(HIH ghasyrdyng 60-jyldary)

(HIH ghasyrdyng 60-jyldary)

HIH ghasyrdyng II jartysynan bastap patsha ókimeti Jetisu ólkesine әskery tәrtip ornatyp, slavyan tektes halyqtardy, әsirese, kazaktardy ornalastyra bastady. Kazak әskerleri bastapqyda orys patshasynyng qúldyghynan qashqan sharualar, úrylar, әr týrli qylmys jasaghan toptardan qúraldy. Olar jartylay qaraqshy toptargha úiymdasyp, tonau­shylyq jolynda shyghysqa qaray jyljy berdi. Keyin Resey patshasynyng qyzmetine kirip, imperiyanyng jaulap alu sayasatyn jýzege asyruda manyzdy qú­ralgha ainaldy [1, s.3-26]. Ásirese, patsha ókimeti Sibirding kazak әskerlerine ýlken senim artty. Búl jóninde belgili kazak jazushysy Usov bylay dedi: «Sibir kazak әskerleri Jayyq jәne Don kazaktary siyaqty óz betinshe ónip shyqqan jemis bolghan joq. Ony qoldan jasap shygharghan ýkimet edi. Halyqtyng erkinen tys, әr týrli әkimshilik reformalardy jýzege asy-ru arqyly, jer auyp kelgen nemese qylmysker әielderge ýilendire otyryp, kazaktardyng qa-taryn jasandy týrde kóbeyte aldy. Sonday-aq olargha qoghamdyq jәne ózin-ózi basqaru mekemelerin ashyp berdi... Osynyng bәri ainalyp kelgende qazaq dalasyn otarlau ýshin jasalghan sharalar edi» [2, s.17]. 1846 jyly Sibir kazak әskeri 48 myngha ósip, shepteri Qazaqstannyng shekaralary arqyly Jetisugha deyin sozylyp jatty. Olardy shekaralas audandardy Qytay imperiyasy men Qoqan handyghynan qorghau degen jeleumen әkelgenimen, Reseyding basty maqsaty ólkeni otarlau edi. Osy pighyldy Duknasov degen avtor bylay dәleldeydi: «Birinshi bolyp orystardyng Orta Aziyany otarlaudaghy bizding memleketimizge senimdi tirek bolatyn negizgi kýsh - kazaktar. Kazaktardy basqynshy kýsh retinde pay-dalana otyryp, olargha basyp alghan jerlerin beru, arttaryna alandamaytynday jaghday jasau arqyly biz kóp jeniske jete alamyz. Basyp alghan jerlerin óz menshigine iyelengen kazaktar sol jerdi keneytu ýshin ózderi-aq jana jerlerdi jaulay beredi. Sonyng arqasynda Resey ol jerlerde de óz za­ny, ýkimin jýrgizip, búratanalardy bosqyn etip, tipti olardy orysqa sinirip jiberip otyra alamyz» [3, 69 b].

Reseyding ólkeni otarlau jәne qonystandyru jónindegi josparlarynyng jýzege asyrylu sebepte­rin ashyp kórsetken IY.Zavilishiyn bylay dep jazdy: «... búl (Jetisu ólkesi - M.D) - qazir Reseyding Orta Aziya­gha qaray jyljuyndaghy asa baghaly tabystarynyng biri. Tipti Amur men Ussuriyden kóp jaghynan alghanda manyzdyraq, óitkeni Amur shalghayda ornalasqan, ony iygerip, әskery bazagha ainaldyru asa qymbatqa týsedi, al qazaq dalasy Ombynyng jolynda tiyip túr jәne Jetisuda Ileden arghy ólkege baru men ornyghudy әrqashan qamtamasyz etuge bolady. Óitkeni, ondaghy tabighat pen ósimdikter orystyng ontýstik guberniyalarynan ghana emes, sonymen qatar Soltýstik Italiyadan da kem týspeydi. Aqyrynda, bolashaqta halyqtyng tyghyzdyghy artyp, orys guberniyalary jana jerlerdi qatty talap etken kezde úlan-ghayyr otar ýshin búl dayyn túrghan jәne qúnarly negiz...» [4, s.152].

HIH ghasyrdyng II jartysynda bastalghan qonystandyru sayasatynyng aldyn ala tolyq zertteusiz, dayyndyqsyz jәne josparsyz týrde jýrgizilui qazaq dalasyna adam aitqysyz auyr zardaptar әkeldi. Patsha ókimetining is jýzinde kóshpeli ómir-ding qyrsyryna ýniluge yqylasy da bolghan joq.Resey imperiyasynyng otarshyldyq sayasatynyng aghylshyndardyng Ýndistandaghy sayasatynan aiyr-mashylyghy - jaulap alghan elderdi tolyq jәne bir-jola orystandyru iydeyasyna negizdeluinde. Resey imperalizmi maqsatty týrde birinshiden, kóshpeli halyqtardyng jerine týbegeyli oryn tebu, ekinshiden, sol jerlerdi naghyz orystyq ónirge ainaldyru, ýshinshiden, jergilikti túrghyndardy Europalyq Re-seyden kelgen qonys audarushylar arqyly yghystyru sayasatyn jýrgizdi.

Keybir avtorlar patshalyq Reseydegi agrarlyq daghdarysty joydyng joly - jeke menshik jerlerdi memleket paydasyna alu dep sanaydy [5, 208b]. Patsha ókimeti­ning qazaq jerlerin memleketting menshigine qanday jolmen alghany jóninde akademik K.Núrpeyis bylay deydi: «Patsha ókimeti qazaq halqy mekendegen jerdi memleketting menshigi dep jariyalap, qúnarly alqaptardy qonys audaru qoryna, kazak әskerlerin ornalastyru uchaskelerine, patsha әuletining jeke men­shigine, t.s.s. kýshtep tartyp alyp otyrdy» [6, 70 b]. Patsha ókimetining qonystandyru sayasatynyng qazaq hal­qy ýshin auyr saldary bolghanyn S.Asfendiyarov ta atap kórsetti: «Patsha ókimetining qonystandyru saya­saty, - dep jazdy ol, - qazaq memlekettiligine asa ýlken apat әkeldi. Búl sayasattyng keri saldary baylar biyligining nyghangymen ýndesip, qazaq enbekshi búqarasyna jәne kedeylerine ózining bar salmaghyn saldy. Onda patsha ókimetining qonystandyru sayasatyn sipattaytyn negizgi belgiler mynalar:

1) qonystandyru mekemeleri әkimderding qiyana-ty nәtiyjesinde neghúrlym baghaly jerlerdi, qúndy jerlerdi su kózderimen qosyp alyp qoiy;

2) qazaq halqynyng múqtajdyqtaryn mýldem kóz­ge ilmeui, jer tóniregindegi shatasular, kóshu yrghaghy­nyng búzyluy;

3) qazaq auyldarynyng ózderi mekendeytin jerlerden ýzdiksiz qonys audaruy, ondaghy qúry­lystyng joyyluy, dayyn sulandyru jýielerin jәne orman alqaptaryn basyp alulary;

4) jappay óz betinshe qonystanulargha jol beru jәne olardy odan әri qonystanushylargha jatqyzu».

S.Asfendiyarov sonday-aq patsha ókimetining qo­nystandyru sayasatyndaghy oryn alghan әr týrli óres­keldikterding qazaqtardyng mýddesine mýlde qay­shy kelgenin atap kórsetti [7, s.290].

Jetisugha kazaktardyng kelui 1831 jyly Ayagóz, 1847 jyly Qapal bekinisterining negizi qalanuynan bastau alady. Sol jyldary Ayagózge kazaktardyng 50, Qapalgha 300 otbasy kóship keledi [8, s.267]. Resey imperiyasynyng әskeriy-әkimshilik oryndary­nyng qúryluy ólkeni otarlaugha keninen jol ashty. Patsha ókimetining kazaktardy Jetisugha kóptep әkelip qonystandyruy ólkedegi әskeriy-әkimshilik oryn­da­rynyng «jemisti» qyzmet atqarghanynyng nәtiy­jesi.Gubernator D.IY.Romanovskiy patsha ókimetining qazaq dalasyn qalay otarlaghany jayly bylay dedi: «Qazaqtargha orystar engizgen ishki basqaru «tәrtibi» Speranskiy basqaryp túrghan kezdegi Batys Sibirden keldi. Sol jaqtan qazaq dalasyna qimyl әreketimiz bastaldy. Aldymen qazaqtardy baqylau ýshin әskerler jiberip túrdyq, sosyn olardyng jerine tirek oryndaryn ornattyq, al sodan keyin әskery bekinisterimizdi túrghyzyp, qazaq dalasynda orystardyng qonystaryn salyp, otarlau­gha kiristik» [9, s.19]. 1854-1860 jyldar Jetisudy iyemdenuding belsendi kezeni boldy. Jana bekinister men qamaldar túrghyzylyp, baylanys joldary salyndy. Mysalgha, 1854 jyly Almaty shatqalynda Vernyy bekinisi, 1855 jyly Ýlken Almaty, Lepsi, Ýr­jar, Kóksu, 1858 jyly Sofino, Qarabúlaq, Nadej­dino, Kóksu, 1859 jyly Qastek be-kinisi, 1860 jyly Kishi Almaty stanisalaryn saldy. Múnymen qatar ka­zaktar Jetisu ólkesinde 12 beketting negizin qalaydy. Alatau duanbasy Kolpakovskiydin 1861 jyly 3 jeltoqsanda bergen №2774 mәlimetinde duandaghy túraqty әskerlerden basqa Sibir kazak әskerleri­ning 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 polkterining bólimderin janaghy atal­ghan mekenge ornalastyrady [10,24-25 p].

Kazak әskerlerin ornalastyru arqyly patsha ókimeti Orta Aziyagha ilgerileu ýshin alghy shep dayyn­dady jәne eng bastysy túraqty kazak әskerlerin qazaqtyng sana-sezimin túnshyqtyrugha jәne últ-azattyq qozghalys kýshterin talqandaugha arnady.

Resey imperiyasynyng әskeriy-әkimshilik oryn­darynyng qúryluy Ile ólkesin otarlaugha keninen jol ashty. Resey guberniyalarynan qúral-ghan ka­zaktardyng alghashqy toby-1990 otbasy 1855 jyldyng 4 shildesinde Vernyy bekinisine kelip qo­nystanady. Kelesi jyly kazaktardyng qatary taghy da 326 otbasymen tolyghady [11, 38-47 p]. Jetisuda otarshyldardyng sanyn kóbeytudi oilaghan Sibir әkimshiligi 1857 jyly 16 mamyrda ólkege 256 kazak otbasyn әkelip, Esik, Qaskelen, Kóksu ózenderining boyyna ornalastyrsa, sol jyly mausymda kazaktar-dyng qatary taghy 300 otbasygha kóbeyedi [12, 1-8 p]. Jetisuda myqtap ornyqqan orystardyng әskeriy-әkim­shiligi ólkege kazaktardy ornalastyruda jergilikti qazaqtarmen sanaspady. 1857 jyly 16 mamyrda Jeke Sibir korpusy komandiyrining podpolkovnik Abakumov­ke kazaktardy qonystandyru turaly bergen №29 núsqauynda «Jetisu ólkesindegi kazaktardyng sanyn arttyrmaq bolghan sharalarynyzdy ordalyqtar bilmey-aq qoysyn jәne olardyng eshqanday kelisimin kerek etpeniz. Olar ne bolsa da bәri dayyn bolghan kezde bilsin» delingen [12, 143 p]. Ólkedegi kazaktar­dy kóbeyte týsken orys әkimshiligi 1860 jyly 1 qantar­da Tobyl jәne Tom guberniyalarynan 59 otbasyn әkelip, Sofino jәne Nadejdino stanisalaryna ornalastyrsa, kóktemde sol guberniyalardan taghy 97 kazaktyng janúyasyn әkelip, Qarabúlaq, Qaskelen, Sofino, Nadejdino qonystaryna kóshiredi [13, 1-2 p]. Bastabynda patsha ókimeti kóbinese ka­zak janúyalaryn ólkege kýshpen әkelgen. My­saly, 1860 jyly 20 sәuirde Qastek pen Úzynaghashqa kelip ornalasqan kazaktardyng 143 otbasynyng tek 29-y ghana óz erkimen kóship kelgen [14, 3-16 p]. Jetisugha kelip ornalasqan kelimsekter jóninde ge­neral G.A.Kolpakovskiy 1868 jyly Týrkistan ge­neral-gubernatoryna jazghan hatynda bylay deydi: «Jetisu oblysyndaghy bas-tapqy qonystandyru әreketi jerebe arqyly jýrgizildi. Qazaqtardyng dayyn egistikterine, jayylymdaryna ýkimet tarapynan be­riletin jәrdemaqy esebinen kýn kóretin kýdikti, ýisiz adamdar ornalasty» [15, 21 b]. Áskeriy-әkimshilik oryndary kóship kelgen kazak otbasylaryna qazyna esebinen kóptegen jenildikter jasaydy. Mysaly, ofiyserlerge 100, qatardaghy kazaktargha 50 somnan aqsha, 4 jylgha arnalghan nesiyege túqymdyq, túrghyn ýy salugha tegin qúrylys materialdary, adam basyna 30 desyatinadan jer uchaskeleri bóli­nip berildi [12, 5-8 p]. Kazaktardyng Jetisudy qonys­tanuynyng jergilikti halyqqa tiygen zardaptary óte auyr boldy. Óitkeni, olar jartylay әskery topqa jatatyn. Sondyqtan olardyng is-әreketteri kýshke, zorlyq-zombylyqqa sýiendi. Mysaly M.Sviridov, Z.idiyn degen kazaktar Vernyy bekinisine tayau ornalasqan qazaq auylyna baryp, dýniye-mýlikterin tartyp әketedi [16, 3 p]. Sonday-aq kazaktar qara halyqty bylay qoyyp, qazaq biylerining maldaryn tartyp alghan. Solardyng biri Tughanbay by kazaktardan qysym kórip, duan bastyghyna bylay dep shaghymdanady: «Horunjiy Treshkov bastaghan kazaktar tal týste auylyma kelip, eki týiemdi kýshpen tartyp alyp ketti. Ketip bara jatyp eger de týielerindi alghyng kelse, maghan 50 som aqsha әkep beresin», - dedi [17, 3 p]. Alatau duan bastyghynyng polisiya basqarmasyna jibergen №55 búiryghynda myna jaghdaydy kórsetedi: «Jynghyldy beketining janynda qystap otyrghan Tilenshi biyding auylyna týnde 3 orys kelip, ógizi men siyryn almaq bolghanda әieli siyrdyng dauysynan oyanyp, ýiinen jýgirip shyghady, sol kezde olar әielding basyn jaryp, óltirip ketedi» [18, 2 p].

Kazak-orystardyng qazaqqa jasaghan qiyanattary men zorlyqtaryn, jergi­likti әskeriy-әkimshildik oryn-dary toqtatudyng ornyna, qayta olargha dem berip, ozbyrlyghyn ashyq týrde qoldap otyrghan. Mysaly, Úly jýz pristavy podpolkovnik Peremysheliskiy 1855 jyly 4 qazanda albandardyng agha súltany Tezekting auy­lyn shabugha qaruly kazaktardy jiberedi. Olar auyl­dy tonap, albandardy soqqygha jyghyp, kózderinshe bir ógizin soyyp jep, 6 jylqy, 100-dey qoylaryn aidap әketedi [19, 7 p]. Keyin búl «dәstýrdi» onyng ornyna kelgen Kolpakovskiy de jalghastyrady. Ol 1858 jyly 11 mausymda qaruly 40 kazakty suandardyng agha súltany Tazabek Músylmanovtyn auylyna attandyrady. Búl joly әbden erkinsigen kazaktar agha súltannyng ózin soqqygha jyghyp, ýiindegi barlyq qazynasyn, 200 qoyyn oljalaydy [20, 18 p].

Kazaktardyng jergilikti halyqqa jasaghan qiyanaty shekten asyp ketkenin orys she­neu­nikterining ózderi de moyyndaydy. Múny Týr­ki­stannyng general-gubernatory bolghan Kauf­mannyn Tashkent aqsýiekterining aldynda sóilegen sózinen tabugha bolady: «Bastapqy kezde bizding kazaktar qaraqshylardan kem bolmay, qazaqtardy tonaumen ainalysty. Sol kazaktardyng bir toby Úly jýz qazaqtarynyng auyldaryna tangha jaqyn basyp kirip, býkil jylqylaryn aidap jәne 3 myng qazaqty ólti­rip ketken. Osynyng arqasynda olar qomaqty payda tauyp otyrghan» [21, s.231]. Jetisu kazaktarynyng arasynda maskýnemdik, zinaqorlyq, qúmarpazdyq, úrlyq keng etek alghan. Qorghansyz qazaq auyldaryn tonaudan aldyna jan salmaghan olar qauip-qaterge úshyrasa, bәrin tastap qashatyn naghyz qorqaqtar bolghan [22, s.116-117]. Jetisu kazaktarynyng maskýnem­dikke salynghan mәlimetin orys ghalymy Semenov-Tyani-Shaniskiydin enbekterinen kezdestiremiz. Onda ol Úly jýz pristavy Homentovskiy men Qapal bekinisining bastyghy Abakumovten bastap kazaktar­dyng kóp bóligining әbden ishkilikke salynghanyn jazady [23, s.78-94].

Kazak-orystardyng maskýnemdikke salynyp, úr-lyq­ty kәsip etkeni jóninde 1861 jyly shyqqan «Voen­nyy sborniktin» №5 sanynda mynaday mәli­metter kezdesedi: «Kazaktardyng arasynda qazaq auyldarynyng maldaryn úrlau naghyz kәsipke ainal­ghan. Ókinishtisi sol, olar úrlyqty mýldem qylmysqa sanamaydy» [24, s.7].

1861 jyly Reseyde sharualardyng basybaylyq­tan bosatyluy Jetisu ólkesine qonys audarushylar qozghalysynyng óristey týsuine әser etti. Nәtiyjesinde Ile ólkesinde kazaktardyng sany artyp, naghyz otarlaushy kýshke ainaldy. 1862 jyly Vernyida 4322 er, 1442 әiel bolsa, Talgharda 571 er, 682 әiel, Esikte 717 er, 584 әiel, Qaskelende 3358 er, 340 әiel [22, s.115]. Sofinoda 571 er, 682 әiel, Nadejdinoda 717 er, 584 әiel bolghan [25, 57 b].

1867 jyly kazak-orystardyng sany bala-sha­ghalarymen qosqanda 14648 adamgha jetken [15, 21 b]. Sonymen qatar Jetisugha tatarlar da kóship keledi. Olar «shala qazaqtar» degen jalpy ataumen Vernyidyng shetine ornalasty. Reseyding әskery qyzmetinen qashqan tatar jigitteri qazaqtan әiel alyp, óz balalaryn keyin әskerge almas ýshin últyn «shala qazaq» dep jazdyrdy. Olardyng kóbisi sauatty bolghandyqtan tilmash, ýy múghalimi siyaqty qyzmetter atqardy jәne sauda-sattyqpen ainalysty.

1856 jyly Resey Senaty shala qazaqtardy 10 jyldyng ishinde Sibir kazaktarynyng qataryna ótuge mindettedi. Alayda shala qazaqtardyng kópshi­ligi kazak boludan bas tartyp, qazaqtargha qosylyp ketti [26, s.181].

Sauaty bar shala qazaqtar patsha ókimeti ýshin óte qauipti sanalghan. Óitkeni olar islam dinin ústanatyndyqtan, Reseyge qarsy ýgit-nasihat jú­mystaryn jýrgizui mýmkin edi. Sondyqtan Sibir әkimshiligi Alatau duanyndaghy әskeriy-әkimshilik oryn­daryna shala qazaqtardyng qazaqtarmen birge kóship-qonuyna tyiym salyp, bәrin Vernyidaghy tatar nemese Tashkent qonysyna (slobodka) jinaugha núsqau beredi. Alatau duan bastyghynyng 1866 jylghy 10 aqpandaghy №482 mәlimetinde shala qazaqtar Tashkent slobodkasynda 351, Qapal duanynda 177, Toqmaqta 158, Ystyqkólde 77, Ayakózde 67, barlyghy 730 otbasy bolghan [27, 1-3 p].

Sonday-aq, patsha ókimeti Jetisu ólkesine dýn­genderding kóterilisinen qashqan qytaylyq az últtar­dy da qonystandyrady. 1864 jyly Qytay-dan qash­qan eginshilikten habary bar sibe, solan, qal-maqtar­dy Jetisudyng halyq tyghyz ornalasqan au-dan­dary­na ornalastyryp, ólkedegi ekonomikalyq jagh­daydy kýsheytuge úmtylady. Patsha ókimeti osy ha­lyq­tar arqyly ishkilikten kóz ashpaghan kazaktardyng eginshi­lik sharuashylyghyn arttyrugha tyrysqan [28, 1 p].

Batys Sibir general-gubernatorynyng Áskery ministrge jibergen 1865 jylghy 13 qarashadaghy №6532 mәlimdemesinde: «shamamen alynghan derek­ter boyynsha bizding iyeligimizge 5 myngha juyq qy­taylyqtar ótpekshi. Oghan bizding ýkimet rúqsatyn bergendikten, olardy Kolpakovskiy Qastek, Kóksu jәne Ile bekinisterinde qystatpaqshy... Sibe jәne solandardyng ólkege qonystanuy kazaktargha ýlgi bolyp, sharuashylyq pen ónerkәsipting damuyna ýlken septigin tiygizer edi», - delingen [29, s.179].

1866 jyldyng kýzinde Jetisu ólkesine 13 myn­day qytaylyq kóship keledi. Alghashynda qytaydyng qúldyghynda bolyp, keyinnen Shyghys Týrkistangha egin egu ýshin jer audarylghan, keyin ondaghy mú­sylmandardyng kóterilisinen orystardyng iyeligine qaray qashyp qútylghan sibe-solan, qalmaqtardy patsha ókimeti óz mýddesine paydalanu ýshin qúshaq jaya qarsy alyp, olargha ay sayyn adam basyna 2 shiyrekten (chetvert) astyq beredi [30, 2 p]. Al kelesi jyldan bastap olardy jappay shoqyndyryp, pra­vo­slavie dinine kirgize bastaydy. Sol jyly kóship kel­gen qytaylyqtardyng 1037-si pravoslavie dinine ótip, Sibir kazaktarynyng qúramyna qosylady [31, 4 p].

Qysqasy, HIH ghasyrdyng 60-jyldarynyng orta­syna deyin, Jetisuda 300 mynnan astam adam túrghan. Onyng 90 payyzyn ólkening ejelgi túrghyndary qazaqtar (basym kópshiligi) men qyrghyzdar (eleusiz bóligi) qúraghan. 1867 jyly bar bolghany 24765 adam ghana bolghan, orystardyng әsker qyzmetindegiler 5265, 15000 kazak jәne 4500 әr tektiler. Búdan orys túrghyndarynyng basym bóligi әskery adamdar men olardyng otbasy mýsheleri ekenin bayqaymyz. Qazaq­tar men qyrghyzdardyng arasyndaghy tatarlardyng sa­ny 1500 adam ghana. Basym bóligi saudamen ainaly­syp, negizinen qala, bekinis jәne stanisalarda túrghan.

Sóitip, HIH ghasyrdyng 60-jyldarynda Jetisu halqynyng últtyq qúramy kóbeydi, túrghylyqty ha­lyqtyng ýlesi kemip, kelimsek halyqtardyng ýles sal­maghy úlghangyna alghysharttar jasaldy.

«Qazaq tarihy» jurnalynan