Ataqty vengriyalyq sayahatshy jalghan dәruish keyipinde tynshylyq jasaghan A.Vambery 1863 jyly Osmanly memleketi men Iran arqyly Orta Aziyagha sapargha shyghady. Sondaghy kórgenderin tizbektep kitap qylyp jazghan eken. Atalghan enbekte, Orta Aziyanyng toqyrauda ekendigin, ruhaniyat, ghylym, bilim ataulydan maqrúm qalghandyghyn, kәdimgi «kenestik jýie» sekildi jabyq qoghamda: dogmalargha, diny fanatizmge buylghan shala jansar dene retinde ómir sýrip jatqandyghyn kórsetip, anyqtama beredi. Mine, osynday zertteuler negizinde HIH ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda Úly Túran dalasyna biylik jýrgizu jәne otarlau ýshin Evropa elderi arasynda jarys bastaldy. Aghylshyndar Aughanstan, Ontýstik Týrkistan, Pamirge deyin kirip keldi. Osy arada Resey Aqmeshit, Týrkistan, Qoqan, Hiuagha deyin jetip, basyp alady. Qazaq elining ontýstigi de endi Resey otaryna ainaldy. 1856 jyly Parij beybitshilik kelisimshartyna qol qoyyp bolghan son, Resey әskery shabuylyn Kavkaz ben Túrangha baghyttaydy. Shayh Shamil men Úly dala bórisi – Han Kenesary osy kezde el bastap qasiyetti soghysqa shyghady.

(Úly dala bórisi – Han Kenesary) 

 1860 jyly general Kalpakovskiy Jetisudy oirandatyp, Toqpaq, Pispek (qazirgi Qyrghyzstan) Qoqandy jaulaydy. Osy oqigha Maylyqoja shygharmalarynda airyqsha narazylyqpen kórinis tapqan. 1864 jyly jaulaushy orys әskeri Áulie Ata (Taraz), Týrkistan, Shymkent qalalaryn basyp alady. Basyp alynghan jerlerge orys otarshylary kóshirilip әkelinedi. Mine, A.Vamberiyding sipattaghanynday nәtiyjelenip, Qazaq eli otarlyq búghaugha týsedi. Reseyding Orta Aziyadaghy sayasaty kóshpendilerding mol ruhani, materialdyq baylyghyn tonap, halqyn ezgige salyp, shoqyndyryp – óz bazaryna ainaldyru bolatyn. Búghan imamdar kelise qoymady. 300-ge tarta kóterilis bolyp, qan tógildi. Búl – erkindik ansaushylardyng – ýmiti men arman, tileginen tughan әreket edi. Orysqa dәstýrli kenes oqulyqtarynda jazylghanday qazaq basyn iyip berile qoyghan joq. Óz elin, otanyn qorghau ýshin, onyng tәuelsizdigin qorghap qalu ýshin jan-tәnimen ayausyz kýres jýrgizdi, әrbir bel, qala, auyl, bir qarys jer ýshin janyn pida etti. Biraq, zenbirek pen sadaq, qylysh pen nayza teng emes edi. Osy jaulauda Orta Aziyada 598 myng músylmannyng qyrylghandyghyn tarihy derekter rastaydy. Búl turaly derekterdi ataqty ghalym aghalarymyz: M.Myrzahmetovtyng «Qazaq qalay orystandyryldy?» jәne Sapabek Ásipting «Qazaq qasireti» atty enbekterinen tabugha bolady. Otarshyl patsha biyligi egistik jerlerding 55 payyzyn tartyp alyp, orys mújyqtaryna beredi. Bazarlary orys manufaktura óndirisinen kelgen dýniyege toltyrylady. Esepsiz salyq halyq basyna týsti. Qazaq óz elin tastap qashugha ainaldy. Keyinnen kóshpey qalghany Goloshekin qolymen ashtan qyrylsa, odan qalghany orys kommunisterining ezgisine týsip últtyq bolmysynan ajyrady, tilin, dilin – ózin úmytty, mәngýrtke ainaldy.

(Sheyh Imam Shәmil)

Qazaq músylmandyq tanymy Hanafi, Maturidy jәne Iasauy ilimi arqyly qalyptasty. Qazaqtyng mәdeni, últtyq bolmysqa ainaluynyng tarihy qúbylysynyng mazmúnynda islam jatyr. Búl aqiqat ghylymi, kuliturologiyalyq jәne antropologiyalyq sharttar men qalyptargha dәl keletin tújyrymdama. Sondyqtan qazaq qay kezde de ózining qasiyeti men qorghanyn islamnan, ózining ótken tarihy jolynan izdegen. Keshegi monghol shapqynshylyghy, jonghar zobalany, orys otarshyldyghy, kerek deseniz kenestik rejimning qyspaghy kezinde halyq islam dinine tәu etken. Osy jerde orys otarshyldyq kezenindegi qazaq molda, ishandary men imamdarynyng diny ruhany jolgha úmtylysy men qyzmetine sholu jasaghandy jón kórip otyrmyn.

HIH ghasyrdyng ortasyna deyin patsha ýkimeti músylman dinin qazaq dalasynda Reseyding yqpalyn kýsheytu qúraly, halyq sanasyna әser etu qúraly retinde paydalanudy kózdeydi. Osy maqsatpen qazaq jerinde orys ýkimeti esebinen saldyrghan meshitter payda bolady. Búl onyng shovinistik sayasatynyng týpki múratyn kólenkeleu bolatyn.

(Sovet ókimeti kezinde "basmashtar" atalghan kóterilisshi imamdar)

Patsha ýkimeti qazaq dalasyna meshit, medreseler salyp, qazaqtardyng diny isterin Orynbor diny basqarmasyna qaratyp, islam dinine esh qarsy kelmeytinin, kerisinshe, qoldau kórsetetindigin tanytqan edi. Alayda búl negizinen qazaqty tarihy tamyry men mәdeni, órkeniyettik oshaqtarynan ajyratu әreketi edi. Nege? Sebebi ózderine adal, berik moldalar arqyly qazaqty otarlaudy maqsat etti.

1788 jyly Orynbor músylman diny basqarmasynyng negizi salynyp, Kishi jýz jәne Orta jýz qazaqtarynyng diny isteri soghan qaratylady. Búl arqyly qazaqtyng arasyna jik saludy da jýzege asyrdy. Basqarmanyng negizgi mindeti qazaqtar arasyna diny kitaptar taratu jәne dәris beretin imamdardy dayarlau, olargha kuәlikter beru bolatyn. Búghan qosa imamdar qazaq dalasynda qazaq diny úiymdaryn qúruy qajet boldy. Olar kóshpeli qazaqtar arasyna da diny bilim taratu jәne diny istermen ainalysuy qajet edi. Qazaq ruhany әlemi ekige bólindi. Ony orys aghartushylyghy men jәdidshildik jәne qadimshildik mektepterinen kóruge bolady. Mysaly Abay men Maylyqoja eki mektepting ókili. Osy eki jik arqyly tóre-súltandar da ekige bólindi. Bir jaghy Kenesary handy dәriptep yaghni, erkindikke úmtylsa, ekinshi jaghy ­­– orys ýkimetin jaqtap baqty.

Diny bilim alugha niyet qylghandar kóbine Búharagha qaray aghylatyn. Búharada bilim alghandar qazaqtar arasynda erekshe bedel men abyroygha ie boldy. Sol sebepti patsha ýkimeti de ortalyqaziyalyq handyqtardy, әsirese, Qoqan handyghy ishinde ózara alauyzdyqtardy órshituge tyrysady. Tarihy taghdyrlas Ortalyq Aziyadaghy jәne Qazaqstandaghy músylman dinindegi halyqtardyng ózara baylanysynyng kýshengi patsha ókimetining islamgha degen sayasatyn kýrt ózgertti. 1867 jylgha qaray býkil qazaq jerin jaulap alghan Resey imperiyasy islam dinining týrki halyqtary arasyndaghy yqpalyn barynsha әlsiretuge tyrysty. 1868 jyly qazaqtar Orynbor diny basqarmasynan shygharylyp tastaldy, músylman din basylarynyng qúqyqtaryna shek qoyyldy. HIH ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynan bastap orys ýkimeti Orta Aziyalyq handyqtarda bilim alghan imamdardyng qyzmetine tyiym saldy, al músylman dinin uaghyzdap, orystandyrugha qarsy túrghan, kózi ashyq ishandaren qojalar jer audaryldy, qughyngha úshyrady.

Qazaq halqy óz tarihynyng qay kezeninde bolmasyn eng bir qiyn-qystau zamandar men tyghyryqqa tirelgen kýnderde ataqty handary men súltandaryn, qara qyldy qaq jaryp, әdil biylik aitatyn biylerin, qan maydandarda qol bastaytyn batyrlaryn, eldi úiytyp, ruhany jaghynan tәlim-tәrbie beretin ruhany kósemderi – sopy, әuliye, ishandardy aldygha shygharyp otyrghan. Keybir osynday túlghalar býkilhalyqtyq dengeyge kóterilip, olardyng is-әreketteri men qyzmetteri el esinde úmytylmastay saqtalyp qalsa, keybir túlghalardyng qoghamdyq qyzmetteri aimaqtyq dengeyde bolyp, olar sol ónirlerdegi halyqtyng jadynda jattalyp qaldy. Otarlyq ezgining kýshengine qarsy túra alatyn, eldi shashyratpay úiyta biletin, otarlaudyng bir bóligi bolyp sanalghan shoqyndyru sayasatyna ruhany birlik pen imandylyqty tosqauyl etip, tu etken túlghalardyng tarih minberine kóterilui tabighy qúbylys edi.

Reseyding Qazaqstandy otarlaugha baghyttalghan sayasaty HVIII ghasyrdyng 30-shy jyldarynan bastau alyp, ol HIH ghasyrdyng ortasyna taman birneshe kezennen ótedi de, birneshe aspektini qamtidy. Oghan sayasi, әkimshilik jәne ekonomikalyq otarlau sekildi aspektiler jatady. HIH ghasyrdyng birinshi jartysynda múnday otarlyq sayasatqa qarsy kóterilister men soghystardyng bolghany tarihtan mәlim. Al HIH ghasyrdyng 60-shy jyldarynyng ortasynda Resey Qazaqstandy baghyndyrudy tolyghymen ayaqtap, ekonomikalyq otarlaudy odan әri kýsheytedi de, otarlaudyng kelesi bir týri ruhany otarlaudy jýzege asyrugha kirise bastaydy. Ekonomikalyq otarlaugha – jaqsy jayylymdar men shúrayly jerlerden aiyrylu, kóshi-qon baghyttaryn ózgertu, әrtýrli sipattaghy tiym salular, salyqtardyn, mindetkerlikterding san jaghynan da, kólem jaghynan da ósui jәne t.b. jatady. Múnyng bәrining qazaq halqy ýshin qanshalyqty auyr bolghanyn sózben aityp jetkizu óte qiyn. Al ruhany otarlau – qazaq halqynyng halyq retinde ómir sýruine óte qauip tughyzghan, otarlaudyng eng bir súrqiya, qauipti týri boldy. Oghan jergilikti qazaqtardy әrtýrli aila-tәsildermen (onyng ishine ýrkitu, qorqytu, kýshteu, qinau, qorlau, zorlau, jәbirleu de kiredi) shoqyndyru, yaghny hristian dinine kirgizu, qazaq dalasynda hristian dinin taratu, shirkeuler salu, orys tilinde oqytatyn mektepter ashyp, oghan qazaq balalaryn tartu, qazaq halqynyng dәstýrli dini – islam dinine qysymshylyq jasau, meshitter men medreselerding ashyluyna kedergi keltiru, qazaq tilin kemsitu jәne t.s.s. is-әreketter, aila-sharghylar jatady. Osy kezendi sipattaytyn tarihy derekter HVIII ghasyrdyng sony men HIH ghasyrdyng orta túsynda Orynbor ólkesinde  ruhanilyq otarlaudyng ong nәtiyje bere bastaghanyn kórsetedi. HIH ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda ruhany otarlau endi býkil qazaq dalasynda josparly týrde jýzege asyryla bastaydy.

HIH ghasyrdyng bas kezinde Qazaq elining memlekettiligi, handyghy joyylyp, qazaq halqynyng kópshiligi Reseyge baghynghanda, bir jýieli elder Hiua, Qoqan handyqtaryna panalady. HIH ghasyrda patshalyq Reseyding otarlau sayasatynyng bir qyry ruhany otarlau ýrdisi jýrdi. Mine, osy tústa qazaq dalasynyng ruhaniy-mәdeny tútastyghy ýshin kýresken ruhany qayratker, imamdardyng shoghyry payda boldy. Osy arada aita keteyik: qazaq qoghamynyng óz ishinde ruhany tútastyqqa qarsy elementterding de bolghany qúpiya emes.

Islam dini ghasyrlar boyy halyq ruhaniyatynyng negizi bolyp kelgendigi mәlim. Din ghúlamalary – imamdar qanday da bir auyr jaghdayda aldynghy qatarda bolyp, sap týzep, jalpy halyqtyng paydasyn kózdegen. Olar orys otarshylaryna qarsy halyqty biriktirip, erkindik ýshin, din ýshin soghysyp, sol kezdegi ezgige qarsy túrdy. Sondyqtan orystar olardy – din ghúlamalary men  imamdardy eng qauipti dúshpan retinde tanyp, qughyngha úshyratqanyna tarih kuә. Sol sebepti, Resey barlyq meshit, medreselerge baqylau ornatyp, ózderi qalaghan jerlerinen meshit te salugha razy boldy. Úly Túran dalasy endi, «Russkiy Turkestan» dep ataldy.

(Býgingi imamdar)

Imam – músylman qauymynyng eng birinshi túlghasy, ústazy, ainasy. Búl anyqtamalardyng mazmúny әrbir qoghamdyq belesterde ózining syrtqy, ishki kelbetin tanytyp otyrdy. Men endi ótken tarihty aityp, bolghandy emes, býgingi imamgha qanday mindetter jýktelip otyrghandyghyna toqtalyp ótkendi jón kóremin.

Imam – arabsha «elding aldy, qogham ainasy, liyder, kósem» degen maghynalardy bildiretin sóz. Alla men adamdar arasyndaghy qúlshylyq paryzyn ótetu arqyly bastalghan imam qyzmeti islam tarihy tәjiriybesinde kóptegen belesterden ótti. Keshegi ateistik kenestik rejim kezinde Allasyz qogham qúru, últsyzdandyru, mәdeniyetsizdendiru sayasatyna negizdelgen iydeologiya imam atauynyng ónin ainaldyryp týsindirip baqty. Imam – aldymen túlgha. Imam túlghasy onyng isi men biliminin, amaly men hәlining tútastyghynan nәr alyp, dindi, mәdeniyetti, últty, qoghamnyng ishki túraqtylyghy men bayandylyghyna óz ómirin arnaytyn janpida, Haqqa qyzmetin halyqqa qyzmet etu dep biletin sanaly, jan jaqty bilimdi azamat. Ol aldymen ózi ózimen tútastyqta, húzyrda bolyp, imany men jighany say, qoghamgha paydaly ilim men bilimdi ajyrata biletin, aina boluy qajet. Sebebi, sol arqyly Imam qoghamnyng ózgeruine yqpal etedi. Qúrandaghy «Qauym ózin ózgertpeyinshe, Alla ony ózgertpeydi» degen ayat osy ústanymdy pash etedi. Imamda bilim men ilim, iman men amal, eng bastysy –ýlgi berer minez qúlyq iyesi, sózi men isi tútas er túlghasy talap etiledi.

Qazaqta «bitke ókpelep, tonyndy otqa jaqpa» degen sóz bar. Imam dinning ókili. Sondyqtan imamgha qarap, islamgha bagha beru týsinikti jayt. Osy sózding tórkini әrbir imamgha islam dinining ainasy ekendigin esine alyp túruy abzal. Qazirgi jahandyq ýderiste bar bәleni islam dinine jaghyp jatqanda búl ústanym eng basty ólshem boluy tiyis. Islamofobiyany seyiltetin de osy imamdar boluy kerek.

Imam – tek meshitting ishinde ghana jauapty emes, ol tútas bir últtyn, mәdeniyettin, memleketting bayandylyghyna tikeley jauapty túlgha. Mine, memleket osy baghytta imamdarymyzdy dayyndap, olargha erekshe qamqorlyq pen jauapkershilik sezindire bilui kerek degen oidamyn. Óitkeni, býgingi din men mәdeniyet qatynasyndaghy memleketting zayyrlylyq ústanymyn imamnan basqa túlghalardyng dúrys jetkizui qiyn. Ol ýshin imam diny tanym men ghylymy tanymdy qatar alyp, tanyp, mengergen sayasiy  әm moralidyq túrghydan barynsha jetilgen, ruhany tútastyq pen kelisimning ortalyghy boluy kerek.

Dosay KENJETAY,

teologiya jәne filosofiya ghylymdarynyng doktory,

professor.

Abai.kz