AQSh, Tehas A&M uniyversiytetinin professory, әl-Farabiy atyndaghy QazÚU-dyn sheteldik ghylymiy kenesshisi PhD doktor Sintiya Verner

Jarty ghasyrgha juyq qoldanysta bolghan «Semipalatinsk-21» Yadrolyq synaq alany shyn mәninde neni isharalaydy? IYә, ol - KSRO men AQSh-tyng jasyryn týrdegi soghysqa dayyndyghyn jәne kýsh syna­suyn bildiretin biregey nysan. Sonymen birge ol - marksistik jәne kapitalistik iydeologiyalardyng ymyrasyz talasynyng basty eskertkishi. Bәrimiz bilemiz, ýshinshi әlemdik soghystyng yqtimaldylyghy sezile bastaghan sonau yzgharly jyldary eki alyp derjava jappay qarulanugha kóshti. Alayda sayasattanushylar býginde arqasyn kenge salyp, «tikeley soghys pen qaqtyghys bolmady» dep aitqanymen, atalmysh teketires adam shyghyndarynsyz ótpedi. Onda da atalmysh ýrdis kóbine soghysqa dayyndyq barysynda, yaky yadrolyq jarysu nauqanynda qatty beleng aldy. Al sol tyrashtanularda «halyqqa radiasiya salqyny tiymedi» dep әste aitugha bolmaydy, aita da almaymyz. Óitkeni búl - ata tarih ýshin, әdildik saltanaty ýshin de qiyanat bolar edi.

Synaqtar syny

AQSh, Tehas A&M uniyversiytetinin professory, әl-Farabiy atyndaghy QazÚU-dyn sheteldik ghylymiy kenesshisi PhD doktor Sintiya Verner

Jarty ghasyrgha juyq qoldanysta bolghan «Semipalatinsk-21» Yadrolyq synaq alany shyn mәninde neni isharalaydy? IYә, ol - KSRO men AQSh-tyng jasyryn týrdegi soghysqa dayyndyghyn jәne kýsh syna­suyn bildiretin biregey nysan. Sonymen birge ol - marksistik jәne kapitalistik iydeologiyalardyng ymyrasyz talasynyng basty eskertkishi. Bәrimiz bilemiz, ýshinshi әlemdik soghystyng yqtimaldylyghy sezile bastaghan sonau yzgharly jyldary eki alyp derjava jappay qarulanugha kóshti. Alayda sayasattanushylar býginde arqasyn kenge salyp, «tikeley soghys pen qaqtyghys bolmady» dep aitqanymen, atalmysh teketires adam shyghyndarynsyz ótpedi. Onda da atalmysh ýrdis kóbine soghysqa dayyndyq barysynda, yaky yadrolyq jarysu nauqanynda qatty beleng aldy. Al sol tyrashtanularda «halyqqa radiasiya salqyny tiymedi» dep әste aitugha bolmaydy, aita da almaymyz. Óitkeni búl - ata tarih ýshin, әdildik saltanaty ýshin de qiyanat bolar edi.

Synaqtar syny

Árisi men berisin qatar aitar bolsaq, 1949-1991 jyldar aralyghynda Semey synaq alanynda Hirosima men Nagasakiydegi zaryadtardy on, tipten jýz oraytynday quatqa ie yadrolyq synaqtar jýrgizildi. Al 1989 jylgha deyin kenestik totalitarlyq jýie yadrolyq synaqtyng zardaptary turaly pikirtalasqa jol bermedi. Tek qayta qúrumen aishyqtalghan Gorbachevting ashyq sayasatynan keyin Nevada-Semey antiyadrolyq qozghalysy óz maqsatyn naqty jariyalay aldy. Qozghalysqa Qazaqstan Respublikasy­nyng Preziydenti Núrsúltan Nazarbaev, aqyn Oljas Sýleymenov syndy qazaq halqynyng birtuar azamattary qoldau kórsetip, synaq alany 1991 jyly jabyldy. Jәne de sol jyly Qazaqstan Respublikasy ózge de bauyrlas respublikalarmen birge tәuelsizdigin aldy. Biraq búghan deyin Semey halqyna úzaq ta shyrghalang jarty ghasyrgha sozylghan yadrolyq dәuirdi bastan keshuge tura keldi.
1947 jyldyng tamyzynda AQSh ýkimeti Qúrama Shtattardyng Niu-Meksikasy men Alamogorynda ýshtik synaghyn jýrgizdi. Óz kezeginde búl әreket KSRO-ny da beyqam otyrmay, óz qauipsizdigin oilastyruyna iytermeledi. Sóitip, kenestik yadrolyq qarudyng basty synaq alanyna «Semipalatinsk-21» degen atau berildi. Onyng jabyq qala bolghany aitpasa da týsinikti. Búl meken arnayy әskery jasaqtarmen qorghalyp, kelip-ketushiler ishine tek rúqsat qaghazdarymen ghana kirgizildi. Jәne búqara halyqqa onyng ishki hәm syrtqy sipaty belgisiz bolyp, tek keyin, 1990 jyly ataqty fiziyk-ghalym Igori Kurchatovtyng esimi berilge­sin ghana baryp toponimika retinde kar­tagha týsirildi. Degenmen qorqynyshtysy búl emes. Semipalatinsk qalasy «Se­mipalatinsk-21» synaq alanynan 80 sha­qyrymday qashyqtyqta ornalasyp, 40 myngha tarta adamnyng densaulyghyna qauip tughyzdy. Odan qalsa, osy jerde oryn tepken túrghyndar qatty qadaghalaugha alynyp, әmirshil-әkimshildik jýie óristedi. Synaq zardaptaryn bastan ótkizgender ýshin nemese jaqyndarynan aiyrylghandargha óz qayghylary turaly lәm deuge tyiym salynyp, barsha týitkilder jabuly qazan kýiinshe qalyp otyrdy. Búghan qarsy túrushylar da bolmay qalghan joq. Obaly ne kerek, synaqty basynan keshir­gen jergilikti halyqtar búl súmdyqtyng keshirilmeytindigin aityp, ózderin synaq alanyndaghy qoyan sekildi sezinetindigin jasyrmady.
«Semipalatinsk-21» soltýstik-shy­ghys­ta 7 myng sharshy shaqyrym jerdi qamty­dy. Synaqty jýrgizushilerding basqasy bas­qa, búl mekendi tandauynyng birneshe sebep­teri boldy. Ol mekenning geografiyalyq jәne strategiyalyq ornalasuymen de beki­tile týsti. Aytalyq, kerek-jaraq qúraldar men qyzmetkerlerdi tasymaldaugha qajetti arnayy әuejay júmys istedi. Reseyden kerekti materialdardy jetkizudegi manyzdy transport kózi bolyp tabylatyn - Ertis ózeni de nazardan tys qalmady. Sonymen qatar ýrdisterdi jyldamdatu maqsatynda jәne transporttardyng ishindegi eng qolaylysy - temirjol salyndy. Atalghan faktorlar synaqty jýrgizushiler ýshin óz josparyn iske asyrugha óte qolayly alghysharttar jasauyna mýmkindik berdi. Búl mekenning tandaludaghy taghy bir sebebi - onyng on­týstigin Degeleng tau qyrattarynyng qor­shauy, al soltýstigi túrghylyqty jerler arqyly ótetindikten synaqtyng yqpaly men kýshin bayqaugha útymdy jaghday tudyrdy. Osynau yadrolyq synaqtardan 7 eldi mekende ornalasqan 1.5 milliongha tarta halyq radiasiyanyng zardaptaryn óz jýreginen ótkizdi. Synaq әseri Qazaq­stannyng ýsh ýlken oblysyn - Semey, Pav­lodar jәne Qaraghandy aimaqtaryn da qamtydy.
Óz orayynda bir aita keterligi, 1949-1989 jyldar aralyghynda Kurchatovtaghy jýrgizilgen 456 yadrolyq synaqtyng 30-y jer qabatynyng betkeyinde, 86-sy atmos­ferada ótkizilgen. Qalay dese de, osy­lardyng zardaptarynan tuyndaghan adam ólimine qatysty derekter әli kýnge deyin belgisiz. Búl turaly osy kýnge sheyin esh­qanday statistika jýrgizilmegen dese de bolady.

(Basy 3-bette)

Áriyne, qazirgi tanda da, yaghny synaqtardyng dogharylghanyna qaramastan radiasiya әseri ósu ýstinde desek, artyq aitqandyq emes. Sondyqtan múnyng zalaldy yqpalyn qazaq shekarasynyng arghy jaghy - Reseydegi Altay ónirlerinen de bayqaugha bolady. Al búl jerdegilerding kópshiligi qazaq jәne orys últtary ókilderinen túrady. Sonymen qatar azdaghan nemis jәne ukrain últtary da barshylyq. Múndaghy ukraiyn­dar men orystar HIH ghasyrda bostandyq alghan keshegi basybaylylar edi. Nemis últy ókilderi bolsa, stalindik kezen­de­gi jer audarylghan tútqyndar boldy. Atalghan etnos­tar­dyng kópshiligi soltýstik-shyghysta, al qazaq etnosy­nyng basym kópshiligi ontýstik-shyghysqa shoghyrlandy. Patshaly Resey kezindegi orys sharualarynyng (1865-1900 jj.) kelip qonystanuy, Birinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys (1914-1918 jj.), Orys tónkerisi men Azamattyq soghys (1917-1921 jj.) jәne kenestik újymdastyru sayasaty (1928-1938 jj.) jәne Semipalatinsk yadrolyq synaq aumaghy qazaq halqynyng kóshpendi ómir saltyn búzyp, olardyng búl atyraptarda barynsha azangyna alyp keldi.
Alghashqy synaqtar tórt oblysta ótkizilip, onyng alghashqy oshaghy «Semipalatinsk-21» aimaghynyng sol­týs­tiginde, qaladan 43 shaqyrymday jerde boldy. Al qalghan ýsh oshaq - Balapan, Degeleng jәne Sary-Ózen aimaqtarynda jerasty synaqtary týrinde jýrgizildi.
Múhittyng arghy jaghyndaghy basty qarsylasqa kelsek, ol jaqtyng da shekesi shylqyp túrmady. Yadro­lyq synaqtardy ótkizuden sayysqa týsken AQSh óz tәjiriybelerin Semeymen parallelidi týrde Nevadada ótkize otyryp, jarylys sәtterin zertteu barysynda úshaq arqyly aua qúramyn alyp, tekseruden ótkizip otyr­dy. Búdan bólek, Marshal aralynda qoyan jәne t.b. januarlargha, abaqtydaghy otyrghan adamdargha jasyryn radiasiyamen eksperiymentter jýrgizip otyrdy. Bir tanghalarlyghy, ondaghy da, múndaghy da yadroshylardyng óz isterining aqtyghyna imandary kәmil-tin. Mәselen, Kurchatovtaghy yadro salasyndaghy arnayy dayyndalghan mamandar óz әreketterining dúrys ekendigine tol­yq senimdi boldy. Múny keyinnen zertteu jýrgizgen talay ghalymdar atap ótti de. Mamandardyng kóbisi «memleketting әskery quatyn kórsetu arqyly, halyqtyng qauipsizdigine tónip túrghan kóptegen qaterding aldyn alamyz» degen ústanymgha berik boldy. Osy prinsip tarihy túrghydan ózin-ózi aqtady ma, aqtamady ma, búl jaghy endi bolashaq tarihshylardyng enshisinde.

Synaqtardan synbaghandar...

Jalpy, tayaqtyng bir úshy - Semey synaq alanyna qatysty pikirlerdi bedeldi ghalymdar toqtamy men búryn-songhy jýrgizilgen ghylymy júmystargha sýiene otyryp, ýsh top tipologiyasynda bólip kórsetuge bolady: eng әueli, yadro salasyndaghy mamandar, yaghny osy túrghyda synaqqa qarsy toptarmen «yadrofobiya» asyra silteushileri suretteledi. Ekinshisi, dәriger-zertteu­shi ghalymdar. Mysaly, halyqaralyq radiasiyalyq zertteuler syilyghynyng laureaty, professor Sa­yym Balmúhanov - osy toptyng jarqyn ókili. Ol kisi synaqtardyng zardaptaryn basa aitushylargha jatady.Ýshinshisi, jergilikti qazaq jәne orys últy ókilderi. Olardyng basym kópshiligi «memleket qauipsizdik mәselesin asyra siltep, halyqtyng densaulyghyn úmyt qaldyrdy» dep tújyrymdaydy.
Últtyq újymdyq Monitoring ortalyghy - Sandiya zerthanasy men QR Ghylymiy-zertteu instituty birlesip shygharghan «Semey synaq alany: qúryluy, әreketter men ózgeristeri» atty enbekke sýiensek. 1951 jyly әskery synaqty jýrgizushi toptar, radiasiyanyng adam densaulyghyna әserin baqylaytyn arnayy medisinalyq zertteuler jýrgizetin top qúryp, baqylau jýrgizip otyrghan. Belgili sebepterge baylanysty búl zertteulerding nәtiyjesi jәne ziyandy zardaptary turaly kópshilik halyqqa jariya etilip, habarlanbady.
Jarylystardyng oryn aluy jergilikti túrghyn­dardyng ómir sýru aimaghyn kýizeliske úshyratyp, qiyn-qystau kýnder keshtirdi. Mәselening búl túrghysy talas tudyrmaydy. Múnday irkilisting eng alghashqysy jәne eng ýlkeni 1953 jylghy termoyadrolyq qúrylystyng jarylysyna deyin soqtyra jazdady. Sóitip, ondaghan auyl jәne myndaghan ýy qojalyqtary, 450 myngha juyq mal basy sondaghy otty oshaqtan 75 shaqyrym jerge ornalastyryldy. Alayda auyl tolyqtay kóshirilmegendik­ten, jarylys 59 auyldyq mekenning astan-kestenin shygharyp, sol jerdegi qalyp ketken jan-januarlardy jan týrshigerlik zardaptargha úshyratty. Kurchatovtaghy ghalymdar jarylystyng tek sol sәttegi ziyandy әserin moyyndaghanymen, ol shaqta qauipsizdigi joghary óz túraqtarynda, yaghny radiasiyanyng әserinen barynsha qorghalghan qalyng da qatty qabyrghalarmen jasalghan bólmelerde otyrdy.
Mysaly, 1953 jylghy synaqtyng aldynda kóshte bolghan túrghyndardyng biri synaqtyng densaulyqqa ziyan ekendigi haqynda eshqashan týsindiru júmystary jýrgizilmegenin aitady (Súralushynyng óz qalauy boyynsha, etikalyq sebepterge baylanysty esimi atalynbady). Nemese «Qaynar» atty auyl qariyasy jarylystan keyin auylyn baryp kórgende, sonda qalyp ketken mysyq, it jәne t.b. januarlardyng azappen ólip jatqanyn kórgen. Ol da «búl synaqtyng esh jaqsylyq әkelmeytinin týsindim» deydi aghynan jarylyp. (Biz búl mәlimetterdi Últtyq újymdyq Monitoring ortalyghy - Sandiya zerthanasy men QR Ghylymiy-zertteu instituty birlesip shygharghan sol enbekten tabamyz).
Taghy bir nazar audararlyq jayt, ondaghy qanday da bir zertteulerding býrkemelenip jýrgizilgendigi. Mәselenki, 1957 jyly Kurchatov ghalymdary Semeydegi №4 ambulatoriyasyn ashyp, audan túrghyndarynyng ziyandy әserler jaghdayyndaghy densaulyghyn baqylap otyrdy. Qúpiyalylyqty saqtau maqsatynda oghan - Brusellezge qarsy №4 ambulatoriya degen atau berip, Abay, Besqaraghay jәne Jana-Semeyding 20 myngha tarta túrghynynyng qan jәne nәjis qúramyn alyp, radiasiyanyng әserin teksergen kórinedi. Sonymen birge 2 myngha tarta jasóspirimder zertteuge alynyp, nәtiyjeleri ortalyqqa berilip otyrghan. Ghalymdar jergilikti adamdar boyynan ýlken ózgerister kýtkenimen, olardyng tek ishki qúrylys jәne jýrek-qan tamyrlary auruyna úshyraghandyghyn ghana bayqady.
Ózimiz de osy iske tikeley súrau shalushy retinde kirisip kórgen edik. Sol izdenisting nәtiyjelerine qaraghanda, estelikter kónil bosatarlyqtay-aq azaly. Ortasha statistikalyq qoghamdyq pikirdi anyqtau ýshin biz búl rette Núrjan Múqanov esimdi semeylikpen súhbat qúrdyq. Onyng aituynsha, synaqtardyng qyzghan jyldarynda búl kisi radiostansiyada qyzmet etip jýrgen. Al janaghy apatty synaq óter sәtte ony jәne onyng әriptesterin «qyzmettik issapar» dey otyryp, demalysqa jiberipti. Sonymen birge araq-sharaptaryn әperip, «óstuge sizderge arnayy tapsyrma berildi, jaghdaydyng sonyn kýtinder» degen. Yaghny ol osylaysha jarylys turaly aqparattyng radiostansiya arqyly taralmau qauipsizdigin qamtamasyz etkendigin aitady. Múqanov Núrjan sol sәttegi óz halqyna jarylystyng bolatynyn aityp jetkize almaghandyghyna ókinishin bildiredi.
Súrapyl synaq zamanyndaghy jas bala kezin esine alghan taghy bir kisining aituynsha, aqparatty jetkizip otyratyn әskery qyzmetker jarylystardy «yadrolyq synaqtar» nemese «atomdyq bombalar» dep aitpay, jay «әskery synaq» dep jetkizetin bolghan. «Ata-analarymyzgha ýiding esik-terezesin jauyp, baspanany tez qaldyrugha búiyratynyn bilemiz» dep oigha shoma­dy jәne de ol.
Dey túrghanmen, keybir aimaqtarda yadrolyq әskery synaqtardyng jýrgiziletindigi turaly aldyn ala aitylyp, 1950 jyly «Semipalatinsk-21» synaq alanynan 600 shaqyrymday qashyqtyqta ornalasqan Qyzyl-orda qalasyna kóshu ýrdisi jýrgizilgen. Sebebi Bódene túrghyndary onday qauipti aqparatty estimeyinshe túrghylyqty jerlerinen kóshpeytin edi.
Ózimiz de taqyrypty asha týsu ýshin búl jaghynan da saualdar joldadyq. Jergilikti adamdardan «sol synaq uaqytynda ózderinizding densaulyqtarynyzdyng syr bergendigi bayqaldy ma» degende, olar bas auruy men tis aurularyn sezinip, jýrekteri ainyghanyn eske alysty. Múny bayqaghan jәne qauipti sezingen «Qaynar» auylynyng túrghyny Bolat Jәkishev esimdi kisi, әsirese, 1970 jyldardaghy synaqtyng el ýshin auyr әri ziyandyghyn aitty. Kezinde ol sonysy ýshin de, yaghny yadrolyq jarylystargha qarsy pikir aityp, qarsylyq tanytqany ýshin júmysynan shyghyp qalghan eken.
Alayda zaman ózgerdi. Býginde KSRO da, onyng yadrolyq әlemdik qateri de tarih kýresininde. Bәrin ait ta, birin ait, Gorbachev túsyndaghy sóz bostandyghy men sayasy jana lep jәne ishki ong kýshterding talpynysy Semey yadrolyq synaq alanynyng jabyluyna alyp keldi. Áytse de zardapqa toly ýrdister toqtalghanymen, túrghyndar ómiri men tirshiliginde onyng ziyandy әseri toqtaldy dep aita almaymyz. Alayda bastau alghan yadrogha qarsy tolqudyng betin qaytaru maqsatynda yadrolyq synaqty jýrgizushi mamandardyng ghylymy tújyrymdaryn algha tarta, óz isterin jaqtaugha әreket etkeni de búltartpas shyndyq. Búl jerde útylysta qalghan - taghy da halyq. Býgin jaghday ózgerdi me? Ózgerdi, ózgermedimen eshtene ózgermeydi. Áyteuir anyghy: olardyng óz mýddesin qorghaugha mýmkindikteri azdyghynan jәne osy baghytta júmys jasaytyn úiymdardyng qoldauy bolmay, jabylugha jaqyndyghyna baylanysty, zardap shekken halyqtardyng densaulyghyna kórsetiletin qarjylay kómekter tómendep, azayda. Sondyqtan da osy olqylyqtyng ornyn toltyru ýshin jergilikti jәne sheteldik ghalymdar halyqaralyq ghylymy ortalyqtardyng kómegine iyek arta, semeylikter múqtajdyghyn jahandyq mýddeli taraptargha jetkizip, birlesip júmys jasaugha dayyndyghyn kórsetse bolar edi.
1990 jyldan bastap Semey yadrolyq synaghynan zardap shekken túrghyndargha kómek mәselesi AQSh-taghy «Niu-York Tayms» jәne «Neyshnl Geografiyk» jәne t.b. BAQ salasynda kóp kóterilip, Batys tarapynan azdy-kópti jәrdemder kórsetildi. Ras, tarihta ketken qatelikterdi týzeuding óte qiyngha soghary sózsiz. Degenmen osynday qarlyghashtyng qanatymen su sepkendey eleusiz bastamalar zardap shekken jandardyng jarysyn jenildetu jolynda atqarylatyn isterding kezekti jalghasy bola bermek.

Týiin:

Sonymen yadrolyq synaqty jýrgizushiler óz synaghyn barynsha ziyansyz jýrgizuge tyrysty ma, әlde jos­parly týrde radiasiya mólsherin arttyrdy ma? Egerde synaqty jýrgizushiler adamgha qauipti әserlerdi jasaugha әreket etse, olar adam densaulyghyna әser dengeyin tekserip otyruy tiyis. Mәselening osy jaghy qalay boldy? Synaqtar men radiasiya zardaptaryn jergilikti halyqtar bildi me? «Ne» dep jauap beremiz? Álbette, búghan osy materialdardy ejiktey oqyp otyryp, oy týie jauap bersek te bolady. Búl iygilikti isting dúrys sheshim tabuyna qosylghan az ýles pe, kóp ýles pe, ol da әrkimning óz talqysynda. Bastysy - shyndyqtyng shang qauyp qalmauy desek, esh qatelespeymiz.

Aghylshyn tilinen yqshamdap audarghan - әl-Faraby atyndaghy QazÚU-dyng filosofiya jәne sayasattanu fakuliteti mәdeny antropologiya kafedrasynyng PhD doktoranty E.Masanov

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