Ábdildabek Salyqbay

Tarbaghataydyng kýngeyindegi ru-taypalardyng kóshi-qon barysy turaly mәlimetterdi Resey óki­meti­ning tapsyrmasymen qúrylghan P.Rumyansev bas­qar­ghan ekspedisiya men patsha sheneunikterining aqpar­lary­nan kezdestiruge bolady. Sonday-aq Q.Haliyd, B.Sa­dy­qan, Z.Sәnik, M.Múqanov syndy basqa da zertteu­shi­lerding enbekterinen, Áset, Kәribay, No­ghaybay, Árip tektes  san aluan aqyndardyng ólen­derinen de kóp­tegen derekter kezdesedi.

Ábdildabek Salyqbay

Tarbaghataydyng kýngeyindegi ru-taypalardyng kóshi-qon barysy turaly mәlimetterdi Resey óki­meti­ning tapsyrmasymen qúrylghan P.Rumyansev bas­qar­ghan ekspedisiya men patsha sheneunikterining aqpar­lary­nan kezdestiruge bolady. Sonday-aq Q.Haliyd, B.Sa­dy­qan, Z.Sәnik, M.Múqanov syndy basqa da zertteu­shi­lerding enbekterinen, Áset, Kәribay, No­ghaybay, Árip tektes  san aluan aqyndardyng ólen­derinen de kóp­tegen derekter kezdesedi.

Búlardyng arasynan «Jarida», «Tauarih hamsa» syndy enbekter jazghan, qazaq, tatar, úighyr, arab, dýngen, orys, qytay tarihynan mol habardar Qúrbanghaly Halidtyng (shama­men 1843-1913 jj.) enbegi erekshe nazar audararlyq. Sebebi ol Ayagóz qalasynda tughan, sondaghy medresede Abdulhaqtan (1830-1840 jj. Mәdiynәdan oqyp kel­gen), Múhamed Sydyq Haziretten dini, zayyrly bilim alghan, Baqty (Qazirgi Ýrjar audanynyng Baqty auyly), Shәueshek shaharlarynda túrghan, at-Tabari, Jýsip Balasaghún, M.Qashghari, Ibn Haldun Mirhoniyd, Ábil­ghazy syndy IX-XVII ghasyrlardaghy shyghys, V.Radlov, A.Vamberi, N.Katanov syndy orys-batys ghalym­darynyng enbekterimen tanys bolghan ghalym. Sonday-aq ol óz zamanyndaghy shejire qarttardyng әngimele­rine qanyqqan, kópshiligin jazyp alghan, qytay, orys, qazaq, dýngen, t.b. halyqtardyng el biyleushilerimen, oqyghan azamattarymen (arasynda ataqty Dulat, Árip aqyndar da bar) súhbattas bolghan, ómirden týigeni mol adam. Búghan qosa Q.Halid biz qayta qozdatyp otyrghan taqyrypty ózine deyin eshkimning elemegenin, sondyqtan osy «nayman ruynyng tarihyn anyqtap, tolyq jazuyma sebepker boldy. Sebebi Ayagóz - tughan jerimiz, nayman - jýrgen elimiz», - dep jazghan edi. Onyng ýstine atalghan tarihshy ózdiginshe úzaq izdenip, Ferghana, Alty shahar (Qashghar), Shyn men Qytay, monghol-tatar, monghol-qalmaq, qyrghyz, tóreler tarihyn jazghan, ózining aituynsha, «jiyrma jyldan astam uaqyt búl (qazaq) tariyhqa qatysty aqparlar men jazba derekterdi jinap, ... jinalghan mәlimetterding qaymaghyn qalqyp alyp, osy kitapty jazghan» zertteushi. Sonday-aq ol Reseyding әskery mindetinen qashqan, qazaqtan әiel alyp, «shala qazaq» degen mәrtebe alghan tatarlardyng túqymynan, qazaq arasyn­da úzaq jyl ómir sýrgen, qazaqtyng kóne­kóz qariyalarymen, aituly shejireshilerimen mәjilistes, pikirles bolghan, solardan san ret sabaq alghan, keybireulershe kópirtip maqtaudy, orystarsha jónsiz kemsitudi sýimeytin qalys aghayyn.

Al P.Rumyansev bastaghan ekspedisiya pat­shalyq Resey­ding qazaq jerine qarashekpenderdi kó­shiru maqsatymen Jetisu oblysy Lepsi ýiezine qarasty Ýrjar, Myrzatay-Qarasu, Emil, Barlyq bolys­taryn (barlyghy da qazirgi Ýrjar-Maqanshy óniri) 1907-1909 jyldary arnayy zerttegen. Olar mún­daghy halyqtyng sany, tyghyzdyghy, tarihy, jagh­ra­piya­lyq ornalasuy, eldimekenderding attary, jer-su ataulary, sharuashylyghy, t.b. mәselelerdi óte mú­qiyat zerttep, shottap-qattap, jýielep, «Mate­rialy po issledovanii tuzemnogo y russkogo staro­jilicheskogo hozyaystva y zemlepolizovaniya» (Jeti­su oblysy. I tom. Lepsi ýiezi. 633 bet.) degen atpen 1911 jyly S.-Peterburgtan shygharghan. Sondyqtan biz Ýrjar - Múqanshy ónirining tarihyn bayandaghanda negizinen Q.Halid pen P.Rumyansevting enbegine kóbirek sýienemiz. Al qalghan ataghy zor bolsa da búl ónirge tikeley qatysy shamaly janama derekter qaldyrghan avtorlardyng enbekterine yaky múraghat qújattary men auyzeki derekterge tiyesili jerinde ghana jýginemiz.

Sonymen, 1757 jylghy Mamyrsu bitiminen keyin Sary Arqanyng shyghys bóligi men Jetisu qazaqtary­nyng zang jýzinde Qytaygha baghynghany mәlim. Alayda Qy­taydyng batysqa yqpaly tek Ile ózenine deyingi au­maq­pen shektelip, odan arghy bóligine qoqandyqtar ýs­temdik jýrgizedi. Al XVIII ghasyrdyng sonynda Re­sey­ding Orynbor men Sibir shepteri týiisip, Jayyqtan Búqtyrmagha deyingi 3500 verst kenistikte bir-birinen 25-30 verst qa­shyqtyqtaghy 141 bekinis pen eldimeken salynyp bitedi.

Sóitip patsha ókimeti Ayagóz, Ýrjar, Múqanshyny ózderine qaratqansha 1763 jyldan bastap Semey, Óskemen bekinisterin salyp, әuelde Ertisten ótpey, bir nәrse alsa, eselep qaytaryp, senim artysyp, әdep saqtaghansyp jýredi. Búl eki arada qazaqtar qalmaqty tyqsyryp, ata mekenine qayta qonystanumen bolady. Osy kezende qazirgi Ayagóz ben Shәueshek aralyghyn­daghy 300 shaqyrymday jer turaly Q.Halid bylay dep jazady: «Abylaydan des ala almayty­nyn bilgen torghauyttar Ertisting jogharghy saghasyna ketip, Qalba tauynyng batysyna kele almay, qalmaq eli Tarbaghataydyng ontýstigine ketip, Úr­jar ózenining batysyna kóship óte almay qalady. Dese de qazaqtar da... olargha jaqyn qona almay, bir-biri­nen seskenip, eki arada 5-6 jýz shaqyrymdyq kenistik bos jatatyn» (1. 105). "5-6 jýz shaqyrym" degeni tym kópteu. Onda Semey-Shәueshek arasynday jer bolyp ketedi. Qyzaylar men Bayjigitterding sol merzimde-aq qazirgi Qytay shekarasyna baryp qalghanyn eskersek, beytarap aimaq 200-300 shaqyrymnan aspasa kerek.

P.Rumyansev ekspedisiyasynyng derekterinshe, Jetisu qazaqtarynan Reseyge alghash baghynugha  (1819 jyly) ótinish jasaghan - Abylay hannyng úly, Uә­ly hannyng bauyry, qaramaghynda 55000 adamy bar Sý­yik súltan. Qaratal ózenining boyyn meken etken súl­tan osy niyeti arqyly Qytaygha ses kórsetip, baqta­las­tarynan baghyn asyryp, bәlkim, eki alyp elding abyroyyn salmaqtap kórgisi kelgen siyaqty. I Aleksandr patsha Sý­yikti orys bodandyghyna qa­byldap, oghan Balqash kó­li­ning shyghysyndaghy Jetisu jazyghynda ýy men meshit salyp berudi búiyrady. Alayda jergilikti patsha she­neu­nikteri saqtyqpen búl sharuany keyinge qaldy­ryp, 1825 jyly ghana Qaratal boyynda Sýiikke ýi-jay sa­lyp, kelesi jyly Qytay ýkimetining talabymen ony qayta búzady.

1822 jyly Resey ókimeti handyq biylikti joyyp, «Sibir qazaqtary turaly Jarghy» qabyldaghany mәlim. Búl Jarghy boyynsha Reseyge qaraghan Orta jýz qazaqtary Batys-Sibir general-gubernatorlyghynyng qúzyryndaghy Omby oblysyna baghyndyrylady. Oblysqa ishki jәne syrtqy okrugter kirgen. Ishki okrugter: Omby, Qyzyljar, Semey, Óskemen. Syrtqy okrugter: Qarqaraly, Kókshetau, Ýshbúlaq, Amanqaraghay, Ayagóz (1831-32 jyldan bastap). Bú­lardy qazaq bolystary saylaghan, oblys bekitken agha súltandar (yaghny duanbasylar) basqarghan. Ol oblystan taghayyndalghan 2 orys «zasedatelimen» jәne bolystar saylaytyn 2 qazaq ókilimen (qazaqtar olardy «qazy» degen) aqyldasyp, sheshim qabyl­daghan. Agha súltandy, qazyny, bolysty, auylbasyn, ýkim shygharatyn biylerdi qazaqtardyng ózi say­laghan. Alay­da onyng bәrin oblystyq basqarma bekitip otyrghan.

Osylaysha Resey ózine qaraghan elding basqa­ru jýiesin ózgertip, el arasyna әsker shygharyp, siyez (nemese týsel) ótkizip túrghan. Onda ózderine qarasty ru-taypalardyng dauly mәselelerin qarap, Zaysanda ótkizgen ýshinshi siyezde ózderine baghyn­baytyn rulargha kýsh kórsetken. Búdan keyin Qytaygha baghynyshty rular Qytay ýkimetine shaghym jasaghan. Alayda qytaylar mú­ny úsaq-týiek mәsele dep elemegen. Sóitip Qytay­dan qayyr bolmaytynyna kóz jetkizgen rulardyng basshy­la­ry ózara aqyldasyp, Reseyge baghynghan jón dep sheshken.

Q.Halidtyng bayandauynsha, 1823 jyly (Ru­myansevte XIX gh. 20-jyldarynyng ayaghynda) qy­zyl tuly tóreden Sart tóre shyghyp, balasy Joshymen aqyldasyp, ony Peterborgha jiberedi. Al P.Rumyansev ekspedisiyasynyng dereginshe, Pe­terbor emes, Batys-Sibir general-gubernatory Ve­lyaminovke ótinish jasalghan. Songhysy qisyndyraq. Talaby - «naymangha ortalyq etip bir qala salsyn» degen eken. Bizdinshe, búl - Sart tórening ghana emes, sol mandy mekendegen birsypyra iygi jaqsylar­dyn, rubasylardyng ortaq talaby. Óitkeni ol arystan­day arpalysqan Abylay, Qabanbay, Bógenbaylardyng o dýniyelik bolyp, Orta jýz qazaqtarynyng basynan baghy tayyp, Dulat, Shortanbaylardyng qanshama quatty aqyn bolsa da «zar zamandap», sary uayymgha saly­nyp, túiyqqa tirelgen shaghy edi. Kishi jýz bir jola Reseyge baghynghan, Úly jýzding bir bóligi Qytaygha, bir bóligi Qoqangha baghynyp, bólshektengen mezgili. Onyng ýstine 1805 jyldary Qytaygha aughan qazaqty toqtatu ýshin Se­meyden әsker shaqyryp, múryn Qojakeldi batyr­dyng ólimine sebep bolyp, halyqtyng qaharyna úshy­rap, Qytaygha qashqan, ondaghylar­men de syiyspay, Tar­ba­ghatay bókterin panalap, qa­raq­shylyq jasap jýr­gen tóre Sybanqúl Hanqojaúly da búlargha zor qauip tóndiredi.

Sýiik súltannyng súrauymen Qaratal boyyna bekinis salmaq bolghan әreketteri jýzege aspaghan song patsha ókimeti endi Joshy Sartúlynyng ótinishine qan­day jauap bererin bilmey, úzaq tolghanady. Alayda Ayagóz - Semey men Shәueshekting arasyndaghy saudany da­my­tu ýshin taptyrmas әri tiyimdi beket edi. Sondyqtan 1830 jyly patshanyng Ayagóz Syrtqy okrugin qúru tu­ra­ly búiryghy shyghady da, al 1831 jyly Ayagóz dua­ny­nyng negizin salyp, qazy­na ghimarattaryn túrghyzady.

Ayagóz syrtqy okrugi 1831-1838 jyldary Omby oblystyq basqarmasyna baghynady. Al 1838 jyly kókekte búl oblys joyylyp, Sibir qazaqtarynyng Shekaralyq basqar­masy qúrylghan song soghan qaraydy (QROMM. 345-qor, 3131 ed.hr).

1832 jyly Qytaydyng ambuy 300 jasaghymen Ayagóz­ge kelip, orys jasaghynyng basshysy mayor Nuke­lov­pen sóilesedi. Orystar súltan Joshy Sartúlynyng shaqyruymen kelgenin, saudagerler men jol qauipsizdigin qorghap, tәrtip ornatatynyn aitady. Qytay­lar Ayagóz ózeninen shyghysqa ótpeniz­der de­gen siyaqty eskertulermen shektelip, keri qayta­dy. Biraq orys әskeriyleri ózimizge baghynyshty­lar­dyng qauipsizdigin qamtamasyz etemiz dep, Ýrjar men Alakólge deyin yqpalyn jýrgize bastaydy. Sói­tip Balqashtan Zaysangha, ontýstigi Alataugha deyingi el Reseyge qosylghandyghyn moyyndaghan (1.152).

Q.Halidtyng jazuynsha, Ayagózde agha súltan (qazaqtar "han" dep ataghan) bolghandar mynalar (1,152-154-better):

Han men qazy ýsh jylda bir saylanghan. Tóreden han saylansa, sózsiz qabyl bolyp, qaradan han saylansa, ata-teginen beri qaray toghyz jyl halyq biyliginde, patshagha qyzmet isteu talap etilgen.

1839 jyly general-gubernatordyng syrttaghy ózderine baghynbaytyn qazaqtardy tәrtipke shaqyru turaly búiryghyn Ayagóz prikazy «teris úghyp», Sy­banqúlgha qarsy Jukov pen zasedateli Kraykin bas­taghan jasaq (otryad) attandyrady. Shekara bastyghy pol­kovnik Ladyjenskiy múny estigende shoshyp ke­tip, airyqsha tapsyrmalar sheneunigi Maslovty júm­say­dy. Biraq jasaq Tarbaghataydyng baurayyndaghy Sy­ban­qúl Hanqojaúlynyng tobyn talqandap, Syban­qúldyng ózi әreng qashyp qútylghanda ghana Maslov sony­nan quyp jetedi. Sóitip orys jasaghy keri qaytady.

Biraq 1839 jyly Kókpektiden jýzbasy Portnyagin bastaghan taghy bir jasaq shyghyp, Sy­banqúldy tútqyn­dap, oghan baghynghan eldi Ayagóz okrugining qúramyna en­gizedi. Sodan bastap Ýrjar ózeni men Ayagóz-Sheueshek joly­nyng boyynda ka­zaktardan kýzet qoyylady (2.44-45-bb.).

Jukov bastaghan jasaqtyng әreketterin Q.Haliyd­tyng myna sózderi de quattaydy: «Otryad Shәueshek­ting batys jaghyndaghy 2-3 kósh jerdegi onyng (Sy­ban­qúldyng - Á.S.) ózin elimen qosa shauyp, oiran etip, qazir ol jer «Oyran» atalady (1, 171)». Qazir Mú­qanshydan 20 shaqyrym jerdegi Kókterek auylynyng týbinde, Tarbaghatay tauynyng baurayynda Oiran degen jer bar. Ol jerden Shәueshekke deyin 2-3 kósh jer bolatyny da (qazaqtyng ýlken iri qara kóshi - 25-30, kishi kóshi, yaghni, qozy kóshi - 15-18 shaqyrym bolghan - Á.S.), onyng Shәueshekting batysynda ekeni de qisyngha kelip túr.

Ayagóz syrtqy okrugi 1831 jyly qúrylyp, onda patsha әskerining ghimarattary túrghyzylghanymen, qansha shaqyryp, jenildikter jasalsa da orys sharualary kóship kele qoymaydy. Sondyqtan 1847 jyly patsha ókimeti Sibir kazaktaryn kýshtep kóshirip әkeledi. Al 1856 jyly olargha Tom jәne Tobyl guberniyalarynyng sharualary kelip qosylady (2.50).

Alayda patsha әskerining 1839 jyly qazirgi Qytay shekarasyna deyin baryp, Sybanqúl jasaghyn talqandaghan kezinen bastap, 1855 jyly Ýrjar beketi salynghangha deyingi aralyqtaghy Múqanshy-Ýrjar tarihy kómeskileu. Búl turaly Rumyansev ekspedisiyasynyng derekteri men Q.Ha­liyd­ting kitabynda da aitylmaydy. Osynau 15-16 jyl aqtandaqtyng keybir qyrlaryn tek Sibirge aidaugha kelgen polon últshyly, qazaqtyng «tamyry» Adolif Yanushkevichting sarandau derekteri ghana ashqanday. Onyng 1846 jyly mamyrdyng basynda bir top serigimen birge Ombydan shyghyp, Semey, Ayagóz, Qaraqol arqyly Lepsige barghany hattary men kýndelikterinen mәlim. Shekara bastyghy, general-mayor Vishnevskiy bastaghan jasaq 1846 jyly 4 shildede Oijaylauda (qazirgi Lepsi - Á.S.) Úly jýzding bes ruynyng Reseyge qosylu saltanatyna qatysqan son  keri qaytady. Jol ortada negizgi jasaq Ayagózge attanyp, A. Yanushkevich­ter sanaq jýrgizu ýshin Qaraqol, Eginsu arqyly Ýrjargha deyin keledi. «Janymyzda 15 kazak 3 tilmashymyz bar Viktor ekeuimiz Qytay shekarasyna oiystyq», - dep jazady A.Yanushkevich (3;134). Jol-jónekey olar Nayman-Qarakerey ishindegi baysiyq­targha, tu­malargha, qyrjylargha (songhy ekeui kitapta «tý­men­dikter», «kirjinder» dep jansaq audarylghan - Á.S.), bolatshylargha kezigedi. Ýrjar ózenining boyyn­da túryp ol bylay dep jazady: «Qytaygha qaray biz­den 20-30 shaqyrym  jerde bir-birinen jyraq ýsh tau kólbep jatyr. Olardyng arasyndaghy Kishi taudyng syrtynda, osydan 70 shaqyrym jerde Shәueshek bar, odan berirek, 50 shaqyrymday jerde beketter.» Al 13 shilde kýngi kýndeliginde A. Yanushkevich myna­day derek keltiredi: «Lepsiden 250 shaqyrym Qarasu jaghasynda túrghanymyzgha ýshinshi kýn. Kiyiz ýiimiz­ding sol jaghynda Tarbaghataydyng ontýstik jotasy sozylyp jatyr, ong jaghymyzda kóz úshy jetpey­tin keng jazira... Aldymyzda ýsh oqshau tau, olardyng ar jaghynda Qytay beketteri. Olardan әri Qytaydyng sauda qalasy Shәueshek...»

Osy jazghandaryna qaraghanda búl sanaqshylar Jaytóbege deyin barmaghan. Tipti qazirgi Eltaydyng búrylysy men Naualygha da jetpegen siyaqty. «Bizden 20-30 shaqyrym jerde bir-birinen jyraq ýsh tau kólbep jatyr» dep otyrghany - Jaytóbe, Balatóbe jәne Qarauyltóbe (nemese Taztóbe) bolsa kerek. Ol Shәueshekten eki-ýsh shaqyrym jerde bayjigitterding basshysy Dolanbay súltan kóship jýrgenin aitady. Sonday-aq A.Yanushkevich 15 shilde kýngi kýndeliginde Dolanbaydan tushpen jazylghan hat alghanyn, ol óz qarauyndaghy halqymen birge Reseyge baghynghysy keletinin jazghanyn aitady. Yaghny ol kezde bayjigitter, tórtuyldar, qyzaylar Qytaygha qarap túrghan. Biraq A. Yanushkevich búl kezde Múqanshy manyn torghauyttardyng mekendeytinin auyzgha almaydy. Soghan qaraghanda qalmaqtar ol jer­den bayaghyda-aq kóship ketip, qazirgi Shәueshekke deyingi jerding bәrin qazaqtar jaylasa kerek. Al Ýrjar men Shәueshek arasy sol 1846 jyldary Qytay men Resey arasyndaghy beytarap aimaq esebinde bolyp, Naymannyng tórt Tólegetayynan taraghan halyqtyng qonysyna ainalghany anyq.

1855 jyly Lepsimen bir mezgilde Ýrjar beketi salyna­dy (1,155; 2,51). Qytaylar búghan qansha qarsylasqany­men orystar qúlaq aspaydy. Sol kezderdegi Batys Sibir general-gubernatorynyng jazbasynda: «bizding ot­ryad­tardy Kókpekti ja­zyghy men Ayagóz okruginde qazirgi ornynda ghana ústap, airyqsha rúqsat etilmese odan әri qytay qarauyldaryna jyljytpau kerek» delinedi de, odan әri eger qytay jaghy bizding jasaqty shegindiruge tyryssa, «kýshi basym bolmasa, eshqashan shegin­beuge» búiryq beredi.

Shәueshek salynghan song (1759 j. shamasy) batystan qazaqtar kelip, Shyghys Týrkistangha qonystana bastaghanyn Q.Halid jazady (1,133). Al 1863 jyldyng sony men 1864 jyldyng basynda Shәueshekte dýngender kóteriledi. Semeyden Shәueshektegi ahualdy bilip keluge patsha sheneunikteri júmsaghan Jolay aqsaqal jolda Múqanshyda orys konsulyna jolyghyp, barlyq jaghdaydan habardar bolady. Resey konsuly uaqytsha Ýrjargha túrugha bara jatyr edi. Saudagerler men shalaqazaqtar da Ýrjar bekinisining manyn panalaydy. Dýngenderge qazaqtar bolysyp, qytaylargha qalmaqtar bolysyp, jau jaghy kóbirek qyrylady. Búl kóteriliste dýngen jaghynan Búr batyr eren erlik kórsetip, el yqylasyna bólenedi.

Qazaq jaghynan Qarakerey Qabanbay úrpaghy Ádilbek batyr kóbirek kózge týsedi. Bayjigitter tipti Manasqa deyin baryp qaytady. Alayda sol kýz­de qalmaqtyng kikan chagan degen dinbasylary Altay men Shyghys Týrkistannan qol jiyp, Qatynsu-Múqan­shy boyynda otyrghan qazaqty (kópshiligi tórtuyldar) shauyp, Jaytóbeden ótip, Ýrjargha deyin barady.

Qalmaqtyng 1864 jyly Ýrjargha deyin barghanyna qaraghanda búl kezde Múqanshy beketi salyna qoymaghany anyq. Shәueshek kóterilisining ekinshi jazynda, yaghny 1865 jyly Baqty tauynyng etegine orys otryady kelip, olargha qytay men qalmaq qarsy shyqqanymen, eshtene tyndyra almaydy. Sol 1865 jyldan Kóktúma (derekte Kókteme) suy boyynda orystar ornyghyp alady. Áuelde 5-6 bolys elge Baqty qamaly ortalyq bolyp, uchaskelik nachalinik Mihunin degen bolady. Osynda qazaqtyng birneshe ret siyezi ótken. Al Múqanshygha orystardyng beket salyp, orystardy kóshirgen mezgili 1878 jylgha sәikes keledi. Orystar Múqanshy beketin «Ivanovskoe» dep te ataghan.

«Qazaq tarihy» jurnalynan