Qazaq foliklorynda anyzgha qaraghanda kórkem, biraq kórkemdigi ertegiden tómen dep anyqtama beriletin әpsana - hikayat janry bar.Onyng búnday sapa qasiyetin ashatyn faktordyng biri - oryndalu qyzmeti. «Foliklorlyq janrlar teoriyasyn zertteu ýstinde eskerudi qajet etetin faktordyng biri - shygharmanyng oryndalu mәneri, yaghny aitushy oqighagha ózin qatysty qylyp aita ala ma, әlde kerisinshe, shygharmadaghy oqighany ózine esh qatysy joq qylyp bayanday ma, - mine, búl da folikor janrlaryn erekshelendiretin jәit» [1, 32-b.]. Ayta ketetin taghy bir erekshelik toponimdik foliklor janrlarynyng oryndalu qyzmetining birdey emestigi. Yaghny aitushy (oryndaushy) adam bir janrlyq týrding ózinde eki týrli әdispen paydalana alady. Yaghny birde oqighany óz atynan tarqatyp aitsa,birde ózin ol oqighagha qatyssyz qylyp, ekinshi jaqtan әngimeleydi.

Qazaq foliklorynda anyzgha qaraghanda kórkem, biraq kórkemdigi ertegiden tómen dep anyqtama beriletin әpsana - hikayat janry bar.Onyng búnday sapa qasiyetin ashatyn faktordyng biri - oryndalu qyzmeti. «Foliklorlyq janrlar teoriyasyn zertteu ýstinde eskerudi qajet etetin faktordyng biri - shygharmanyng oryndalu mәneri, yaghny aitushy oqighagha ózin qatysty qylyp aita ala ma, әlde kerisinshe, shygharmadaghy oqighany ózine esh qatysy joq qylyp bayanday ma, - mine, búl da folikor janrlaryn erekshelendiretin jәit» [1, 32-b.]. Ayta ketetin taghy bir erekshelik toponimdik foliklor janrlarynyng oryndalu qyzmetining birdey emestigi. Yaghny aitushy (oryndaushy) adam bir janrlyq týrding ózinde eki týrli әdispen paydalana alady. Yaghny birde oqighany óz atynan tarqatyp aitsa,birde ózin ol oqighagha qatyssyz qylyp, ekinshi jaqtan әngimeleydi.

S.Qasqabasov foliklor shygharmalaryn bayandau әdisterin transformativti (ózgerte bayandau), prezentativti (núsqau kórsete bayandau), ekspozivtivti (týsindire bayandau) dep birneshe týrge bóledi [1, B.33-34.]. Búnday jikteu toponimdik foliklor janrlaryna da tәn. Mәselen toponimdik anyzgha toqtalsaq anyzdyng búl týrinde qiyal, qospa bolmaydy. Oqigha shyndyq ómirge say bayandalady. Oryndalu mәnerinde prezentativti bayandau men ekspozivti bayandau qatar oryn alady deuge bolady. Sózimiz dәleldi bolu ýshin mysalgha jýginelik. Halyq arasynda qazaq pen qalmaq soghystarynyng kuәli janghyryghynday jer-sudyng qoyylu sebebin núsqay kórsetetin anyzdar aitylady. Sonyng biri - «Qúl men qyz» anyzy. Anyz boyynsha qalmaqqa tútqyngha týsken qazaq jigiti qalmaq bayynyng qyzymen kónil qosady. Qyzdyng sheshesi bir kezderi qolgha týsip, qalmaq bayyna eriksiz toqal bolghan qazaq qyzy eken. Ol qyzynyng qúl bolyp jýrgen qazaq jigitimen birge qashuyna tilekshi bolady. Sodan bir kýni týn jamylghan ekeu - qúl men qyz - qazaq eli qaydasyng dep qashyp shyghady. Alayda mejeli jerge jaqyndaghanda arttarynan qughynshy keledi. Ony kórgen jigit qyzdy ilgeri ozdyryp, talayynan kórmek bolyp, qalmaqtarmen aiqasqa kiredi. Alayda qarasy kóp qughynshygha shamasy kelmey sol jerde mert bolady. Qúldy óltirip, endi ózining sonynan týsken qalmaqtardy kórgen qyz jarqabaqtan sugha sekirip óledi. Sol kezden bastap qúl ólgen tóbe - Qúl dep, qyz sugha ketken kólding biyik jaghasy - Qyz dep atalypty dep bayandaydy anyz. Qarasanyz búl anyzda foliklor shygharmalarynyng oryndalu әdisterining barlyq týri de aralas oryn alghan.

Toponimdik anyzdardyng oryndalu týrlerin taldaghan enbeginde S.Qasqabasov: «Toponimdik anyzdyng ekinshi týrine jer-su, meken atyn naqty bir tarihy faktige qatysy joq, biraq jalpy shyndyqqa sayatyn oqigha arqyly bayandaytyn, sonday-aq belgili bir jer-sudyng payda boluyn eshbir miftik úghymgha baylanystyrmay biraq qiyalgha negizdele әngimeleytin shygharmalar jatady. Búl anyzdardyng mazmúny kóbine qayghyly bolady, әngime kenetten ayaqtalyp, oqigha kýrt ýziledi, al keyipkerler baqytsyz jaghdaygha dushar bolady» [1, 150-b.] - deydi. Onyng mysalyna Jorghabel degen jer atyna baylanysty anyzdy keltiredi. Jogharyda aitylghan Qúl men Qyz anyzy ghalym kórsetip túrghan teoriyalyq qisyngha dәl keledi. Anyzda naqtyly tarihy fakty joq. Qazaq pen qalmaq arasyndaghy qaqtyghys jalpy fon ghana. Biraq senimdi bayandalady. Óitkeni onday soghystardyng bolghandyghyn, onyng zardaptaryn әrkim de biledi, sondyqtan senimmen qaraydy. Endeshe anyz oqighasy jalpy shyndyqqa say bayandalady. Jer atynyng Qúl men Qyz qoyylu sebebi eshqanday miftik týsinikti qatystyrmay, ghajayypty bir jaghday kiyliktirilmey osy tarihy shyndyqpen bildiriledi. Anyzdyng bastamasy optimistik sipatta bolghanymen jalpy mazmúny qayghyly oqighagha qúrylyp, jastardyng mert boluymen ayaqtalady. Jerding solay ataluyna baylanysty bolghandyqtan toponimdik anyz atalyp túrghan búl foliklor sujeti tanymdyq qyzmet atqaryp túr. Jalpy toponimdik anyzdarda oqigha sujetin bayandaudaghy til estetikasyn aitpasa basqaday estetikalyq qyzmet atqaratynday nysan bolmaydy. Onyng negizgi funksiyasy - tanymdyq. Búl qyzmetpen qosa keybir anyz maghlúmattyq, tәrbiyelik funksiya da atqarady.

Anyz әr elding basynan ótken tarihy jaghdaylaryna baylanysty tuyndaydy. S.Qasqabasov atap kórsetkendey anyzdardyng sujeti kóp jaghdayda últtyq qana bolady, bir elding anyzy ekinshi elge auyspaydy, tipti anyzdyng kópshiligi aimaqtyq (lokalinyi) qana bolady [2, 122-b.].

Endi әpsana janrynyng atqaratyn qyzmet ereksheligine kelsek, onyng negizgi funksiyasy ghibrattyq bolyp keledi. Biz búl әpsana janryn ishtey tarihiy-mekendik әpsana jәne utopiyalyq әpsana dep eki topqa bóldik. Bólu sebebimiz әpsanalardyng búl eki týrinde toponimdik ataulardyng qoldanyluy bir sarynda bolghanymen, olardyng atqaratyn funksiyalary әrtýrli: mәselen tarihiy-mekendik әpsanada belgili bir mekennin, jer-sudyng shyghu sebebi, keyde oghan elge belgili tarihy túlghanyng qatysy aitylady. Onyng oryndalu qyzmetinde osy shart mindetti týrde atqaryluy tiyis. Óitpegen jaghdayda ol tarihiy-mekendik funksiya atqara almas edi.

Sonymen tarihiy-mekendik әpsananyng qyzmeti jer-sugha baylanysty tuyndaghan halyq prozasynyng týrin kórkemdep aitu, oghan ghibrattyq sipat beru bolyp tabylady. Mysaly, әpsana-hikayattyq sarynda bayandalatyn «Kәlken» degen jer atyn alyp qarayyq. Kezinde «Túzdykól» dep atalatyn kólding jaghasyn jaylaghan bir baydyng Kәlken atty jalghyz qyzy bolady. Qyz boy jetip, kórshi rudyng bir jigitine ghashyq bolady. Eki jas kónil qosyp, ýilenbekshi bolghan kezinde qyzdyng әkesi qarsy bolyp, qyzyn ýiinde qamap ústap shygharmaghan eken. Sondaghy sebep - jigit bir baydyng jylqyshysy eken. Sýigenine qosyla almaghan Kәlken súlu kóp qayghyryp, qúsadan qaytys bolady. Al ýsh kýn ótkennen son, bay sudyng jiyegine barsa, móldirep jatqan kól qara sugha ainalypty. Esh nәrsening mәnisin týsine almaghan bay bәibishesine aityp, jalshylaryna sudy batpaqtan tazartudy búiyrady. Onysynan týk shyqpay baydyng ózi de, adamdary da batpaqtyng arasynan shygha almay, óledi. Jalghyz qyzynyng kóz jasynan qoryqpaghan bay azappen jahannamgha attanghan jerdi halyq «Kәlken» dep atap ketken eken [3, 74-b.]

Kórip otyrghanymyzday, búl әpsanada tarihy fakty bayqalmaydy. Tek qana Túzdykól, Kәlken degen jerding attary bolmasa, shyndyqty tayanysh eter eshtene joq. Al Kәlken degen atau kisi atynan auysyp qoyylghandyghy anyq, әitpese ol jer bederinin, tabighat belgisining atauy emes. Degenmen búl jer atynyng atalu sebebi qiyal negizinde bayandalady.

Túzdykóldi jaylaghan bay ýiining tragediyasy mahabbatqa qarsy bolugha baylanysty tuyndaydy. Ápsanada «qyzynyng kóz jasynan qoryqpaghan baydyn» batpaqqa batyp óluin kórsetu arqyly imandylyq, izgiliktik mәselesi kóteriledi. S.Qasqabasov «Janazyq» atty zertteu enbeginde «Toqpannyng balalary» atalatyn әpsanany taldap tanytu barysynda: «Ápsanada sonday-aq moralidyq, imandylyq (nravstvennosti) mәn de bar, al búl әpsana-hikayat janry ýshin basty sharttardyng biri. Jogharydaghy әpsanadan taghy bir bayqaytynymyz - búl janr shygharmalarynyng qayghyly da ayaqtala beretindigi, demek, múnda ertegige jatpaytyn prozalyq janrlardyng taghy bir qasiyeti boy kórsetedii» [1, 159-b], - dep әpsana-hikayat janrynyng oryndalu jay-kýiindegi basty sharttardy atap aitady. Jogharyda biz mysalgha alyp otyrghan әpsana-hikayat ta osy sharttargha tolyq jauap beredi. Sonda әpsana-hikayattyng negizgi funksiyasy osy sharttardy oryndau arqyly kórinis tabady dep esepteuge bolady.

Utopiyalyq әpsanalar әleumettik-qiyaly әpsanalar dep te atalady. Qalay ataghanda da onyng mәni bir - «qoy ýstine boztorghay júmyrtqalaghan zamangha» jetu, «Jiydelibaysyn», «Jerúiyq» sekildi abat mekenderde ómir sýru.

Qiyndyqtan shyghu, malgha qútty, adamgha jayly qonys izdeu adamzat psihologiyasyna tәn nәrse. Osy negizde topan su әpsanasy, Asanqayghynyng Jerúiyqty izdeui siyaqty әpsanalar tudy.

Qobylandynyng basynda tyghuly jatqan at basynday altyn bar eken degen de әpsana bar. Aqtóbe oblysy, Qobda audany, Sarybúlaq auylynyng túrghyny Áltay Ermúqanov qart osyghan baylanysty mynaday әngimeni syr ghyp shertedi: Bir kýni salt atty adam atpen jortyp kele jatyrghanda aldynan bir týlki qashady.Jolaushynyng aty jýirik eken. Týlkige jetip-aq qalady. Alayda qúiryghyn olay bir audaryp, bylay bir audaryp qashqan týlki mejeli bir jerge jetkende inge kirip ketedi. Týlkige jete almay opynyp qalghan salt atty inning auzyn biraz qarauyldap, endi jýrmekshi bolghanda әlgi týlki innen shyghyp, qúbylyp basqa bir maqúlyqtyng keypine enip, ózin qughan adamgha til qatady.

- Men Qúrtqa edim, - deydi ol. Men ólmesting suyn ishkenimnen mәngi jasaytyn boldym. Qobylandygha ish degenimde, ol batyrlyghyna salyp ishpey qoydy. Endi men onyng basyndaghy (beyitindegi) at basynday altyndy kýzetip jýrmin. Búl aitylghan sujet oryndaluy jaghynan әpsana-hikayatqa keledi, qúbylushylyq, ólmesting suyn ishu jaghynan miftik sipaty da bar.

Toponimdik hikayat әpsanadaghy arman, ansardyng oryndalghan varianty ispetti diniy-kitaby derekter men әuliye, payghambarlar jónindegi sujetterdi beynelep jetkizudi maqsatyna alatynday. Qazyghúrt, Qap taulary jónindegi hikayattar osyny aighaqtaydy.

Hikayattardyng sany tym az. Al endi jer-sugha baylanysty hikayattardy keng týrde qarastyratyn bolsaq, týrli varianttary tabylady. El ishinde olardyng bir parasy Qydyrgha baylanysty atalady. Olardyng oryndalu týri de erekshe. Solardyng birine toqtalalyq. Birde nazar ruynyng Sәnkibay batyry joryqtan aty bodyryp kele jatyp aidalagha týsip, at shaldyryp, erin jastanyp qalghyp ketken eken deydi. Bir mezette bireu dybystaghanday bolghasyn kózin ashsa, qasynda esek mingen aq shúnaq shal túrghanyn kóredi. - Assalau-maghaleykum, Ata! Sәnkibaydyng sәlemin alghan shal:

- Balam-ay, tayaghym jerge týsip ketti. Ápershi, - deydi.

Sәnkibay jalmajan úshyp týregep, shaldyng tayaghyn әperip, izet etip bas iyedi. Boldyryp qalghan jalghyz attyng qorlyghy ótken batyrdyng jýzi synyq ekenin andaghan shal:

- Bolar, bar bol! - dep tayaghyn ala bere kidirip: - Shyraghym, birdemege qatty qamyghulysyng ghoy. Nege kýizeldin?- dep súrapty.

- Ateke-ay, ómirde kedeylik jaman eken. Jaugha da, daugha da minerim jalghyz at. Moynynda ókpe-bauyr jaly joq. Túrysy anau. Dalada boldyryp qalghasyn, er-toqym jastanyp, jayau qalyp qor bolghanyma yzylanyp, nalyp otyrmyn ghoy... - deydi.

- E, e, olay bolsa, Alla keng ghoy. Bereyin dese, jasagham iyemde baylyq jetedi. Qolyndy jay, bata qylayyn! - depti.

Sәnkibay sózge kelmesten qolyn jayady. Batasyn qayyrghan shal endi bir sәtte esegin jeldirtip, saghymgha aralasyp ghayyp bolady. Óng men týstey bolghan búl oqighanyng ne ekenine týsinbegen Sәnkibay alghashynda antarylyp qalsa da, әri-beriden song esin jinap, atyna minedi. Reti, sol kórinis esinen ketpey qoyghan batyr әlgi oqighany Ájibay biyge aitqan bolu kerek.

- Saghan jolyqqan Qydyr eken. Endi mandayyna shang tiymeydi. Bayyghanda -jylqynnyng sanyna ózing jetpeysin!- depti Ájibay. Ol zamanda, shynynda da sany kóp maldy, onyng ishinde ayaghy jýrdek jylqyny sanau onay bolsyn ba? Az ghana jylda Sәnkibaydyng jylqysynyng bir sheti suatqa qúlap jatqanda, bir sheti qyrdyng astyna jayylyp jatady eken deydi. Qarttardyng anyz etip aituyna sensek, ol zamanda «Jem dariya» atalghan kәdimgi Jem ózenine Sәnkibaydyng jylqysy su ishuge qúlaghanda, ózenning aghysy biraz uaqytqa deyin toqtap qalyp, ózen arnasyndaghy su tym tayyzdap qalatyn bolghan [5, 36-b].

Qazirgi kýni Qydyr daryghan Sәnkibaydyng jylqysy syimay jatqan jer- Sәnkibay jazyghy dep atalady.

Sәnkibay jazyghy - Aqbotadan qashyq emes, ontýstikten soltýstikke qaray sozylghan keng jazyqty XVIII ghasyrda ómir sýrgen Sәnkibay atymen ataydy. Ol jylqyly bay bolghan. Onyng jylqylarynyng kóptigi sonday sol jazyqty týgel alyp jatatyn kórinedi [3, 17-b.].

Búl әngime josyndy toponimdik hikayat janryna jatqyzamyz. Onyng sebebi birnesheu. Aldymen Sәnkibaydyng Qydyr kóruin aitayyq. Ekinshiden hikayattargha negiz bolatyn Qazyghúrt, Sinay taulary sekildi geografiyalyq belgi retinde «Sәnkibay jazyghy» atalatyn jer aumaghynyng saqtalyp qaluyn aitugha bolady. Sonda toponimdik hikayattyng funksiyasy tek qana kitabi, dini-islamdyq sujetterdi ghana emes, sonymen birge naqty ómirde bolghan adamgha baylanysty ghajayyptardy da qamtu bolmaq. Sayyp kelgende hikayat pen toponimdik hikayattyng aiyrmashylyghy da osynda dep biluge bolady.

Al endi foliklorlyq әngime janryna kelsek búnda halyq prozasynyng basqa janrlaryna qaraghanda últtyq minez basymyraq kórinedi.

Ángime kóptegen qasiyetterimen anyzgha jaqyn. Ras, anyz siyaqty, әngime de shyndyqty, naqty ómirdi beyneleydi. Anyzdan aiyrmashylyghy - әngime qoghamdaghy ne jeke ómirdegi bir erekshe jaghdaydy bayandaydy [4, 611-b.].

Foliklorlyq әngime de oryndalu funksiyasy jaghynan anyzgha jaqyn. Jer-sugha baylanysty belgili bir әngimeni bayandaghanda әngimeshi býgingi kýnning mezgilimen, keyde ózin qatystyra otyra aitady. Al, jer-su atynyng qalay payda bolghandyghy jóninde ol atau erteden belgili bolsa da toponimning atalu sebebin qazirgi týsinik boyynsha payymdaydy jәne onyng sózinde eshqanday jansaqtyq bolmaydy. Sebebi sóz bolyp otyrghan atau tyndaushygha belgili, tek oghan baylanysty oqighalar týrlenui mýmkin.

Foliklorlyq әngime qazirgi uaqytta bolghan jaydy da, ótken kezende bolghan, biraq oqighasy shyndyq kýiinde alynghan, sóitip realistik baghytta surettelgen jaylardy da bayandaydy. Búndaghy basty belgi, negizgi nysana - jer-su aty. Ángimege ózek bolatyn onday toponimdik ataular qazirgi kýni jer betinde bar boluy tiyis. Eger ol atau jer betinde saqtalmay, halyq esinde ghana jattalyp qalghan bolyp, әngimeshi bayaghyda osy jer bylay atalghan eken dep әngimesin bastasa, onday jaghdayda ol әngime emes, anyz janryna ainalady. Sondyqtan da әngime naqty jer atyna baylanysty órbiydi. Tәlimdik, taghylymdyq maqsat kózdele aitylady. Mine, jer-sugha baylanysty әngimeler jeke adamgha emes, jalpygha birdey ruhany qúndylyqty qozghaydy. Onyng kórkem әdebiyettegi әngime janrynan basty aiyrmashylyghy da osynda, yaghny kórkem әdebiyette әngime negizinen keyipker basyndaghy bir oqighagha baylanysty bolsa, toponimdik әngimede ol elde bolghan jaghdaylargha baylanysty.

Sonymen toponimdik әngimening negizgi qyzmeti jalpy júrtshylyqqa ózi mekendep otyrghan jer-sudyng realdy tarihyn aitu bolyp tabylady.

Paydalanylghan әdebiyetter:

1 Qasqabasov S. Elzerde. - Almaty: Jibek joly, 2008. 504-b.

2 Qasqabasov S. Qazaqtyng halyq prozasy. - Almaty: Ghylym, 1985.-272b.

3 Aqtóbe oblysynyng toponimiyalyq kenistigi (ataulardyng payda boluy).- Aqtóbe: Nobel, 2007. - 226 b.

4 Qazaq әdebiyetining tarihy. On tomdyq. 1-tom. - Almaty. QAZaqparat, 2007. - 670 b.

5 Qondybay S. Manghystau-nama. Zertteu.- Almaty: Arys,2006.-444bet.

Pangereev A.Sh Q.Júbanov atyndaghy Aqtóbe memlekettik uniyversiytetining professory, filologiya ghylymdarynyng kandidaty

«Aqiqat» jurnaly