Qaraghandy oblysyndaghy №25 zonagha týsse, ekinshi bólikteri sol oblystaghy №4 zonagha, ýshinshi bólikteri de Qazaqstanda ornalasqan №310-shy zonagha (Shyghys Qazaqstan) túraqty týrde qúlap, kýz, qys, kóktemde dauyldar men ýsik, ayazdardy, jazda qatty ystyqtardan basqa orman, dala órtterin de kóbeytude.
Radioaktivti uly raketa synyqtary dalalarymyzda shashylyp jatyr. Raketalarda qoldanylatyn otyndardaghy uly, ziyandy qospalar, sauyldap týsip jatqan raketa synyqtary da ekologiyalyq zardaptar әkelude. Resey kosmos әskerlerinin negizgi strategiyalyq bazasy bop sanalatyn «Bayqonyr», myna almaghayyp zamanda, bizding memleketimizdin qauipsizdigine, elimizding tәuelsizdigine de ýlken qater tudyryp otyr. Sebebi, kosmodromnan jii –jii Kamchatkadaghy «Kura» siyaqty poligondargha synaq ýshin jiberilip túratyn, SS-18, , NATO –nyn klassifikasiyasy boyynsha «Stiylet» dep atalatyn SS-19, SS-20 raketalary bar, onyn ýstine kosmostaghy úshyp jýrgen yadrolyq «Kosmos» seriyaly әskeriy sputnikterdi basqaryp otyrghan «Bayqonyr», biz qansha jerden atom qaruy joq aimaqpyz desek te , yadrolyq qaruy bar elderdin ózara soghys janjaly tua qalghan jaghdayda, birinshi nysana kózi bolary dausyz!!!
Býkil ghalamsharymyzdy qorshap túrghan atmosferadaghy, aua qúramynyn 20,95 payyzy ghana, tirshilikke qajetti ottegining ýlesine tiyedi. Al endi osy ottegini tazalap, negizinen bólip shygharatyn, planetanyn qos ókpesi sanalatyn qylqan japyraqty Sibir ormandary men Ontýstik Amerikadaghy Amazonka basseynindegi tropikalyq ormandar men ósimdikter әlemi jәne Orta Aziyadaghy, onyng ishinde bizding ontýstiktegi Aqsu Jabaghlydaghy arshalar ekendigi belgili.
Bayqonyrdan bastau alghan gharyshtyq úshyrular elimizge, jerimizge qorshaghan ortamyzgha, onyng ishindegi eng qymbaty halqymyzdyng densaulyghyna orny tolmas shyghyndar әkelude. Bizding Últtyq energetika jýiesi «KEGOKtyn» dispetcherleri men QR Tótenshe jaghdaylar komiytetine qarasty mekmeler men әskery bólimder Bayqonyrdan әrbir úshatyn raketalardy №1 әskery dayyndyqpen kýtetin bolghan. «Roskosmos», yaghniy Qazaqstangha «eng jaqyn odaqtas» bop sanalatyn Resey әrbir úshyrulardan song jerimizdi, kommunikasiyalarymyzdy ata jaugha úqsap erekshe qúlshynyspen býldirip jatsa, al búlar Reseyding qoqysyn tazalaushylargha, qiratqanyn bizding elding esebinen qalpyna keltirushilerge ainalghan. Jәne búl olar ýshin ýirenshikti daghdy bop qalyptasqan. Búghan jyl sayynghy 6 ay qystaghy gharyshtyq úshyrulardan song payda bolatyn tabighy temperaturalar auytqushylyghynan әr otbasynyng ýilerin jylytugha ketken otyndaryn (gaz, mazut, diyzeli otyny, kómir, aghash, elektr energiyasyn), yaghny artyq shyghyndaryn qosynyz. Bala-baqshalar, mektepter, densaulyq saqtau mekemeleri, qarttar ýileri men basqa da memlekettik mekemelerdin paydalanghan energokózderin qarjymen eseptep kóriniz. Osy úshyrulardan payda bolghan suyqtardyng әserinen tuyndaytyn túmau jәne basqa da aurulardy emdeuge ketken dәri – dәrmekterge ketken halyqtyng shyghyny eshkimdi de qyzyqtyrmaydy. Oghan miynda jalghyz ghana qyrtysy bar Qazaqstan biyligining óresi osy uaqytqa deyin jetken de emes, jәne jetpeydi de?!. Jәne osy kosmostyq úshyrulardan keyin payda bolatyn dauyldar men qarly borandardyn zardaptaryn jongha, qar basqan ýiler men avto jәne temir joldardy arshugha, qúlaghan elektr baghandary men konstruksiyalardy, eldi mekender men joldar boyyndaghy aghashtardan tazartugha ketken shyghyndar qansha bolady? Jabayy andardyng (aqbóken, kiyik, arqar, tauteke, jayran t.b.) kóktemde tóldep jatqanda ýsip ólgen, geptilden ulanyp ólgen sharana – jandyqtary men analyqtaryn, jemister men ósimdikterdi tozandandyrugha tiyisti, tabighatqa da, adamgha da asa qajetti qyrylghan bal aralaryn kim eseptep jatyr? Kiyeli kitaptarda aralardyng qyryluy, aqyrzamannyng bastaluy dep sanalghan. Ósimdikterdi qorghaugha tiyisti, shegirtkening qas jauy, adamnyng dostary songhy jyldary «jaqyn odaqtastyn» aramza, qaskóilik әreketterinen joyylyp bara jatqan qúmyrsqa men qústardy oilap jatqan jan bar ma? Árbir avariyalyq úshyrulardan song sonau mamonttar dәuirinen beri kele jatqan Úly Dalanyng kiyesi aqbókender jappay qyrylady. Ótken jyldary Batys Qazaqstangha jaqyn jatqan Astrahani oblysyndaghy Kapustin Yardan úshyp apatqa úshyraghan «satanalardan» song jiyrma myngha tayau aqbókender qyrylyp qaldy. Byltyrghy Proton apatynan keyin Aqmola men Aqtóbe oblysynda taghy da myndaghan aqbókender qyryldy.
Biylghy jyldyn, yaghny 2015 jyldyng 28 nauryzyndaghy Aqtóbe men Reseyding Orynboryna jaqyn ornalasqan «Yasnyi» kosmodromynan Kamchatkadaghy 10 myng sharshy shaqyrymdyq «Kura» poligon - nysanasyna kezekti «satananyn» bireui atyldy. Dәl sol kýni Bayqonyrdan «Progress» gharysh kemesi úshyryldy. Áriyne osy eki zymyran birinen song biri Qazaq jerining ýstinen úshqan son, jayma – shuaq mamyrajay kóktem kýni jylylyq 28 gradusqa jetip túrghan sәtte aua rayy kýrt ózgerdi. Áueli janbyr, arty qarly borangha ainalyp, jappay gýldep túrghan jemis aghashtaryn tu – talapay etti. Shymkent jerindegi eng suyq ay qantarda ghana bir –eki saghatqa sozylatyn 18 gradustyq yzgharly ayaz, nauryzdyng 29 men 30 kýnderi 6-8 saghatqa sozyldy. Órik pen alsha, shabdaly gýlderi ýsip birden aghyp ketti. Boyyna nәr men sóli endi jýre bastaghan janghaq pen alma, almúrttyng gýlderi býrshik atpay jatyp bútaqtarymen qosa ýsip ketti. Kóktemning jaymashuaq jyly kýni 2-3 aptagha sozylghan son, qystay kómuli әri jyly zattarmen orauly jatqan injir men anar aghashtary da jappay ashylghan edi. Kýtpey kelgen suyqtan búl jemis aghashtary ýsip, aqyr sony qurap ketti. Biyl jaqsy ónim kýtken baghbandar men jeke sharuashylyqtardyng enbekteri esh ketti. Biylghy shyghynnyng esebi joq. Sanaugha kelmeydi. Sonda búl shyghyndy kim ornyna keltiredi?
Ásirese 8 may kýni Bayqonyrdan úshqan «Progress» gharysh kemesi apatqa úshyrap, ziyandy otynynyng negizgi bóligi Qazaqstan jerine tógildi. Aua rayy taghy da kýrt suydy.
Artynsha Bayqonyrdan 16 mamyr kýni salmaghy 705 tonnalyq «Proton» úshyryldy. Búl Meksika elining kosmostyq appparatymen úshyrylghan gharyshtyq geptildi zymyran da apatqa úshyrap, geptil otynynyng 85 payyzy Qazaq jerine tógildi. Artynsha dala erkeleri, «Qyzyl kitapqa» kirgen aqbókenderimiz jappay qyryla bastady. Onyng sebebin reseyding zymyrandaryna shang juytqysy kelmeytin, is jýzinde Reseyding vassalyna ainalghan Qazaqstannyng quyrshaq ókimeti «pasterellez» deuden tanbay keledi. Mine sodan beri qyrylghan bókenderding úzyn sany 127 myngha jetti. Búl 1988 jyldyng jazynda Bayqonyrdan úshyrylghan salmaghy 3 myng tonnagha tayau geptildi otyn qoldanatyn «Buran – Energiya» zymyranynan keyingi en ýlken apatty shyghyn. Sol jyly 488 myng aqbóken men myndaghan jabayy andar men maldar qyrylyp, ghalam elderi adamzat pen tabighatqa orasan zor apatty qasiret әkeletin búl zymyrandy úshyrugha tiym saludy talap etken edi. Jer Anamyz ben adamzattyng baqytyna oray qasiretti zúlymdyq oshaghy sanalghan, bolishevikter biylegen Sovet ókimeti der kezinde qúlap, SSRO nyng búl qanqúily jospary iske aspay qaldy.
Kiyikterding jappay qyryluynyng basty sebebi, «pasterellez» da emes, basqa júqpaly aru da emes tek gharyshtyq úshyrular! Nauryzdaghy úshyrylulardan song organizmi úzaqqa sozylghan (osy poligondar men kosmodromdar әserinen) salqyn qystan әlsirep shyqqan aqbókender jaymashuaq kóktemde qantar aiynda ghana bolatyn ayazdy suyqqa úshyrap jappay ókpe qabynuyna úshyraghan. Mamyr aiynda kókke endi toyynyp, jabysqan dertten aiyghyp ýlgermegen aqbókender taghy da qaytadan ayazdy suyqqa úryndy. Odan әri apatty úshyrulardan song myndaghan sharshy shaqyrym jerlerde kiyikter meken etetin dalada payda bolghan ozondy tesikterden ótip ketken kosmostyq kýlgindi sәuleler búl januarlardy qyryp saldy.
Sovet ýkimeti kezinde búl qazirgi aty ózgergen zymyrandar shahtalarda kezekte túratyn. Reygan men Gorbachev kelisimderinen keyin búl zymyrandar joyylugha tiyisti edi. Alayda sovet ýkimeti qúlap, Resey Preziydenti Boris Elisinnen keyin biylikke kelgen, búrynghy kenestik biylikti qalpyna keltirudi ansaghan V.Putin búl zymyrandardy qaytadan kezekshilikke qoyyp qoydy. Tipten búl quatty zymyrandaprdyng atyn ózgertip gharyshtyq apparattardy kosmosqa shygharugha layyqtap ta ýlgerdi. Asa ziyandy búl zymyrandardyng rahatyn mәskeulik yahudilar basqarghan, ziyandy zymyrandardy paydasymen qazaq jerinen kókke atyp joy ýshin ghana qúrylghan kommersiyalyq qúrylym «Roskosmos» pen olardyng qazaqstandyq ókimettegi sybaylastary kórip jatsa, azaby men zardabyn basy bar basshysy joq Qazaq jeri men halqy kórude. Onyng ýstine Resey әskeriylerine jalgha berilgen 7 әskery synaq poligondarynyng da búl apattargha qatysy boluy әbden mýmkin. Qazir Resey әskery jattyghular kezinde әlemdik múhitta jýzip jýrgen sýnguir qayyqtar men basqa kemelerden, qúrylyqtaghy strategiyalyq raketalyq әskery bólimderden qazaq jerindegi nysana – poligondargha qaray týrli zymyrandardy kýni – týni atyp jattyghady. Olar rúqsat ta súramaydy. Songhy kezderi olardyng raketalyq әskerleri ZRK S – 500 di de Astrahandaghy Kapustin Yardan aumaghy 80 myng sharshy kilometrge jetetin Saryshaghan poligonyna qaray atyp synauda.
Búl proton raketalarynda qorshaghan orta men tirshilikke asa qauipti geptiyl otyny qoldanylady. Onyng auadaghy rúqsat etilgen shekti taralu mólsheri 1 mg/kubokilometr. Yaghny óte uly ziyandy búl Geptiyl, himiya tilimen aitqanda simmetriyasyz diymetilgidrazin (S2N8N2) men birge auasyz kenistikte otynnyn januyn qamtamasyz etetin, Bayqonyrdan, yaghny qazaq jerinen sorylyp alynghan, gharyshqa qaytarymsyz ketip jatqan, tirshiliktin kózi, Jaratushynyn әrbir jerge, әrbir elge jәne bizge de ólshep bergen nesibesi – ottegi gazy. Ottegi gazy, ainalamyzdy qorshaghan atmosferadaghy aua qúramynyn - 20,95%-n, azot – 78%-n, al qalghan 1% -n barlyq qalghan argon, sutegi, ksenon, kripton, neon, kómir qyshqyl gazy siyaqty basqa da gazdar qúraydy.
Búl ekologiyagha asa qauipti raketa otyndarynyn 50-60% ghana janyp ýlgerip, qalghandary jerimizge tógiledi eken. Geptil súiyq otyny - asa uly, tirshilikting naghyz qas jauy. Osy raketalarda janudy kýsheytetin katalizator retinde, kýmistin iony qoldanylady. Búl óz kezeginde geptilmen birge tógilip, raketa úshyp ótken traektoriya boyynda myndaghan sharshy kilometr jerlerde ylghaldy búlttar men jerden úshqan bulardy qoilatyp, qatty bulandyrady. Ásirese kýz, qys, kóktem ailarynda kóktegi kәdimgi jay shuda aq búlttar men qatpar búlttardyng qalyndyghy 100-500 metr bolsa, «Protondar» úshqannan keyin búlttar bulanyp qalyndyghy birneshe shaqyrymgha deyin jetip, auada jer betine kýn sәulesin týsirmey orap qymtay japqan, kýnnen taraytyn energiya kózin túmshalap, odan aua rayy kýrt suyp, janbyr, artynan qalyng (qys kezinde) qar jauyp, sony 40-50 gradustyq ayazgha ainalady.
2001 jyly jeltoqsan aiynda, Resey Bayqonyrdan ketpek niyetpen, ylghaly kóp Arhangelski oblysynda ornalasqan Pleseski kosmodromynan osy «Protonnyn» bireuin úshyrghanda, Reseydin Evropalyq bóliginde qalyndyghy birneshe metrge jetken qar jauyp, Mәskeudin ózinde 40 gradustay ayaz bolyp, myndaghan qanghybas – bomjylar qyrylyp, odan keyin búl raketalardy Resey kosmodromdarynan úshyrugha tiym salyndy. Qazir búl raketalar tek Qazaqstannan ghana úshyrylady...
Batys elderinin ólerdey qorqyp «Satana» dep ataghan raketalary ylghaly kóp jerlerden úshyrghanda súmdyq ayazdy apattar әkeletini әskeriylerge búrynnan belgili jaghdaylar. Osy raketalardyng 100 –den astamy birinen song biri úshsa, býkil planetany auyr búlttar kómkerip, jer jahan boyynsha bir apta boyy – 50 S – tan tómen ayaz bolyp, tirshilik kózderining 90 payyzdan astamyn qyryp tastaydy...
Tәjikstan men Ózbekistannyn ontýstiginde ósiriletin biyazytalshyqty maqta plantasiyalaryn jazghytúrymda búrshaqtan qorghap, ony jauyngha ainaldyru ýshin búlttardy kýmisti-iodtty snaryadtarmen atqylau tәjiriybesi qoldanylady.
Al, Gruziyanyn ylghaldy tauly qyrattaryndaghy shay plantasiyalaryn sugharu ýshin jaz ailarynda meteoraketa úshyrylyp, odan kýmis iondary býrkilip, jauyn jaudyrylady.
1997 jyly Japon eli qysqy olimpiada ótkizerde, kýmis iondaryn úshaqtarmen býrkip, qar jaumaytyn jerde orasan qalyng qar jauyp, ainalasyn ylghaldy teniz qorshaghan elde apatty jaghday qalyptasyp, payda bolghan qalyng búlttardy ydyratu ýshin jýzdegen istrebiyteli-úshaqtardy qoldanyp zorgha toqtatqan.
Al jaz ailarynda úshyrylghan búl zymyrandar jerimizge súmdyq ystyq aptaptar әkelude. Ótken jyldary (2009 jyly) Bayqonyrdan 34 ret, 2010 jyly da osynshama ret bolsa, 2011 - 2014 jyldary odan da kóp osy atalghan raketalar úshyryldy. Ózen – kólder men búlaqtar keuip ketkenimen túrmay bizding oblystaghy «Aqsu Jabaghly» qoryghy ornalasqan Alatau tau silemderindegi mәngi túrghan múzdyqtar men qarlar erip joq boldy. Al Bayqonyrdyng tajal «Satanalaryna» qosa, Qazaqstannyng batys shekarasyna jaqyn jerdegi Reseyding Kapustin Yar kosmodrom – raketadromynan jәne Orynbor oblysyndaghy Aqtóbe oblysynyng shekarasyna jaqyn ornalasqan «Yasnyi» kosmodromdarynan úshqan raketalar әserinen Qazaqstannyng batysynda songhy jyldary qúrghaqshylyqtar men tabighy apattar jyl sayyn qaytalanuda. Ekken eginder qurap ketse, ózen – kólder bulanyp, ótken jyldary ottegining azayghanynan Oral ózeninde balyqtar men su januarlary qyryldy. Al Qazaqstan boyynsha ystyqtan qorghanyp, ýiler men qyzmettik ghimarattardy salqyndatu ýshin songhy jyldary jappay súranys kóbeyip, qoldanyla bastaghan kondisionerlerge ketken elektr shyghyndary da kýnnen – kýnge eselep artuda. «Jyghylghan ýstine júdyryq!» - degendey, Qazaqstan ýkimeti Reseyge sovet zamanynda Elimizding aumaghynda ornalasyp, zaualdy uytyn shashqan 7 yadrolyq – raketa poligondardy qaytadan bolmashy qarjygha jalgha berip, býginderi búl «tajaldar» kýndiz – týni adamzat balasyn jappay qyryp joyatyn, qorshaghan ortamyzgha asa qaterli týrli qarulardy synap, Úly Ata -Babalarymyzdyng úrpaqtaryna amanatqa qaldyrghan kiyeli Úly Dalamyzdyng tu – talaqayyn shygharuda?!!! Reseyde әskery – jattyghular bastalsa, Saryshaghannan bastap jerimizdegi ornalasqan poligon – nysanalar jattyghu ýshin qúrylyqtan da, tenizden de atylghan orystyng raketalarynyng ot boranynyng astynda qaluda. Osy qarqynmen jat júrttyqtargha Jer Anamyzdy qorlata bersek, sory arylmaghan halqymyz 10 jyldan keyin basqa jaqqa, basqa elderge kirme bosqyn retinde jer aumasyna amaly qalmas.?! Al biyliktegi myrzalar bolsa, olardyng әldeqashan Evropa men múhit jaghalauyndaghy elderden jangha jayly mekenderin dayyndap qoyghandyghyn sheteldik basylymdar jarysa jazuda...
Úly Jasaghan IYemiz, Kók Tәniri – Bir Allanyn bizding halqymyzgha menshiktep bergen jayly tabighatynyn arqasynda, osy ontýstik ónirlerinde, atap aitsaq Qyzylorda, Shymkent, Jambyl, Almaty oblysary 1957 jylgha deyin jylyna eki ret auyl sharuashylyq ónimderin alyp kelgen edi. Al endi osy jerlerimizden osynsha uaqyttan beri alynatyn ónimderdi, joghaltqan tabystardy kim eseptep jatyr? Búl kosmodromdar men әskery poligondardyng әserining en súmdyghy, aua qúramyndaghy tirshiliktin kózi otteginin azayyp ketuinde jәne medisinanyn shamasy kelmeytin nebir aty óshkir aurulardy kóbeytuinde bolyp otyr?!
Bayqonyrdy ýkimetimiz 50 jylgha Reseyge jalgha berdi. Olardan alatyn jylaqy bar bolghany 115 million AQSh dollaryn qúraydy. Jogharyda atap ótken jalpy shyghyn-dardyn bәrin qosqanda búl jal aqygha tólenetin qarjynyn týkke de túrmaytyndyghy belgili. Aumaghy alty myng sharshy kilometrden astam jerdi alyp jatqan Bayqonyr kos-modromynan Qazaq Eline, býgingi kýnderi orasan ziyannan basqa eshbir payda týsip jatqan joq. Ótken jyldary jazghanymyzday jәne jogharyda atalyp ótken «Bayqonyr zardaptarynan» tabighatymyz ben halqymyz endi qashanghy azap shekpek?!?
Qasiyetti Úly Dalany Keleshek úrpaqqa túnyghyn ylaylamay, jasyly men shalghynyn shang – tozangha ainaldyrmay aman – esen jetkizip qaldyrudy Úly – Babalarymyz AMANAT etken.
Qasiretti kóp kórgen kóp últty halqymyz qashanghy basqa elding zerthanasyndaghy tәjiriybe ýshin jaralghan kójekterdin kýiin keshe beredi? Osy eldin egesi bar ma, bar bolsa nege ony, yaghny Últtyng kóshbasshysyn, osy elding azamattaryn eng birinshi, Elinin, halqynyng mýddesi tolghandyrmaydy? Adam balasyna kýndelikti jep otyrghan nanynan basqa, taza aua, taza su, ekologiyalyq jaghynan taza ónimder kerek emes pe? Sory qaynaghan halqymyzdyn, oirandalghan qorshaghan orta tabighatymyzdyng qorghaushysy boludyng ornyna jatjúrttyq Reseyding «Roskosmosynyn» odaqtasyna ainalghan ýkimet basshylaryna ne dersin?!
Ilesbek Bayjanov.
OQO «Aqiqat – 1»
qoghamdyq birlestigining tóraghasy.
Abai.kz